Chapter 2 - Part 1 - Analysing Matter

8/7/2019 Chapter 2 - Part 1 - Analysing Matter

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MatterMatter

y The particles can be atoms, molecules or ions.

Atom Molecule Ion

The atom is the

smallest, indivisible

particle of an element.

Atoms of the same

element are exactlyalike and are different

from the atoms of all

other elements.

Molecules are the

smallest particles of an

element or compound

that are made up of

two or more atoms.

Ions are particles that

are charged due to

loss or gain of

electrons.

Ions which arepositively charged are

called cations.

Ions which are

negatively charged are

called anions.


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ExamplesExamples

Atom Liquid Gas


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Element and CompoundElement and Compound

y Elements can exist as atom, molecule or

ion.


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y Chemical element is the class of atomswith the same number of protons in the

nucleus.

y An element consists of only one type of

atom.

y Element can be either atoms or

molecules.


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CompoundCompound

y Compound can be molecule or ion.


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y A compound is any substance composed

of identical molecules consisting of atoms

of two or more elements.

y A compound is made up of either

molecules or ions.


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The particle theory of matterThe particle theory of matter

y The particle theory of matter states that

matter is made up of a large number of

tiny and discrete particles.


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DiffusionDiffusion

y Diffusion is a process resulting from random motion of

molecules by which there is a net flow of matter from a

region of high concentration to a region of low

concentration.


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Example of diffusionExample of diffusion

y Diffusion in Solid


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y Copper(II) sulphate crystals are made of

copper(II) ions and sulphate ions which are tinyand discrete.

y The particles in the copper(II) sulphate crystal

will separate to become ions and diffuse

randomly upwards until the whole agar turnsblue.

y Diffusion of solid is defined operationally as the

random movement of particles to all directions

in a solid.


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Diffusion in LiquidDiffusion in Liquid


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y Diffusion has taken place in the liquid.

y

The rate of diffusion of the particles inwater is faster than the diffusion rate of

particles in solid.

y The occurrence of diffusion proves that

potassium permanganate(VII) consist of

tiny and discrete particles.


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Diffusion in GasDiffusion in Gas


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y Bromine vapour is made of tiny and

discrete molecules that move randomlyto fill up space.

y Bromine vapour moves randomly anddiffuses in all directions in air from areas

of higher concentration to areas of lower

concentration.


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Brownian motionBrownian motion

y Brownian motion is the physical phenomenon

that minute particles immersed in a fluid move

about randomly.

y It was named for the Scottish botanist Robert

Brown, the first to study such fluctuations

y Brownian movement, an example of diffusion,

supports the kinetic theory of matter.


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Examples ofBrownian movement are

y movement of smoke particles in air

y movement of pollen grains in water


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KineticTheory ofMatterKineticTheory ofMatter

y The characteristics of matter can be

described using the kinetic theory of

matter.

y The kinetic theory of matter explains the

state of matter in solid, liquid and gaseous

states based on the following

assumptions:


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y The gas consists of very small particles,

each of which has a mass.

y These molecules are in constant, random

motion.

y The rapidly moving particles constantly

collide with each other and with the wallsof the container.


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y There are forces of attraction between

particles of matter.y These attraction forces will increase as the

distance between the particles becomes

closer.

y The average kinetic energy of the gasparticles depends only on the temperature

of the system.

y

The higher the temperature, the higher thekinetic energy of the particles.

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Chapter 2 - Part 1 - Analysing Matter

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