CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2

BASIC PLANT BASIC PLANT SCIENCESCIENCE

DIVISION OF PLANTS

Gymnosperm

Angiosperm

GYMNOSPERMGYMNOSPERM

Consisting of evergreen cone-bearing Consisting of evergreen cone-bearing plants such as pines, junipers plants such as pines, junipers ((Juniperus spJuniperus sp) . The foliage generally ) . The foliage generally needlelike and do needlelike and do not produce not produce showy flowersshowy flowers

ANGIOSPERMSANGIOSPERMS

Compose the majority of cultivated Compose the majority of cultivated plants such as rose, palm and etc. plants such as rose, palm and etc. The growth of seeds is completely The growth of seeds is completely within the plant ovary, which swells within the plant ovary, which swells to become the fruit (to become the fruit (all flowering all flowering plants).plants).

-The angiosperms can be divided into the -The angiosperms can be divided into the divisions divisions Monocotyledon (MonocotsMonocotyledon (Monocots) and ) and Dicotyledon(DicotsDicotyledon(Dicots).).

-The -The monocots monocots are less numerous and are are less numerous and are usually usually non woody plantsnon woody plants that have a short that have a short stem stem and overlapping leaves arrangedand overlapping leaves arranged in a in a whorl (rosette). The leaves are usually long and whorl (rosette). The leaves are usually long and narrow with narrow with parallel veinsparallel veins running the length. running the length. Included among monocots are Included among monocots are all grassesall grasses ((Cynodon dactylonCynodon dactylon), lilies, irises, onions, and most ), lilies, irises, onions, and most flowering bulbs.flowering bulbs.

-The -The dicots dicots are frequently are frequently woody plants woody plants which which may grow to a large size. Their may grow to a large size. Their leaves have a leaves have a branching vein patternbranching vein pattern, and their flowers have , and their flowers have a variety of shapes. The dicots included trees, a variety of shapes. The dicots included trees, shrubs, most fruits and garden vegetables.shrubs, most fruits and garden vegetables.

Plant taxonomy systemPlant taxonomy system Most plants have more than one common name, some have Most plants have more than one common name, some have

several. So common names can be confusing because several. So common names can be confusing because different plants may have the same common name.different plants may have the same common name.

Avoid the confusingAvoid the confusing the scientist used the scientist used scientific scientific name/botanicalname/botanical names. names.

The branch of botany which deals with the naming of plants The branch of botany which deals with the naming of plants is called is called taxonomy taxonomy and the people doing the work are and the people doing the work are called called taxonomists.taxonomists.

The naming system using called The naming system using called “binomial system”“binomial system” introduced by introduced by Carolus Linnaeus, Carolus Linnaeus, aa Swedish botanist Swedish botanist..

The system specifies that a plants name must have at least The system specifies that a plants name must have at least two parts: the two parts: the Genus Genus and and speciesspecies name, and it must be name, and it must be italicitalic or or underline. underline. All plants belonging to the same genus All plants belonging to the same genus have similar characteristics and are more closely related to have similar characteristics and are more closely related to each other.each other.

-The reason why use the botanical -The reason why use the botanical names to the plants are:names to the plants are:

Universality of botanical namesUniversality of botanical names. . Latin names are the standard worldwide Latin names are the standard worldwide system for communicating the identity system for communicating the identity of plants.of plants.

Common names can refer to any Common names can refer to any number of similar plants. If only number of similar plants. If only common names were used to identify common names were used to identify these plants, confusion would result.these plants, confusion would result.

TAXONOMY CHART/HIERARCHY;TAXONOMY CHART/HIERARCHY;

Kingdom Kingdom

Phylum/Division Phylum/Division

Class Class

Order Order

Family Family

GenusGenus

Species Species

Variety or CultivarVariety or Cultivar

CLASSIFICATION OF RECREATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF RECREATIONAL HORTICULTURE HORTICULTURE

AND LANDSCAPING PLANTSAND LANDSCAPING PLANTS The recreational horticulture and landscaping The recreational horticulture and landscaping

plants can be divided into 7plants can be divided into 7 divisions divisions regarding regarding to their usage, shape and growth patterns.to their usage, shape and growth patterns.

The divisions areThe divisions are::

Shade/screening and ornamental/recreational Shade/screening and ornamental/recreational treestrees

Shrubs treesShrubs trees Palm tressPalm tress Climbers and creeping plantsClimbers and creeping plants Herbaceous and indoor plantsHerbaceous and indoor plants CactusCactus Turf and recreational/ ornamental grassTurf and recreational/ ornamental grass

Shade/screening and Shade/screening and ornamental/recreational ornamental/recreational

treestrees Trees height >5 m Trees height >5 m Large, compact canopy, to get the shadeLarge, compact canopy, to get the shade Propagate : Seeds, cutting or graftingPropagate : Seeds, cutting or grafting Have flowers, fruits, stem with a good Have flowers, fruits, stem with a good

shape and formshape and form Attraction and marker in certain location Attraction and marker in certain location

such as green field of golf coursessuch as green field of golf courses Plants singly (single)Plants singly (single) The Marker trees = Specimen treesThe Marker trees = Specimen trees

