Chapter 10, Sec 5: Things to KnowChapter 10, Sec 5: Things to KnowWhat political party was Woodrow Wilson a part of?What political party was Woodrow Wilson a part of?What did Wilson want to impose strict government controls What did Wilson want to impose strict government controls on?on?What did President Wilson attack?What did President Wilson attack?Who did Wilson try to protect by lowering tariffs on goods Who did Wilson try to protect by lowering tariffs on goods imported from foreign countries?imported from foreign countries?Why did the US banking system need to be reformed in the Why did the US banking system need to be reformed in the early 1900s?early 1900s?In 1914, what did Congress form to monitor business practices In 1914, what did Congress form to monitor business practices that might lead to monopolies?that might lead to monopolies?What legislation strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by What legislation strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by spelling out the specific activities in which businesses could spelling out the specific activities in which businesses could not engage?not engage?Why did Wilson push for the passage of the Adamson Act?Why did Wilson push for the passage of the Adamson Act?What was a result of the 1913 coal miners’ strike in Ludlow, What was a result of the 1913 coal miners’ strike in Ludlow, CO?CO?

The Progressive Era: 1890-1920The Progressive Era: 1890-1920Section 5: Wilson’s New FreedomSection 5: Wilson’s New Freedom

Woodrow Woodrow WilsonWilson

Why It MattersWhy It Matters

Republicans Theodore Roosevelt and Republicans Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft introduced the William Howard Taft introduced the country to forceful Progressive Presidents. country to forceful Progressive Presidents. Democrat Woodrow Wilson used the Democrat Woodrow Wilson used the expanded power of the presidency to expanded power of the presidency to promote a far-reaching reform agenda. promote a far-reaching reform agenda. Some of Wilson’s economic and antitrust Some of Wilson’s economic and antitrust measures are still important in American measures are still important in American life today.life today.

Wilson and the Democrats PrevailWilson and the Democrats Prevail

In 1912, the Republican Party split over the In 1912, the Republican Party split over the issue of reform. issue of reform. – Those who wanted a more active government Those who wanted a more active government

formed the Progressive Party and chose formed the Progressive Party and chose Theodore Roosevelt as their candidate for Theodore Roosevelt as their candidate for President. President.

– Loyal Republicans chose President William Loyal Republicans chose President William Howard Taft.Howard Taft.

Wilson and the Democrats PrevailWilson and the Democrats Prevail

What political party was Woodrow Wilson a part of?What political party was Woodrow Wilson a part of?– The Democratic Party.The Democratic Party.

The The DemocratsDemocrats, given this opportunity created from the , given this opportunity created from the splitting of the Republican Party, chose splitting of the Republican Party, chose Woodrow Woodrow Wilson Wilson as their candidate.as their candidate.– Wilson’s ideas had caught the attention of William Jennings Wilson’s ideas had caught the attention of William Jennings

Bryan, who helped Wilson win the Democratic nomination.Bryan, who helped Wilson win the Democratic nomination.– As a student and later as a professor, Wilson had thought a great As a student and later as a professor, Wilson had thought a great

deal about good government.deal about good government.

– His doctoral thesis, His doctoral thesis, Congressional GovernmentCongressional Government, had , had launched him on a career teaching in college before he launched him on a career teaching in college before he became the reforming governor of New Jersey.became the reforming governor of New Jersey.

Wilson and the Democrats PrevailWilson and the Democrats PrevailWilson shaped his ideas into a program called the Wilson shaped his ideas into a program called the New Freedom.New Freedom.– This plan looked like Roosevelt’s New NationalismThis plan looked like Roosevelt’s New Nationalism– What did Wilson want to impose strict government What did Wilson want to impose strict government

controls on?controls on?CorporationsCorporations, much like Roosevelt’s New Nationalism., much like Roosevelt’s New Nationalism.

– Wilson outlined his aim to provide opportunities – more Wilson outlined his aim to provide opportunities – more freedom – for small businesses.freedom – for small businesses.

– Although he did not win the majority of the popular vote, Although he did not win the majority of the popular vote, Wilson received more than four times the number of Wilson received more than four times the number of Electoral votes than went to Roosevelt or to Taft. Electoral votes than went to Roosevelt or to Taft.

