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Brain Brain InjuryInjury

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Brain Brain

• Longitudinal fissure - cerebral hemispheres.Longitudinal fissure - cerebral hemispheres.– gyri = folds; sulci = groovesgyri = folds; sulci = grooves– cortex = surface layer of gray matter cortex = surface layer of gray matter – nuclei = deeper masses of gray matter nuclei = deeper masses of gray matter – tracts = bundles of axons (white matter)tracts = bundles of axons (white matter)

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Lateral View of the BrainLateral View of the Brain

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Insula of Dissected BrainInsula of Dissected Brain

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Median Section of the BrainMedian Section of the Brain

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Median Section of Cadaver Median Section of Cadaver BrainBrain

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Gray and White MatterGray and White Matter

Gray matter = neuron cell bodies, Gray matter = neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and synapsesdendrites, and synapses forms cortex over cerebrum and cerebellumforms cortex over cerebrum and cerebellum forms nuclei deep within brainforms nuclei deep within brain

White matter = bundles of axonsWhite matter = bundles of axons forms tracts that connect parts of brainforms tracts that connect parts of brain

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MeningesMeninges Dura mater -- outermost, tough membraneDura mater -- outermost, tough membrane

outer periosteal layer against boneouter periosteal layer against bone supportive structures formed by dura matersupportive structures formed by dura mater

• falx cerebri, falx cerebelli and tentorium cerebellifalx cerebri, falx cerebelli and tentorium cerebelli

Arachnoid and pia mater – as in spinal cordArachnoid and pia mater – as in spinal cord subarachnoid and subdural spacessubarachnoid and subdural spaces

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Brain VentriclesBrain Ventricles

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Ventricles of the BrainVentricles of the Brain

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Blood-Brain and Blood-CSF BarriersBlood-Brain and Blood-CSF Barriers

Blood-brain barrier is endotheliumBlood-brain barrier is endothelium permeable to lipid-soluble materials permeable to lipid-soluble materials

• alcohol, Oalcohol, O22, CO, CO22, nicotine and anesthetics, nicotine and anesthetics

circumventricular organs circumventricular organs • in 3rd and 4th ventricles are breaks in the barrier in 3rd and 4th ventricles are breaks in the barrier

where blood has direct access where blood has direct access • monitors glucose, pH, osmolarity and othersmonitors glucose, pH, osmolarity and others• route for HIV virus to invade the brainroute for HIV virus to invade the brain

Blood-CSF barrier at choroid plexus is Blood-CSF barrier at choroid plexus is ependymal cells joined by tight junctionsependymal cells joined by tight junctions

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Hindbrain - Medulla OblongataHindbrain - Medulla Oblongata

3 cm extension of spinal cord3 cm extension of spinal cord Ascending and descending nerve tractsAscending and descending nerve tracts Nuclei of sensory and motor CNs (IX, X, XI, XII)Nuclei of sensory and motor CNs (IX, X, XI, XII) Pyramids and olive visible on surfacePyramids and olive visible on surface

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Hindbrain - Medulla OblongataHindbrain - Medulla Oblongata

Cardiac center Cardiac center adjusts rate and force of heartadjusts rate and force of heart

Vasomotor center Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameteradjusts blood vessel diameter

Respiratory centers Respiratory centers control rate and depth of breathingcontrol rate and depth of breathing

Reflex centers Reflex centers for coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, for coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting,

salivation, sweating, movements of tongue and headsalivation, sweating, movements of tongue and head

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Medulla OblongataMedulla Oblongata

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EEG and Brain WavesEEG and Brain Waves

Electroencephalogram Electroencephalogram records voltage changes from postsynaptic potentials in records voltage changes from postsynaptic potentials in

cerebral cortexcerebral cortex

Brain waves Brain waves 4 types distinguished by amplitude and frequency4 types distinguished by amplitude and frequency

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Brain WavesBrain Waves

alpha alpha occur when awake; resting with eyes closedoccur when awake; resting with eyes closed

beta beta eyes open; performing mental taskseyes open; performing mental tasks

theta theta sleep or emotional stresssleep or emotional stress

delta delta deep sleepdeep sleep

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Somesthetic SensationSomesthetic Sensation

Receptors Receptors for touch, pressure, stretch, temperature, and painfor touch, pressure, stretch, temperature, and pain

Gracile and cuneate fasciculi and spinothalamic Gracile and cuneate fasciculi and spinothalamic tractstracts ascending signals decussate, go to thalamus, to cortexascending signals decussate, go to thalamus, to cortex

Somatosensory area in postcentral gyrusSomatosensory area in postcentral gyrus

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LanguageLanguage Includes reading, writing, speaking and Includes reading, writing, speaking and

understanding wordsunderstanding words Wernicke areaWernicke area

permits recognition of spoken and written permits recognition of spoken and written language and creates plan of speechlanguage and creates plan of speech

Broca area Broca area generates motor signals for larynx, tongue, generates motor signals for larynx, tongue,

cheeks and lips cheeks and lips transmits to primary motor cortex for actiontransmits to primary motor cortex for action

Affective language area lesions produce Affective language area lesions produce aprosodiaaprosodia

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Language CentersLanguage Centers

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Its better to take proper Its better to take proper treatment if you have any brain treatment if you have any brain injury. injury.

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