Chapter 2- Empires of the Americas

Section 4 The English inNorth America

Essential Question: How did

the English colonize North

America?

John Cabot•From England•Made claims for England in North America

•Searched for the Northwest Passage

Henry Hudson•English Explorer•Hudson's first

search for the Northwest Passage in 1609 yielded the discovery of the mouth of the Hudson River

Sir Frances Drake•English Explorer•First Englishman

to sail around the world

•Known for attacking Spanish treasure ships and being rewarded for it by the queen.

Martin Luther• Protested against

corruption in the Roman Catholic Church

• Started the Protestant Reformation

• This caused inner conflicts among the countries that had claims in the Americas.

95 Thesis

Protestant Reformation• The protestant and

Catholics became not only a religious struggle, but a territorial and political one.

• Spain, the most powerful nation in Europe, clung to the Catholic faith

• England became protestant• Nations were involved in

achieving religious and political dominance in Europe

Spanish Armada-1588• British attacks

(and seizing of gold) on Spanish Galleons (ships). Spain decided to attack England.

• King Phillip of Spain organized 130 ships and some 27,000 men known as the Spanish Armada.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

• The Spanish Armada came to England to attack

• Queen Elizabeth I (of England) had had a new fleet of warships made that were faster and more accurate

• When the Spanish turned to flee, they were caught with bad weather at sea

Defeat of the Spanish Armada• Only 65 of the 130

ships returned to Spanish ports

• The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 revealed the weaknesses of the Spanish navy

• It also allowed for challenges to Spanish colonization of the Americas.

Sir Walter Raleigh•English explorer•Searched the

Atlantic seaboard for a suitable site to colonize

•Named the area that he chose, Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen”.

Roanoke• 1585, a small group

of English colonists settled in Roanoke, off of North Carolina.

• But the people returned to England.

• A second group of 100 people: men, women, and children settled here under the command of John White.

Roanoke• White went back to England for supplies

• When White returned there was no one in the settlement

• The words CRO and CROTAN were carved near the settlement

• Crotan is the American Indian name of island off the coast.

Roanoke- Lost Colony

•The “Lost Colony” of Roanoke and its people is still a mystery today

•Although it was a unsuccessful, it was the first English colony in the United States

Royal Charters and Joint Stock Companies

• Royal Charters -Licenses to organize settlements in the new world

• Joint Stock Companies had investors that shared operating costs as well as any profits or losses on a colony

Charter of 1606• Licensed the

Plymouth company and the London Company to organized settlement in Virginia

• Granted by King James I

Jamestown• 100 men recruited

by The London Company

• Reached Jamestown in 1607

• Located in a low, wooded peninsula, near a marsh infested with disease carrying mosquitoes

Jamestown• Many died the first year• Much of the deaths were due to

lack of planning.• Many of the men were trained to

dig for gold• No men were trained in setting

up settlements• Disease, exposure, and

starvation took many lives

John Smith• Smith was elected captain by the settlers

• Smith made plans for strengthening the colony

• With the help of the Powhatan Indians the settlers learned the ways to fish and farm

• Powhatan gave the settlers food and taught them how to cultivate corn, a new crop to the English.

Powhatan• Indian tribe whose

chief was later called “Chief Powhatan” by the settlers

• They were helpful to the English colonists at Virginia Colony of Jamestown

• Pocahontas was the daughter of the chief

Pocahontas• Favorite daughter of

the Powhatan chief• Helped the English

colonists • Played a major role in

keeping peace between the colonists and the Indians

• When Smith returned to England, the harsh winter caused colonists to raid the Indian villages

Pocahontas• The English stole food,

burned shelters, and killed many Indians during these raids

• Pocahontas was taken captive by the settlers

• She converted to Christianity and married an Englishman named John Rolfe

• She died in England of disease, at a young age.

“The colony built from smoke…”• When the colonists

found that there was no gold in Jamestown, Virginia, they started to grow tobacco

• Tobacco was very popular in England and became the cash crop the colony needed to survive

Head Right System• Laborers were needed in the new

colonies• To attract people to the colonies,

Joint Stock Companies introduced the head right system

• In this system, sponsors received 50 acres of land for each worker or “head” they paid to bring to Jamestown.