SCIENTIFIC NAMESCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON COMMON NAMENAME

Acacia auriculaeformisAcacia auriculaeformis Yellow Acasia Yellow Acasia Acacia mangiumAcacia mangium Broad Leaf AcasiaBroad Leaf Acasia Bauhinia purpureaBauhinia purpurea Purple BauhiniaPurple Bauhinia Cassia fistulaCassia fistula Cassia Cassia Jacaranda filicifoliaJacaranda filicifolia JacarandaJacaranda Cinnamomum innersCinnamomum inners Kulit Kayu Kulit Kayu

Manis Manis Ficus benjaminaFicus benjamina Ara beringinAra beringin Delonix regiaDelonix regia Semarak apiSemarak api

Delonix regiaDelonix regia

Cinammomum inersCinammomum iners

Jacaranda filicifoliaJacaranda filicifolia

Shrub TreesShrub Trees More stems, arise from the basal, < 5mMore stems, arise from the basal, < 5m

Divided into leafy shrubs & flowering shrubs & also fencing Divided into leafy shrubs & flowering shrubs & also fencing trees.trees.

Leafy shrubs : Do not have attractive flowers but have an Leafy shrubs : Do not have attractive flowers but have an attractive leaves such as Yellow Acalypha (attractive leaves such as Yellow Acalypha (Acalypha Acalypha wilkesianawilkesiana) ) & & Codiaeum spCodiaeum sp. (Puding) . (Puding)

The flowering shrubs have attractive or odours flowersThe flowering shrubs have attractive or odours flowers such such as Hibiscus (as Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensisHibiscus rosa-sinensis) & Bougainvillea ) & Bougainvillea ((Bougainvillea spBougainvillea sp))

Shrubs tree planted in rows or closely which used for Shrubs tree planted in rows or closely which used for separating or marking the areas. These known as separating or marking the areas. These known as fencing fencing treestrees..

Propagate by seeds, cutting or graftingPropagate by seeds, cutting or grafting

SCIENTIFIC NAMESCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAMECOMMON NAME

Acalypha hispidaAcalypha hispida Cat tailCat tailBougainvillea spBougainvillea sp BougainvilleaBougainvilleaBrunfelsia paucifloraBrunfelsia pauciflora Yesterday Today Yesterday Today

TomorrowTomorrowMussaenda spMussaenda sp Janda kayaJanda kaya Ixora javanicaIxora javanica Siantan, Siantan, IxoraIxoraCodiaeum variegatumCodiaeum variegatum Pudding, Pudding,

codiaeum codiaeum Hibiscus rosa-sinensisHibiscus rosa-sinensis HibiscusHibiscus

Codiaeum variegatumCodiaeum variegatum

Mussaenda spMussaenda sp

Hibiscus rosa-sinensisHibiscus rosa-sinensis

Brunfelsia paucifloraBrunfelsia pauciflora

Palm TreesPalm TreesDivided into single palm & bunch palmDivided into single palm & bunch palm

Single palm : Only a cylinder stem with Single palm : Only a cylinder stem with straight growth & in various size.straight growth & in various size.

The bunch palm is a sympodial where The bunch palm is a sympodial where have few stems which rise from the have few stems which rise from the basalbasal

Can be propagated through seeds, and Can be propagated through seeds, and seedling. seedling.

SCIENTIFIC NAMESCIENTIFIC NAMECOMMON NAMECOMMON NAME

Areca catechuAreca catechu Pinang sirihPinang sirih Bismarkia nobilisBismarkia nobilis Bismark palmBismark palm Cocos nuciferaCocos nucifera CoconutCoconut Elaeis guineensisElaeis guineensis Oil palmOil palm Licuala grandisLicuala grandis Palas kipasPalas kipas Livistona chinensisLivistona chinensis Serdang cinaSerdang cina Normanbya normanbyiNormanbya normanbyi Black PalmBlack Palm Hyophorbe lagenicaulisHyophorbe lagenicaulis Bottle palmBottle palm

Licuala grandisLicuala grandis

Areca catechuAreca catechu

BOTTLE PALM

Cocos nucifera

Livistonea chinensisLivistonea chinensis

Normanbya normanbyiNormanbya normanbyi

Climbers & Creeping Climbers & Creeping PlantsPlants

Shrubs @ herbaceous plantsShrubs @ herbaceous plants Have tendrils & twinning for climbing Have tendrils & twinning for climbing Eg: Eg: Clerodendron thomsonaeClerodendron thomsonae Have runners, stolon of spurs for creeping.Have runners, stolon of spurs for creeping. Eg: Hemigrapis (Eg: Hemigrapis (Hemigraphis colorataHemigraphis colorata), ),

Japanese rose (Japanese rose (Portulaca grandifloraPortulaca grandiflora)) Climbing plants need other structure such as wall, Climbing plants need other structure such as wall,

etc, for climb which can give shade and etc, for climb which can give shade and screening.screening.

