4 Ancient River Civilizations
Mesopotamia• Ham and Shem
descendants
• Mesopotamia = Land between rivers (Greek Term)• Tigris and
Euphrates
Sumerians
• Established civilization around 3000 B.C.
• Independent city-states
• Cities ruled by priests
• Life revolved around temple buildings, ziggurats
• Polytheistic
Sumerians
Sargon = Akkadian ruler (2350 B.C.)
Established 1st ever empire
Kings power greater than priest People began
viewing kings as gods
Ur – Why familiar?
Sumerian Accomplishments
Amorites
Hammurabi
United land under rule
Military & administrator
Code of Laws
did not create them
compiled them
placed them throughout empire
282 laws of retaliation
Punishment different based on social status
Epic of Gilgamesh Babylonian literature
Supports Bible story of worldwide flood
Gilgamesh seeks eternal life
Build boat
Many ancient civilizations have flood story
Blames flood on angry god not mans’ wickedness
Amorite Accomplishments
• Nile flooded yearly
• Rich soil deposit for
crops
• Nile River
• Important highway
Egypt The Land
Upper Kingdom South area Cut off from
world by desert Close to Nile
River
Egypt The land
Lower Kingdom North area Spread across Nile
delta Easy contact with
other people Mediterranean Sea Sinai Peninsula
Egypt- The History
Descendants of Ham’s son
3,000 B.C. Menes united North & South under rule
Old Kingdom
“Age of Pharaohs”
pharoahs = gods
They could do anything they wanted
Built pyramids
Khufu (Cheops) Great Pyramid at Giza
Middle Kingdom
“Age of the People”
Age of Peace and Construction Canals and ponds from Nile River
Israelites move to Egypt Escape famine Joseph in position of power Stayed 400 years (1876 B.C. – 1446 B.C.) Israelites grew in number
Hyksos
Asian peoples
Invaded and ruled Egypt
Taught Egyptians art of war Horses, chariots, bronze weapons
Began enslaving Israelites
Ruler did not know Joseph (Exodus 1:8)
New Kingdom
1570 BC – 1075 BC Expelled foreign rulers
“Age of Empire” Palestine, Syria, Upper
Egypt
Pharaohs became warrior king
Rulers of New Kingdom
Egypt- The Culture
Social Structure like a pyramid People could advance in society if gain favor
of Pharaoh (i.e.. Joseph in Egypt)
Women favored in society!
Egyptian Accomplishments
Egyptian Downfall
Polytheism- worship many gods
Believed life after death Judgment based on bad or
good works Can only enjoy afterlife if body
is preserved well Mummification
Empire fell to: Assyrians Persians Greeks Romans
• Named after one of Ham’s sons
• Land of promise for God’s chosen people (Joshua 1:3-4)• People rebel in
fear• Israelite wander
desert 40 years before enter land
• Upon entering, encounter:• Hittites• Phoenicians• Aramaens
“I will give you every place where you set your foot, as I promised Moses. Your territory will extend from the desert to Lebanon, and from the great river, the Euphrates—all the Hittite country—to the Mediterranean Sea in the west.”
Joshua 1:3-4
Hittites Descendants of Ham
settle Asian Minor 2000 B.C.
Bible mentions them: Abraham buys grave David kills Uriah, Hittite to hide his sin with
Bathsheba
Not ruled by priest or gods
King = army commander
Iron production and great military skill Established great empire Conflict with Egyptian Empire led to downfall of both Absorbed my more advanced civilizations
Phoenicians
and say to Tyre, who dwells at the entrance to the sea, merchant of the peoples to many coastlands, ‘Thus says the Lord God, “O Tyre, you have said, ‘I am perfect in beauty. “Your borders are in the heart of the seas;Your builders have perfected your beauty.
‘When your wares went out from the seas,You satisfied many peoples;With the abundance of your wealth and your merchandiseYou enriched the kings of earth.
Ezekiel 27: 3-4, 33
Phoenicians
Merchants of the Sea Greatest merchants of their day Traded with Egypt, Greece, Sicily, Spain and
North Africa (planted colonies along shore) Traveled to end of Mediterranean Sea, even to
Britain
Natural Resources Mollusk used to make purple dye
Phoenician = purple people (in Greek) Cedar and fir trees found in mountains
King Solomon used material from them to build temple in Jerusalem
Phoenicians
Alphabet A symbol for each
sound Greeks and Romans
adopted this system
Tyre Major port city Brought paganism to
Israel Jezebel married King
Ahab
Arameans Syria = crossroads of civilizations
Link between Asia and Africa
Commercial trade by land Damascus = international capital of trade
Aramaic language used by all in trade routes Probably language Jesus and disciples spoke
Neighbors with Israel (North) God used them to to punish Israel
Wickedness led to their downfall 732 Assyrians invaded and took them captive
Hebrews Call of Abraham
Out of Mesopotamia & paganism Abraham born around 2166 B.C. Probably living in idolatry
God chose him because of grace Abraham believed and obeyed
Sarah submitted and obeyed Through son Isaac God would fulfill covenant
promises Great number of descendants and Messiah Land of Canaan Would bless all people of Earth through descendants
Bondage in Egypt
Joseph and family went to escape famine in Canaan
God would make Israelites out of 12 sons of Jacob (name changed to Israel) Greatest tribe = Judah (Jesus would come
from this tribe)
Became numerous in Egypt
Moses led people out in 1446 B.C.