– Wilson became the first President to come from the Wilson became the first President to come from the South in almost 60 years.South in almost 60 years.

Wilson Regulates the EconomyWilson Regulates the Economy

What did President Wilson attack?What did President Wilson attack?– Wilson would attack what he called the Wilson would attack what he called the “triple “triple

wall of privilege.”wall of privilege.” – The “triple wall” was composed of tariffs, The “triple wall” was composed of tariffs,

banks, and trusts that blocked businesses banks, and trusts that blocked businesses from being free.from being free.

– Early in his first term, he pushed for new laws Early in his first term, he pushed for new laws that would bring down those three walls and that would bring down those three walls and give the government more control over the give the government more control over the economy.economy.

Wilson Regulates the EconomyWilson Regulates the EconomyWilson first aimed to prevent big Wilson first aimed to prevent big manufacturers from unfairly charging high manufacturers from unfairly charging high prices to their customers. prices to their customers. – Who did Wilson try to protect by lowering tariffs Who did Wilson try to protect by lowering tariffs

on goods imported from foreign countries?on goods imported from foreign countries?Workers.Workers.

– Wilson tried to Wilson tried to protect workersprotect workers. To do this, they . To do this, they would would lower the tariffs on goods imported from lower the tariffs on goods imported from foreign countriesforeign countries so, if American companies’ so, if American companies’ prices were too high, consumers could buy prices were too high, consumers could buy foreign goods.foreign goods.

– This was called the Underwood Tariff Bill of 1913.This was called the Underwood Tariff Bill of 1913.

Wilson Regulates the EconomyWilson Regulates the Economy

The Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 included a The Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 included a provision to create a graduated income tax, provision to create a graduated income tax, which the recently passed Sixteenth which the recently passed Sixteenth Amendment gave Congress the power to do.Amendment gave Congress the power to do.– A graduated income tax means that wealthy A graduated income tax means that wealthy

people pay a higher percentage of their income people pay a higher percentage of their income than to poor people.than to poor people.

– The revenue from the income tax more than The revenue from the income tax more than made up for the money the government lost by made up for the money the government lost by lowering tariffs on imports.lowering tariffs on imports.

Wilson Regulates the EconomyWilson Regulates the EconomyNext, Wilson tried to Next, Wilson tried to reform the banking system reform the banking system in the early 1900s. in the early 1900s. – Why did the US banking system need to be Why did the US banking system need to be

reformed in the early 1900s?reformed in the early 1900s?The country had no central authority to supervise The country had no central authority to supervise banks.banks.

– As a result, interest rates for loans could fluctuate As a result, interest rates for loans could fluctuate wildly, and a few wealthy bankers had a great deal wildly, and a few wealthy bankers had a great deal of control over the national, state, and local banks, of control over the national, state, and local banks, reserve funds.reserve funds.

– This meant that a bank might not have full access to This meant that a bank might not have full access to its reserves when customers needed to withdraw or its reserves when customers needed to withdraw or borrow money.borrow money.

Wilson Regulates the EconomyWilson Regulates the Economy

In order to supervise the banks, Wilson created In order to supervise the banks, Wilson created the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. – This law placed national banks under the control of This law placed national banks under the control of

a Federal Reserve Board, which set up regional a Federal Reserve Board, which set up regional banks to hold the reserve funds from commercial banks to hold the reserve funds from commercial banks. banks.

This system is still enforced today. It helps protect the This system is still enforced today. It helps protect the American economy from having too much money end up in American economy from having too much money end up in the hands of one person, bank, or region.the hands of one person, bank, or region.

– The Federal Reserve Board also sets the interest The Federal Reserve Board also sets the interest rate that banks pay to borrow money from other rate that banks pay to borrow money from other banks, and it supervises banks to make sure they banks, and it supervises banks to make sure they are well run.are well run.

Wilson Regulates the EconomyWilson Regulates the EconomyWilson then strengthens antitrust regulation. He agrees Wilson then strengthens antitrust regulation. He agrees with Roosevelt that big businesses aren’t bad as long with Roosevelt that big businesses aren’t bad as long as they did not engage in unfair practices.as they did not engage in unfair practices.– In 1914, what did Congress form to monitor business In 1914, what did Congress form to monitor business

practices that might lead to monopolies?practices that might lead to monopolies?In 1914, Congress created In 1914, Congress created the Federal Trade Commission the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).(FTC).

