Chapter 10

Section 1

A Rapidly Changing World: • The Industrial Revolution began in Great

Britain in the 1700s. It was a time when people used machinery and new methods to increase productivity, the measure of how much work can be done in a certain period of time.

• Several reasons for the Industrial Revolution in Britain were that Britain had a ready supply of natural resources, plentiful raw materials, and a good supply of people to work.

• Textiles were the first major industry. • The steam engine and the railroad stimulated

even more industries and growth.

Changing Lifestyles: • At first, industrial workers, including women

and children, had to work hard for long hours, often under dangerous conditions.

• Eventually, the workers formed groups called unions, that spoke for all the workers in a factory or industry and bargained for better conditions.

• The Industrial Revolution resulted in better living conditions for people and stronger economies for countries. It made goods like clothing less expensive.

Rivalry between Nations:

• Industrialization created rivalries between the countries of Europe.

• Under a system called imperialism, European countries claimed colonies in Africa and Asia in the late 1800s.

• World War I, called the Great War, which broke out in Europe in 1914, used techniques learned in the Industrial Revolution to design and mass produce machines for war. The war was more violent than any before it.

• As a result of the war, many once-strong countries became weak. The United States and Japan became great powers.

• In 1917, a revolution in Russia led to a new political, economic, and social system called communism.

• In the 1930s, a worldwide depression and the problems that were not solved after World War I led to World War II.

• From the global conflict of World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers. Axis powers = Germany, Italy and Japan. Allies = Britain, France, China, then the US and Soviet Union. The war ended when the US dropped atomic bombs on Japan.

• Adolf Hitler and the Holocaust = where thousands of Jews were killed.

Section 2:

The Cold War:

• A. The global competition between the democratic United States and its allies and the Communist Soviet Union and its supporters came to be called the Cold War.

• B. The Cold War was a dangerous time because both sides had nuclear weapons.

• C. Under the Marshall Plan, the United States lent money to help rebuild Europe and try to stop the spread of communism.

West European Nations Cooperate:

• In 1948, under the Truman Doctrine, the United States offered military aid to countries such as Greece and Turkey, engaged in fighting communism inside their borders.

• In 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed to respond to possible attacks by the Soviet Union. Each member of NATO agreed to treat an attack on any other member as an attack on itself.

• In 1948, the small countries of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg joined together to form the Benelux trade union, an arrangement for the free movement of money, goods, and people between each state.

• In 1958, Benelux, having been joined earlier by West Germany, France, and Italy, created the European Economic Community (or Common Market).

Soviet Community:

• In Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union made satellite nations of those countries surrounding it. Satellite nations are dependent upon a stronger power.

• The satellite nations of the Soviet Union were Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and East Germany, which all became members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON).

• In 1955, the Soviet Union formed its satellites into an anti-Western military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact.

A Clash between Superpowers:

• A. Berlin Airlift = The blockading, or closing off, of all land and water traffic into Berlin by the Soviet Union in 1948 was the most important area of tension during the early days of the Cold War.

• B. In response to the blockade, the United States and Great Britain began an airlift, or a system of carrying supplies into Berlin by airplane.

• C. That same year, two separate governments were set up–a democratic one for West Germany with Bonn as its new capital and a communist one for East Germany in the Soviet zone of East Berlin.

• D. In order to stop people from leaving communist East Berlin, the government built a wall between East and West Berlin and guarded it with Soviet soldiers.

• E. Part of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union involved the race to explore space. Sputnik I was the first spacecraft to orbit the earth. First person in to walk on the moon was Neil Armstrong, from the US.

The End of the Cold War:

• A. The economies of the Soviet Union and its satellites fell further and further behind the United States and Western Europe.

• B. In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev introduced reforms to stimulate the Soviet economy. He introduced Glasnost and perestroika.

• C. In the late 1980s, as the Soviet Union moved toward democracy and capitalism, tensions within the country and its satellites increased. The satellites moved toward freedom from Soviet domination.

Section 3:

The End of the Soviet Union:

• A. Massive protests in East Germany led to the Berlin Wall coming down and West and East Germany reuniting in October 1990.

• B. By 1991, all of the Soviet satellite nations had thrown off communist rule in favor of democracy.

• C. The Soviet Union officially broke up on Christmas Day 1991, creating 15 independent republics.

The New Europe:

• As a result of cooperation, Europe is becoming more of an economic power in the world.

• Some Europeans would like to see the European Union (EU) become a United States of Europe that would include all European countries.

• In January 2002 most of the EU’s members began using a common currency, the Euro, to replace their national currencies. This means that citizens of countries in the EU are all using the same type of money to buy goods and services.

Facing the Region’s problems:

• A. A number of problems Europeans are trying to solve include the income gap between the rich and poor nations of Europe and the increasing food and health needs of existing populations.

• B. The expansion of NATO to Russia’s western border is creating tensions between Russia, the United States, and Europe. Boris Yeltsin was the elected president of Russia.

• C. NATO is moving beyond its original role as a protector from communist states to a peacekeeper.

• D. Another important challenge for Europe comes from environmental problems, such as air, water, and land pollution, as well as the greenhouse effect.