Creeping plants used for control soil erosion, Creeping plants used for control soil erosion, conjoining or control/prevent the journey.conjoining or control/prevent the journey.

Most are propagate through seeds, cutting and Most are propagate through seeds, cutting and graftinggrafting

Climbing plantsClimbing plants

Jasminum sambacJasminum sambac MelorMelorPassiflora incarnataPassiflora incarnata MarkisaMarkisa

Creeping plantsCreeping plants

Wedelia trilobataWedelia trilobata WedeliaWedeliaPortulaca grandifloraPortulaca grandiflora Japanese roseJapanese roseHemigraphis colorataHemigraphis colorata HemigrapisHemigrapis

Hemigraphis colorataHemigraphis colorata

Portulaca grandifloraPortulaca grandiflora

Jasminum sambacJasminum sambac

Wedelia trilobataWedelia trilobata

Herbaceous & Indoor Herbaceous & Indoor PlantsPlants

Non-woody plant.Non-woody plant.Sensitive to Sensitive to

Environmental changesEnvironmental changesDirect sunlightDirect sunlight

Suitable planted in the buildings area.Suitable planted in the buildings area.Eg: Eg: Begonia sempervirensBegonia sempervirensPropagate through seeds, stem Propagate through seeds, stem

cutting and graftingcutting and graftingPlanted in the container such as Planted in the container such as

flower potflower pot

SCIENTIFIC NAMESCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON COMMON NAMENAME

Saintpaulina ionanthaSaintpaulina ionantha Violet AfricanViolet African

Gomphrena globosaGomphrena globosa Button FlowerButton Flower

Coleus blumeiColeus blumei Coleus/Ati-atiColeus/Ati-ati

Dahlia spDahlia sp DahliaDahlia

Begonia sempervirensBegonia sempervirens BegoniaBegonia

Saintpaulina ionanthaSaintpaulina ionantha

Begonia sempervirensBegonia sempervirens

CactusCactusFamily CactaceaeFamily Cactaceae

Can grow in the dessert which high Can grow in the dessert which high temperature & water stress condition.temperature & water stress condition.

Propagated by seeds @ cuttingPropagated by seeds @ cutting

Planted in plant pot that contain Planted in plant pot that contain sands and organic mattersands and organic matter

Opuntia microdasysOpuntia microdasys

Echinocactus grusoniiEchinocactus grusonii

Zygocactus truncatusZygocactus truncatus

Opuntia microdasysOpuntia microdasys

Zygocactus truncatusZygocactus truncatus

Zygocactus truncatusZygocactus truncatus

TURF AND RECREATIONAL/ TURF AND RECREATIONAL/ ORNAMENTAL GRASSORNAMENTAL GRASS

Turf grass : Group of Grass. Turf grass : Group of Grass. Family : Poaceae (Graminae)Family : Poaceae (Graminae) Use as field grass, courtyard grass, horse Use as field grass, courtyard grass, horse

range grass etc.range grass etc. Normally with full attention & maintenance Normally with full attention & maintenance

Fertilization, good drainage, short cutting Fertilization, good drainage, short cutting from time to timefrom time to time

Carpet grass (Carpet grass (Axonopus compressusAxonopus compressus), ), Bermuda grass (Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylonCynodon dactylon))

Propagate through seeds, patches, sod Propagate through seeds, patches, sod and sprigging, pluggingand sprigging, plugging

SODDING

PLUGGING

SPRIGGING

Soil must be plowed, liming and fertilizing Soil must be plowed, liming and fertilizing before planting before planting

Recreational grass is a grass which not Recreational grass is a grass which not necessarily from the family of Poaceaenecessarily from the family of Poaceae

Normally used purposely for recreationalNormally used purposely for recreational

Not need proper cuttingNot need proper cutting

Mondo grass (Mondo grass (Ophiopogon spOphiopogon sp) ) St. Augustine grass St. Augustine grass

((Stenotaphrum secundatumStenotaphrum secundatum cv. cv. variegatumvariegatum))

SCIENTIFIC NAMESCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAMECOMMON NAME

Cynodon dactylonCynodon dactylon Bermuda grassBermuda grass

Axonopus compressusAxonopus compressus Cow grassCow grassStenotaphrum secundatum Stenotaphrum secundatum St. Augustine grassSt. Augustine grass

Zoysia matrellaZoysia matrella ManilaManila grass grass

Zoysia japonicaZoysia japonica Zoysia GrassZoysia Grass

Eremochloa aphiuroidesEremochloa aphiuroides Centipede grassCentipede grass

Digitaria didactylaDigitaria didactyla Serangoon grassSerangoon grass

Paspalum vaginatumPaspalum vaginatum Seashore Paspalum Seashore Paspalum

Cynodon dactylonCynodon dactylon

Axonopus compressusAxonopus compressus

Stenotaphrum secundatumStenotaphrum secundatum

Zoysia japonicaZoysia japonica

Zoysia matrellaZoysia matrella

Paspalum vaginatumPaspalum vaginatum