– What legislation strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act What legislation strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by spelling out the specific activities in which businesses by spelling out the specific activities in which businesses could not engage?could not engage?

It also passed the It also passed the Clayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust Act in 1914, which in 1914, which strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by spelling out the strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by spelling out the specific activities in which businesses could not engage.specific activities in which businesses could not engage.

Wilson Regulates the EconomyWilson Regulates the Economy

The Clayton Antitrust Act also ushered in a The Clayton Antitrust Act also ushered in a new era for workers by protecting labor new era for workers by protecting labor unions from being attacked as trusts.unions from being attacked as trusts.– It was considered by Samuel Gompers of the It was considered by Samuel Gompers of the

American Federation of Labor as the “Magna American Federation of Labor as the “Magna Carta” of labor.Carta” of labor.

– The Workingman’s Compensation Act (1916) The Workingman’s Compensation Act (1916) was also created as a protection for workers.was also created as a protection for workers.

It gave wages to temporarily disabled civil service It gave wages to temporarily disabled civil service employees.employees.

Wilson Regulates the EconomyWilson Regulates the EconomyA railroad strike was in the near future which would A railroad strike was in the near future which would stop all movement of coal and food, leaving millions stop all movement of coal and food, leaving millions cold and hungry. Wilson needed to do something cold and hungry. Wilson needed to do something to prevent this.to prevent this.– The railroad union leaders insisted on the eight-hour day, The railroad union leaders insisted on the eight-hour day,

but railroad managers would not accept it. but railroad managers would not accept it. – Wilson called in the heads of many railroad companies to Wilson called in the heads of many railroad companies to

the White House, pleading with them to change their the White House, pleading with them to change their minds and avert a strike.minds and avert a strike.

– When those efforts failed, he worked with Congress to When those efforts failed, he worked with Congress to pass the pass the Adamson ActAdamson Act, which limited railroad employees’ , which limited railroad employees’ workdays to eight hours. workdays to eight hours.

– Why did Wilson push for the passage of the Adamson Why did Wilson push for the passage of the Adamson Act?Act?

To prevent a nationwide railroad strike.To prevent a nationwide railroad strike.

Wilson Regulates the EconomyWilson Regulates the EconomyHowever, Wilson did not always support organized However, Wilson did not always support organized labor, as a tragic incident known as the Ludlow labor, as a tragic incident known as the Ludlow Massacre showed. Massacre showed. – In the fall of 1913, coal miners in Ludlow, CO, demanded In the fall of 1913, coal miners in Ludlow, CO, demanded

safer working conditions, higher pay, and the right to form safer working conditions, higher pay, and the right to form a union. When the coal company refused, they walked off a union. When the coal company refused, they walked off the job. Evicted from company housing, the miners and the job. Evicted from company housing, the miners and their families set up a tent city near the mines. The Strike their families set up a tent city near the mines. The Strike continued through the winter. continued through the winter.

– What was a result of the 1913 coal miners’ strike in What was a result of the 1913 coal miners’ strike in Ludlow, CO?Ludlow, CO?

As a As a resultresult, on April 20, 1914, , on April 20, 1914, the Colorado National Guard the Colorado National Guard opened fire on the tent city opened fire on the tent city and set fire to the tents, killing 26 and set fire to the tents, killing 26 men, women, and children.men, women, and children.

– Wilson ended up sending troops to restore order and Wilson ended up sending troops to restore order and break up the strike. The miners’ attempt to set up a union break up the strike. The miners’ attempt to set up a union had failed.had failed.

Progressivism Leaves a Lasting Progressivism Leaves a Lasting LegacyLegacy

In the end, the Progressive Era was a positive era In the end, the Progressive Era was a positive era for the US. We had several changes that bettered for the US. We had several changes that bettered Americans’ lives. Americans’ lives. The only thing that was a drawback for America The only thing that was a drawback for America was that the government was now controlling was that the government was now controlling more aspects of public life than it had ever more aspects of public life than it had ever controlled before. controlled before. However, the Progressive reformers passed on However, the Progressive reformers passed on the idea that government can take action to help the idea that government can take action to help people fix problems in schools, cities, the people fix problems in schools, cities, the environment, and public health. environment, and public health.