Indentured Servants• Another way to attract

workers was to institute the Indentured Servant option

• Person that was bound to be a servant to the person that paid the price of their passage (ship fare) to the new world

• Mostly white males• Term of servitude, 4-7

years

Chapter 3The English

Colonies

1620-1763

The New England ColoniesNew England can be defined as the states thatare located in the North East section of theUnited States.

These states include:

MaineNew Hampshire

VermontMassachusetts Rhode IslandConnecticut

The New England Colonies

• People who left England because of religious conflict were known as Pilgrims

• They came to their new settlement on the Mayflower

• Their colony was Plymouth

• Pilgrims were separatists.

• They were called this because they had broken (or separated) from the Church of England

The Pilgrims were led by William Bradford

They were given permission by the Virginia Company to settle in lands near the Hudson River.

They were blown off course and landed in Massachusetts's Cape Cod Bay.

William Bradford

Mayflower Compact• To maintain order

in the new settlement, Pilgrim leaders had drawn up an agreement for the men to sign.

• This was known as the mayflower compact

Mayflower CompactThis compact is important to U.S.

History because it established a

self-governing colony based on the majority rule of male church

members.The Mayflower Compact

• Like Jamestown, the colony owed its survival in part to the American Indians.

• The local Indians of this area were the Wampanoag

• Squanto, was an Indian interpreter and aid to both the pilgrims and the Wampanoag.

King Philip’s War • Colonists need for land

and places to graze their farm animals, trampled the Native’s cornfields

• The colonists took the chief Wamsutta captive

• He later got sick and died• King Philip (the brother of

Wamsutta) later took control of the Wampanoag and led raids against the colonists

• Internal fighting amongst tribes for and against the colonists caused disruption in regular alliances.

King Philip’s War• War between the Native Americans in New

England against the colonists, 1675-6• It resulted in the destruction of families and

communities, Native and colonist alike, throughout New England. 

• It took decades for the colonists to recover from the loss of life, the property damage and the huge military expenditures.

• The war was devastating for Native Peoples.  Entire families were sold into slavery abroad; others were forced to become servants locally. The Wampanoag had to adapt aspects of their culture to survive; their political independence ended.

The Great MigrationMore than 40,000

people left England for the Americas.

Massachusetts Bay Colony• Puritans were people

who left England because they wanted to Purify the English Church of all signs of Catholic faith.

• These people were ridiculed and mistreated in England.

• They were led by John Winthrop

Massachusetts Bay ColonyThey received permission to

start a colony in the Massachusetts Bay by a company

called the Massachusetts Bay Company

Religious DissentReligious DissentPeople rejected

the Puritan laws and ways and

eventually left the colony.

Religious DissentReligious Dissent• Anne Hutchinson

• Discussed the bible, when women were not supposed to interpret the bible

• Was banished from the Massachusetts Colony

• Went to Rhode Island

Religious DissentReligious Dissent• Roger Williams

• Believed in strict separation of church and state.

• Banished by Puritans

• Founded settlement in Rhode Island

• Settlement gave religious freedom

New England Town MeetingOriginally only the men

who owned property and belong to the town church.

Conducted town affairs and local ordinances.

They also elected town representatives to serve in

the colonial assembly. The town meeting is an

example of direct democracy and possible

in only small communities and provided the colonists

with training in self-government.

Salem Witchcraft Trials • 1692 several girls

from the Salem Village were stricken with seizures

• Girls were told stories about magic from a West Indies woman named Tituba

• Accused other villagers of being witches

Hundreds of people , mainly older women were tried. Nineteen were

hanged.

http://etext.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/home.html

"Oh Lord, help me! It is false. I am clear. For my life now

lies in your hands...."

"I have no hand in witchcraft." "If it was the last moment I was to live,God knows I am innocent..."

"I am no witch.I am innocent.

I know nothing of it."

Half Way Covenant• The Second generation of Puritans were dying

out.• They created a half-way covenant to raise the

number of members. It provided a partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of church members.

• Those who accepted the Covenant, and agreed to follow the creed and rules of the church, could become church members without claiming a spiritual experience.

• These half-members could not vote on any issues within the church, although all members could participate in the sacrament of the Supper.

The English ColoniesThe Southern colonies and

Slavery

Essential Question: How and why did the Chesapeake differ

from New England?