Covenant of Sinai
One of most important events in Hebrew history
Theocracy = people governed by God
Covenant Promise God would always be with them Gave them law
Moral Civil Ceremonial
Perfect moral standard to distinguish right/wrong
Conquest of Canaan
Israel fell into sin Grumbled and complained
Moses sent spies into Canaan People rebelled in fear
40 years to wander in desert
Entered Canaan under new leader – Joshua Conquered land Divided land to 12 tribes
Judges Israelites supposed to be a witness that there is only one
true God Monotheism Repeated for 350 years
around 1380 to 1050 BC
Enslaved by: Mesopotamia Moab Canaanites Midian Ammon Philistia
In the end, they as for a human king, Saul Unites 12 tribes under one rule Disobeys God in the end
David
“man after God’s own heart”
Messiah will come from David’s line
Established Hebrew kingdom Conquered enemies Established borders Peace throughout land Jerusalem capital city
Solomon
Hebrew kingdom at its greatest
Wisest man alive
Led astray by pagan wives
Built temple at Jerusalem
Began to allow idol worship
God’s judgment = split kingdom in 2
Division & Judgment
Kingdom divided over taxation
10 tribes rebelled and went north Made Jeroboam king
2 southern tribes = Benjamin and Judah Remain loyal to Reheboam
Lost greatness and peace Constant warfare
Prophets Isaiah and Jeremiah People ignored their warnings
Division & Judgment
Judgment 722 B.C. - Assyrians invade north & take captives 586 B.C. – Babylonians invade south & take
captives
God did not forsake His people Persians rise to power and release Israelites home Restored to their lands
Assyrian
Biggest empire until that time Nineveh = capital city
Built by nimrod shortly after flood
Adopted culture from Sumerians & Amorites
Military power Iron weapons Siege towers Battering rams War chariots
Assyrian Judgment
God used them to bring judgment to Israelites
722 B.C. – Sargon II invade and take 10 Northern tribes into captivity Boasted in military conquests
God sent Jonah to preach repentance They repented and God turned His wrath
away Turned their back on God
Chaldeans and Medes defeated them 612 BC
Chaldean Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon
Babylon = oldest and grandest city of ancient empire
God caused them to prosper God used them to bring judgment
Egypt Israel
Diaspora = dispersion or scattering of Jews
Built up Babylon to be “glory of kingdoms” 300 ft. high walls surround city Thickness 2 chariots can ride side by side Hanging gardens built for wife who was homesick
Watered with water from Euphrates river
1 of Seven
Wonders of the World
Astronomy Charts with positions
of stars and planets
Named constellations
“Wise men”- astrologers Frequently called on to
advise king or interpret dreams
Not able to do this very well (Joseph and Daniel)
Daniel Interprets Dream
Nebuchadnezzar’s Insanity
You will be driven away from people and will live with the wild animals; you will eat grass like the ox. Seven times will pass by for you until you acknowledge that the Most High is sovereign over all kingdoms on earth and gives them to anyone he wishes.” Daniel 4:32
God’s Wrath Nebuchadnezzar knew of God from Daniel
Heart full of pride
God poured judgment on him Temporary insanity until he recognized greatness of
God After Nebuchadnezzar, Babylon fell under God’s
wrath
Belshazzar Party, blasphemed God God’s finger wrote on wall
Kingdom will fall to Medes and Persian
Persian Empire
Persian Empire Cyrus the Great
One of greatest conquerors EVER After Assyrian empire fell to Medes 612 B.C.
He took advantage of rebellion in army and attacked Conquered all the way to Turkey and Greece
Lydians (Turkey) Mineral resources = gold First time coins used for exchange
Before this barter system= exchange items for items
Persian Empire Croesus
King of Lydians Confronted Cyrus and army 546 B.C. Taken into captivity and enjoyed life at Persian court
Cyrus Some self rule To remain in own land To keep own religion Free Israel from captivity (Isaiah 45:13)
Directed them to rebuilt temple
Persian Government Divided empire into provinces or satrapies
Ruled by satraps (governors) Darius the Mede a satrap of Babylon (Daniel) Had a secret police that reported to king
Rood Road System Mail traveled throughout empire Modeled USPS
Esther’s time Decrees throughout empire
Persian Government
Persian Culture Much adopted from previous civilizations
Coinage Lydians Writing Sumerians Navy Pheonicians Calendar Egyptians
Zoroastrian Religion one god Ahura Mazda
Sacred writings = Avesta (Myths, Regulations, Hymns ) Good vs. Evil = all people take part in this battle
Judged by good or bad works *** All false religions of this world have this in common)
Persian Empire Darius the Great
200 years after Cyrus Ruled empire at its peak
Conquered by Alexander the Great (300 B.C.)