Chapter 17

Common Chemicals

Soap

Fat + Base Mode of Action

One end = polar, dissolve in water Other end = non-polar, dissolve in oil Surfactant = stabilize suspension of non-polar oil

in water In hard water leaves mineral deposits

Source: http://research.unc.edu/endeavors/spr2005/soap.php

Soap Dissected

Ingredients: sodium tallowate, palm kernelate, aqua, parfum, stearic acid, glycerin, sodium chloride, tetrasodium EDTA, tetrasodium etidronate, FD&C Blue No. 4, FD&C Yellow No. 5.

Sodium tallowate: soap made from animal fat Palm kernelate: soap made from palm kernel oil Aqua: water Parfum: mixture of natural and synthetic fragrances Stearic acid: fatty acid, improve soap texture Glycerin: moisturizer, keep soap from drying out Sodium chloride: improve soap texture Tetrasodium EDTA: chelating agent, prevent soap scum Tetrasodium etidronate: preservative FD&C Blue No. 4 and Yellow No. 5: artificial colors

Detergents

Synthetic Non-biodegradable detergents banned Biodegradable detergents

No mineral deposits, even in hard water

Contents Synthetic surfactant

Examples: Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium laryl/laureth sulfate, benzalkonium chloride

Stabilizers Fragrance

Softeners & Bleaches

Fabric Softeners Layer on clothes 1 molecule thick

Lubrication Electrically conductive (cancel out static

electricity)

Bleaches Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)

Oxidation of color molecules in stains

Brighteners (Color-safe “bleach”) reflect blue light, clothes look white

Cleaning Products

Acids Toilet bowl cleaner (HCl, citric acid) Cleaners containing vinegar

Bases Oven cleaner Drain cleaner Glass cleaner (ammonia) Bleach

Source: www.visitwaupaca.com

Cosmetics: Lotions

Emollients: soften the skin by coating and protecting

Moisturizer: form a physical barrier to hinder evaporation

Sunscreens Humectants: hold water by

hydrogen bonding

Source: http://www.lyndhurstnaturals.com/Naturals2.aspx

Lotions Dissected

Aqua: water, adds moisture directly to skin Glycerin: moisturizer, softener Cetearyl alcohol: emollient, emulsifier, stabilizer Petrolatum: moisturizer, emollient Mineral oil: moisturizer Ceteareth-20: emulsifier, surfactant Dimethicone: moisturizer, anti-foaming agent Carbomer: emulsion stabilizer Methylparaben: preservative Sodium Hydroxide: pH adjuster Titanium dioxide: white colorant, coverage, reflectant Octyl dimethyl PABA: UV absorber

Sun Protection

Ultraviolet light 3 “near UV” wavelength

ranges

Therapeutic uses Psoriasis, vitiligo, eczema Cancer treatment

(phototherapy)

Dangers DNA damage Cancer Ageing

Images source: www.wikipedia.com

Sun Protection

Cosmetics Sunscreens Sunblocks SPF

Body’s defenses During sun exposure After sun exposure

Image source: http://msnbcmedia2.msn.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photos/060605/060605_sunscreen_vmed_1p.widec.jpg

Cosmetics: Other Skin Care

Exfoliant: remove surface skin cells Chemical Mechanical

Astringent: constrict pore openings Antiperspirant: retard perspiration

Complexes of aluminum and zirconium Acne

Salicylic acid, triclosan, benzoyl peroxide: antibiotics, can be very drying

Anti-aging Alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids: chemical

exfoliants

Cosmetics: Makeup

Mascara: oils, waxes, colors, thickeners

Lipstick: oils, waxes, colors, moisturizers, often with UV protection

Powders: pigment, binders, mineral powders (aluminum, titanium, zinc)

Foundation: oils, colors, pH balancers, emulsifiers, surfactants

All have preservatives!Source: http://www.commessuniversity.com/images/Nala%20in%20makeup%201.jpg

Oral Care

Toothpaste Sodium dodecyl (laurel) sulfate: detergent Artificial sweeteners, flavors Fluoride Abrasive

Mouthwash Antimicrobials Surfactants fluoride

Source: http://www.webhealthcenter.com/general/..%5Cimages%5Coral1.gif

Hair Care

Composition of hair Protein Shape is determined by

hydrogen bonds, salt bridges and disulfide bonds

Only root of hair is alive: all visible hair is dead

Slightly acidic Hair damage:

brushing/combing, blow drying, environmental attack, chemical damage

Source: http://www.pg.com/science/haircare/hair_twh_73.htm

Hair Care: Hair Products

Shampoo Mild detergent (surfactant) Most are gentle enough to not harm hair

structure Conditioner

Coats the hair shaft with moisturizers Dimethicone, silk proteins, collagen: smooth hair

shaft Hair care myths and facts

Hair Care: Hair Products

Hairspray Semisolid organic polymers that

form sticky resin on hair Dissolved in a solvent that

evaporates Perms

Reducing agent breaks disulfide bonds in hair

Oxidizing agent allows bonds to reform with hair in a new shape

Depilatories Strongly basic—destroy peptide

bonds in hair & skinSource: http://www.turbostipend.com/bileta/hairspray.jpg

Hair Care: Hair Products

Hair dyes Hair is naturally colored by melanins Coloring: benzene-amine compounds soak into

hair shaft Bleaching: hydrogen peroxide oxidizes natural

pigments (melanins) into colorless products Avoid contact with skin!

Source: http://www.west-coast-beauty.com/unjimages/veroChromeColor/tube.jpg

You The Consumer

Types of products are often the same!

Beware of outrageous claims

Beware of unnecessarily expensive products

Read the ingredients and compare

Be a well-informed consumer Source: http://www.rohmhaas.com/images/2ndlevel/i_percare.jpg

Remember!

1 Corinthians 6:19-20“Know ye not that your body is the temple of the

Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God?”

“For ye are bought with a price: therefore glorify God in your body, and in your spirit, which are God’s.”

Take care of yourself—your body is a gift

What should you know?

Differences between soap and detergent Composition Behavior in soft & hard water

Difference between regular bleach (NaClO) and color-safe bleach (brighteners)

Be able to name an acidic and a basic cleaning product Understand how sunscreens and sunblocks work (different

types, SPF, etc.) Be able to describe how emollients, surfactants, emulsifiers,

moisturizers, astringents, exfoliants and humectants work Know common ingredients in toothpaste Understand the composition of hair and how it is damaged Be able to describe how hair dyes and bleaches, perms,

hairspray and depilatories work