Southern Colonies• Maryland

• Virginia

• North Carolina

• South Carolina

• Georgia

Maryland• Proprietor-Lord

Calvert• Wanted to create a

heaven for Roman Catholics who faced persecution in England

• Passed a Toleration Act that granted a degree of religious freedom.

Virginia• The House of

Burgesses• This was the

representative assembly of large planters in Virginia.

Virginia• Jamestown settlement was in the

Eastern portion of Virginia

• Since tobacco had made it a rich colony, Eastern Virginia planters were doing well on the east coast

• Indentured Servants who were finally released from their duties sought to make farms in the Western portion of Virginia

Bacon’s Rebellion• Poor indentured

servants wanted to settle land in the Western portion of Virginia

• They broke treaties established with the Native Americans in this area

• Indians attacked these western settlersNathaniel Bacon

Bacon’s Rebellion• Western colonists asked

Eastern colonists to help war these Indians

• The Eastern Colonists refused to help

• Nathanial Bacon led a rebellion against the Eastern planters that led to the burning down Jamestown

Slavery• Bacon’s rebellion

motivated a move to switch from indentured servants to slave labor.

• The first Africans arrived in the Chesapeake around 1619

The Slave Trade• Expansion of slavery

in North America increased the slave trade in Africa

• The Middle Passage was the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean where many Africans died of disease, suffocation or violence.

The Carolinas• King Charles II came

to power in England in an era known as the Restoration.

• Supporters of the King’s return to power were given land grants in the New World.

The Carolinas• The colony was just

Carolina, later it was divided into North and South Carolina

• The largest port city of Carolina was the city of Charles Town, present day Charleston

Georgia• Last British colony • Wanted to start a

colony in order to provide a fresh start for the English poor.

• Often considered a “debtor colony”

• James Oglethorpe was the trustee who planned this colony.

Georgia• Georgia planned on

being a colony for the poor, but few qualified and the colony was mostly settled by South Carolina Planters.

• Slavery was originally banned in Georgia, but with the South Carolina Planter’s influence, slavery was allowed.

The English ColoniesColonies During Restoration

Essential Question: How did the English come to posses New York

and New Jersey?

Middle Atlantic Colonies

• New York

• Pennsylvania

• New Jersey

• Delaware

New York• Dutch West India

Company established a colony of New Netherlands in what is now New York. The largest city was called New Amsterdam, which is now New York City.

New York• The Dutch colony of New

Netherlands had very little settlers

• The colony had a Governor named Peter Stuyvesant

• When English ships came into the capital city, the Dutch gave up their colony without a fight to the English.

New York• The King of England

(Charles II) gave the colony to his brother James the Duke of York

• The colony was named New York

New Jersey• James, the Duke of James, the Duke of

York, gave the York, gave the remaining portion remaining portion

of New Amsterdam of New Amsterdam to two of his friends to two of his friends

and they settled and they settled this colony as New this colony as New

Jersey.Jersey.

Pennsylvania• William Penn was a

son of a supporter of King Charles II. In return for his support, Charles II gave him a large tract of land near New York.

• William wanted to make a colony that would be a haven for his fellow Quakers.

Pennsylvania• Quakers opposed slavery and rejected wealth. These people

were tolerant to Native Americans, unlike

other religious groups in the new colonies.

They were also strictly against slavery.

Pennsylvania• Penn wanted

Pennsylvania to be a “holy experiment” where people of different nationalities and religious beliefs could shape their own lives.

• Philadelphia means “city of brotherly love”

Delaware• Delaware was a

portion of the land that was given to Penn from the King

• It was later split off of the Pennsylvania colony and independently its own colony

MercantilismNations power was a product

of wealth and a nation’s wealth was measured by its

stock of precious metals

Favorable Balance of Trade

The best way for a nation to The best way for a nation to obtain wealth was to obtain wealth was to

maintain a favorable balance maintain a favorable balance of trade , that is, to export of trade , that is, to export

more that it imported.more that it imported.

The Colonies part in a Favorable The Colonies part in a Favorable Balance of TradeBalance of Trade

Nations that were self sufficient could maintain a favorable balance

of trade.

Thus, the colonies were vitally important to England as a source of raw materials and as a ready

market for goods from the homeland.

