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© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 13: Urban Patterns The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 13: Urban Patterns
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
• CBD land uses
– Central business districts (CBDs)
– Retail services in the CBD
• Retailers with a high threshold
• Retailers with a high range
• Retailers serving downtown workers
– Business services in the CBD
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
CBD of Charlotte, NC
Figure 13-1
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
• Competition for land in the CBD
– High land costs
• Some of the most expensive real estate in the
world = Tokyo
• Intensive land use
– Underground areas
• Skyscrapers
– “Vertical geography”
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
• Activities excluded from the CBD
– Lack of industry in the CBD
• Modern factories require large, one-story
parcels of land
– Lack of residents in the CBD
• Push and pull factors involved
• CBDs outside North America
– Less dominated by commercial
considerations.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are People Distributed
in Urban Areas?
• Models of urban structure
– Are used to explain where people live in
cities
– Three models, all developed in the city of
Chicago
• Concentric zone model
• Sector model
• Multiple nuclei model
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Concentric Zone Model
Figure 13-4
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sector Model
Figure 13-5
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Multiple Nuclei Model
Figure 13-6
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are People Distributed
in Urban Areas?
• Geographic application of the models
– Models can be used to show where
different social groups live in the cities
• Census tracts
• Social area analysis
– Criticism of the models
• Models may be too simple
• Models may be outdated
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are People Distributed
in Urban Areas?
• Applying the models outside North
America
– European cities
– Less developed countries
• Colonial cities
• Cities since independence
• Squatter settlements
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Income Distribution in the Paris Region
Figure 13-10
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Model of a Latin American City
Figure 13-14
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Inner Cities Face
Distinctive Challenges?
• Inner-city physical issues
– Most significant = deteriorating housing
• Filtering
• Redlining
– Urban renewal
– Public housing
– Renovated housing
• Gentrification
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Racial Change in Chicago
Figure 13-16
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Inner Cities Face
Distinctive Challenges?
• Inner-city social issues
– The underclass
• An unending cycle of social and economic
issues
• Homelessness
– Culture of poverty
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Why Do Inner Cities Face
Distinctive Challenges?
• Inner-city economic issues
– Eroding tax base
• Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes
– Impact of the recession
• Housing market collapse
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Foreclosures in Baltimore
Figure 13-18
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Suburbs Face
Distinctive Challenges?
• Urban expansion
– Annexation
– Defining urban settlements
• The city
• Urbanized areas
• Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)
– Metropolitan divisions
– Micropolitan statistical areas
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Annexation in Chicago
Figure 13-19
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of
St. Louis
Figure 13-20
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Suburbs Face
Distinctive Challenges?
• Urban expansion
– Local government fragmentation
• Council of government
• Consolidations of city and county governments
• Federations
– Overlapping metropolitan areas
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Suburbs Face
Distinctive Challenges?
• Peripheral model
– Edge cities
– Density gradient
– Cost of suburban sprawl
• Suburban segregation
– Residential segregation
– Suburbanization of businesses
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Density Gradient
Figure 13-23
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Suburban Stress
Figure 13-25
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Do Suburbs Face
Distinctive Challenges?
• Transportation and suburbanization
– Motor vehicles
• More than 95 percent of all trips = made by car
– Public transit
• Advantages of public transit
– Transit travelers take up less space
– Cheaper, less pollutant, and more energy efficient than an
automobile
– Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area
• Public transit in the United States
– Used primarily for rush-hour community for workers into and out
of CBD
– Small cities-minimal use
– Most Americans prefer to commute by automobile
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels,
Belgium
Figure 13-28
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The End.
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