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The Second Estate
• Nobles• Exempted
themselves from taxation
• Refused to modernize the economic structure
The Third Estate
• 97% of the population
• Could not claim nobility
• Exempted themselves from taxes (bourgeoisie)
• Poor/urban workers and rural peasants
Estates General
• Came together to organize the three estates (by the nobility)
• The first and third estate rejected the nobility
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
• All men are equal/have rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance
• Opened the persecution of the Church
• Could practice any religion
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• Church property/wealth seized to help balance budget
• Clergy could not leave their parishes for more than two weeks
• Outlawed the publication of papal documents
Bl. Fr. William Chaminade
• Bordeaux, France • Defied Civil
Constitution of the Clergy
• Underground • Formed Society
of Mary (Marianist)
Bl. Fr. William Chaminade
• Christians needed to bring the story of Jesus/Good News to life through their daily activities
• Example to follow: Mary • …do whatever He tells you.
Venerable Sr. Adele
• Daughters of Mary Immaculate
• Created female lay communities/ convent
• United with Fr. Chaminade in face of persecution
Marie Thèrése
• Gathered parishioners for prayer, religious instruction, spiritual guidance, secret Masses
• Spent time counseling Prostitutes after the Revolution
The “De-Christianization” of France
• The Reign of Terror• Missionary Reps:
• Closed down Churches /basilicas• Killed priests who tried to flee• Seized the Cathedral of Notre Dame/dedicated it to the “Goddess of Reason”
Deistic Religion
• Mass replaced with civil ceremonies.
• Pagan Cults centered upon justice, liberty, and equality
• Saint’s days were replaced with festivals dedicated to justice, etc.
The Directory
• Extremely hard on the Church• Oppressed priests who would not
take an Oath to the Republic• Refused to replace bishops• Reigned under Napoleon
Pope Pius VII
• Goal: To revive the Christian Faith
• Sympathized with the movement for liberty/equality/justice
• Saw that the French were using unjust means to gain rights
• Christ is the fulfillment of these rights
Concordat of 1801
• Guaranteed the free and public practice of Catholicism
• Civil authorities could only interject in matters of public safety
• Bishops reduced• Napoleon could
nominate bishops• France agreed to
compensate the Church for loss of property
The Organic Articles
• Prohibited the publication of papal documents/council decrees without consent from the government
• Gallican Catechism • Limited the administrative powers
of the bishops
Emperor Napoleon vs. Pope Pius VII
• “Napoleonic Code”– Religious
denominations equal
– Freedom of religious practices
– Civil marriage and divorce
– Church heavily restricted
Napoleon vs. Pope Pius VII
• Pope Pius: - Asked to annul Napoleon’s
brother’s marriage- Refused to join Continental System
Napoleon vs. Pope Pius VII
• Napoleon: - Threatened to
abolish priestly celibacy
- Suppressed religious orders
- Established a French Patriarch
- Ordered troops to Rome