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Chapter 2
CHINA Stressed Isolationism and a contemplative
life Privileged class participated in wrestling,
boxing and Kung Fu as early as 2698 B.C. INDIA
Governed by religious beliefs that stressed inner peace over physical activity.
EGYPTIANS Raised in a militaristic society and therefore
saw the importance of physical fitness Fitness for everyone, not just the ruling class
ROMANS Stressed physical training to allow rulers to
gain more land and riches Over time, professionalism was stressed and
more people became spectators instead of participants
GREECE Athens – Physical education
experienced a “Golden Age”. Exemplified the mind-body spirit
Spartans – Very Militaristic “Come home with your shield or on
it”
Greek Physicians Herodicus (480 BC) Nutrition Hippocrates ( 460 – 377 BC) “First do no
harm” Galen (131 – 201 AD) –
First Sports Medicine Physician Dissection and Rehab Galen’s work inspired other physicians
Held Olympics from 776 B.C. – 394 A.D.
Fall of the Roman Empire in A.D.476 used in a period of 1,000 years known as the Dark Ages; in which physical activity sport and fitness diminished because of political and economic chaos
RENAISSANCE Renewed interest in learning, doing,
recreation and fitness. Also renewed interest in expanding and exploring
A MORE MODERN TIME YMCA began in England in 1844 and
was devoted to character and physical education
1844-1884 In1866 first legislation passed in
California requiring physical ed. In the schools
1875 Intercollegiate Association was formed
Intercollegiate Conference 1895 Faculty Representatives formed
(eventually became the Big 10 Conference)
What happened to make sports standardized or institutionalized? Rules became standard Bodies are formed to enforce rules Standards of competition are set Sport is promoted for participants as well as
spectators Championships are formed
Chapter 2
Emerging Profession 1885-1930
Birth of a Profession
Gymnasium was the center of ancient Greek education and culture
Fall of the Roman Empire in A.D.476 used in a period of 1,000 years known as the Dark Ages; in which physical activity sport and fitness diminished because of political and economic chaos
Battle of the Systems
Period of 1885-1900: marked competition among several approaches of what was called “gymnastics”
Marked a period when immigrants brought their own approaches and loyalties
German System (Fredrick Jahn)
Balanced academics with physical education
Developed Turnplatz Strict gymnastic programs but did
incorporate track and field event Important student leaders:
Beck,Follen,and Leiber
Swedish System Henrick Ling
Interest in anatomy and physiology Scientific-Therapeutic An understudy(Nissen) furthered
the system by befriending Mary Hemenway
Father of Physical Therapy
Beecher System
System developed for women Developed grace and fitness Incorporated music in the workouts
Dio Lewis System
Used components from German, Sweeden and Beecher
Use of music-incorporated flexibility Focused on the value of wt. training Published the first journal in
P.E.Gymnastic Monthly and Journal of Physical Culture
Hitchcock System ( 1861)
Scientific emphasis, based on measurement
System was designed around a battery of test
Ladders,weights, jumping rope and climbing
Sargent System-Teacher Based
Also based on measurements but used them for exercise prescription
Designed exercise machines to enhance various physical characteristics
The Boston Conference 1889
Battle of the systems-hosted by Mary Hemenway
Gave credibility to the field of Physical Education
The American System was created Sport was not a major topic of this
conference
Important Leaders
Luther Gulick-Helped form the Playground Association of America
Rosiland Cassidy- Worked with Kinesiology
Delphine Hanna-developed the nations first teacher-preparation program in p.e.
Cont.
Edward Thorndike-Psychologist; believed children were not just small adults
John Dewey-Education leader who supported Heatherington’s theories
FORMALIZATION WAS OUT-Natural play was in
Leaders of the 1900’s
Thomas Wood-Education through the physical
Organic, Psychomotor, Social Development, and Mental Development
Placed more emphasis on games and game skills-Natural Gymnastics