Navigation Acts• Mercantilist laws

• Passed by England on the Colonies

• Required European goods destined for the colonies to routed through England

• Colonial products had to be carried on ships built and owned by British subjects

• Colonial products could be exported only to England

Violations to the Navigation Violations to the Navigation ActsActs

• Enforcing the Enforcing the Navigation Acts was Navigation Acts was not easynot easy

• Colonists did not Colonists did not follow these lawsfollow these laws

• The King decided to The King decided to make the Northern make the Northern colonies “the colonies “the Dominion of England” Dominion of England” because they were because they were violating the actsviolating the acts

Violations to the Navigation Acts

The King appoints

Edmund Andros colonial

governor of the Dominion of

England.

The Glorious Revolution• James the II was not a

popular King in England because he was Catholic

• Protestants staged a bloodless rebellion where they invited the King’s daughter to take the thrown

• Mary (a protestant) and her husband William took the throne and granted more power to Parliament to avoid future abuses in royal power.

William and Mary

EnlightenmentRevolution in ideas the

emphasized human reason as the key to improving

society. This started in the 1700’s.

The Great Awakening• Revivals that swept

through the British colonies in the mid-1700’s

• Jonathan Edwards is often credited with launching New England’s Great Awakening

Chapter 3The Struggle for

landEssential Question:

Which North American lands were claimed by France?

The Mississippi River

• France had made claims in North America:–Ohio River Valley

–New Orleans (1718)

–Great Lakes

New France• Area of claims made by France in North

America

• Was not colonized

• Made mostly of French Fur Traders (males)

• Had a good relationship with the Native Americans

• Different from the English colonists because they did not claim lands

Quebec

• City discovered by Cartier. Built as a permanent fur trading outpost, was where he would forge a trading, and ultimately a military alliance, with the Algonquin and Huron nations of the Iroquois nations of Indians.

The Fur Trade• European desire

for furs altered the way of life for many American Indians

• The fur trade also disrupted relations among nations

Conflicts over land• Indians believed that land was not something

that people owned– They believed in territories, but not individual

ownership– Losing land would mean loss of food and sacred

sites

• Europeans (especially English) believed that land that was not cleared and used was free for the taking– English cleared land and drove out the game– English did not honor sacred rights of the Indians

War in New England• Pequot War started 20

years after the Plymouth colony was founded

• A war between Plymouth allied Indians and the Pequot Indians

• Eventually the war ended in one year by the Plymouth group setting fire to the Pequot village and virtually killing all of the Pequot Indians

The Iroquois League• A confederation of 6

American Indian nations

• Part of the Eastern Woodland Indians

• Helped drive other tribes out of the areas of New York and the North East

• Dealt in the fur trade

The French and Indian War

• War had started between France, England, and Spain over the worldwide empires

The French and Indian War

Fighting for this war often spilled over into North

America

The French and Indian War

The plan for defense and to recruit the Iroquois

as allies, representatives from seven colonies met in

Albany, NY

Benjamin Franklin wrote about the ideal of the

colonies uniting for this effort.

The French and Indian War• This idea was

adopted by the delegates

• It is known as the Albany Plan of Union

• It foreshadowed adjustments in power and authority that were fundamental to the U.S. Constitution

The French and Indian War• The Ohio River

Valley was the place where the French and Indian War started in the Colonies

• British Virginians started to build a fort in the highly valued Ohio River Valley near present day Pittsburgh

The French and Indian War• They were

driven off by the French before they could complete the fort and the French finished the fort and named it Fort Duquesne

The French and Indian War• George Washington

was sent with a company of militia to remove the French

• Washington could not do this

• He then returned with more troops

• They too, were unsuccessful

The French and Indian War• The British victory in

the French and Indian War was due to the increase of British troops and supplies sent from England.

• This is due to the British Prime Minister William Pitt, who placed all British money into this war.

The French and Indian War

• After successful victories in the areas of the St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, and in the Ohio River Valley

• The British persuaded the Iroquois to support the British

• The French moved to present day Canada were they were defeated in their loss of Quebec

The French and Indian War• The Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the

hostilities of the French and Indian War

• The British claimed Canada and all French holdings east of the Mississippi River except Now Orleans

• Spain surrendered Florida to the British

• Spain received France’s vast Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi