2.1.10.1 BON 199 CHAPTER 2.1.10.1 ATLANTIC BONITO AUTHORS: J. VALEIRAS and E. ABAD LAST UPDATE: Sept. 4, 2006 2.1.10.1 Description of Atlantic Bonito (BON) 1. Names 1.a Classification and taxonomy Species name: Sarda sarda (Bloch 1793) ICCAT species code: BON ICCAT names: Atlantic bonito (English), Bonite à dos rayé (French), Bonito (Spanish) According to Collette and Nauen (1983), the Atlantic bonito is classified as follows: • Phylum: Chordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata • Superclass: Gnathostomata • Class: Osteichthyes • Subclass: Actinopterygii • Order: Perciformes • Suborder: Scombroidei • Family: Scombridae 1.b Common names List of vernacular names used according to ICCAT, FAO and Fishbase (www.fishbase.org). The list is not exhaustive and some local names might not be included. Albania: Palamiti. Algeria: Bonite, Bonite à dos rayé, Palamita, Rsela. Angola: Bonito, Sarda, Sarrajão, Serrajão, Serralhão. Argentina: Bonito. Azores Islands: Atlantic bonito, Bonito, Serra. Benin: Kpokoukpokou. Brazil: Bonito, Bonito-atlântico, Cavala, Sarda, Sarrajão, Serra, Serra-comum, Serra-de-escama, Serra-sarda. Bulgaria: Lakerda, Palamud, Turuk. Cape Verde: Bonito, Bonito do Atlântico, Bonito-de-lombo-listado, Sarrajão. China: . Colombia: Bonito. Croatia: Palamida, Polanda. Cuba: Bonito. Denmark: Pelamide, Rygstribet pelamide. Finland: Sarda. Former USSR: Atlanticheskaya pelamida, Lacherda, Pelamida. France: Bonite à dos rayé, Bonicou, Boniton, Boussicon, Boussicou, Conite, Pélamide, Pelamide commun, Pelamido. Germany: Bonito, Pelamide, Unechter Bonito. Greece: ȇȓțȚ, ȉȠȣȜȓʌȚ, ȉȠȡȞȑIJIJĮ, ȆĮȜĮȝȓįĮ, ȃIJȠȡȓțȚ, Doriki, Koini, Palamida, Palamída, Ternata, Toriki, Touliki. Guinea: Koko. Iceland: Rákungur. Israel: Sarda.
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2.1.10.1 BON
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CHAPTER 2.1.10.1 ATLANTIC BONITO
AUTHORS: J. VALEIRAS and E. ABAD
LAST UPDATE:Sept. 4, 2006
2.1.10.1 Description of Atlantic Bonito (BON)
1. Names 1.a Classification and taxonomy Species name: Sarda sarda (Bloch 1793) ICCAT species code: BON ICCAT names: Atlantic bonito (English), Bonite à dos rayé (French), Bonito (Spanish) According to Collette and Nauen (1983), the Atlantic bonito is classified as follows:
Figure 1. Drawing of an adult Sarda sarda (by A. López ‘Tokio’). Characteristics of Sarda sarda (see Figure 1 and Figure 2)
Atlantic bonito is a small tuna species. Maximum length in the Atlantic is 91.4 cm fork length and 5.4 kg and in the Black Sea is 85 cm and 5 kg weight (Collete and Nauen 1983). Common size is 50 cm fork length and about 2 kg. Maximum published weight is 11.0 kg (IGFA 2001). Colour:
• Back and upper sides steel blue, silvery below. • 5-11 longitudinal oblique dorsal dark stripes running forward and downward (with a greater angle than
in other species of Sarda). • Dorsal and caudal dusky. Pectoral pale. Other fins more or less silvery.
External:
• Body elongate and slightly compressed. • Body completely covered with very small scales except on the well-developed corselet. • Caudal peduncle slender, with a well developed lateral keel between two smaller keels on each side. • First dorsal fin long, nearly reaches second dorsal. • Dorsal spines: 20-23. • Anal rays: 14-17. • Gillrakers on first arch: 16-22. • The mouth is moderately large. 16-26 conical teeth in upper jaw, 12 to 24 in lower. No teeth on tongue. • Lamellae of olfactory rosette 22-33. • Interpelvic process small and bifid.
Internal:
• Swimbladder absent. • Spleen large and prominent in ventral view. • Liver with elongate left and right lobe and short middle lobe. • No cutaneus artery. • Vertebrae: 50-55.
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Figure 2. Synthesis of the most outstanding characteristics of Sarda sarda (by A. López, ‘Tokio’).
3. Distribution and population ecology
3.a Geographical distribution Distributed in both sides of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Mediterranean and Black Seas (Figure 3). In the Eastern Atlantic distributes from Oslo (Norway) to Port Elizabeth (South Africa). Including the Mediterranean and Black Sea. In the western Atlantic off the east coast of the United States and Canada its usual northern limit is Cape Ann but also has been recorded along Nova Scotia. Off the Atlantic coast of South America the species is recorded from Colombia, Venezuela, and south of the Amazon River to northern Argentina; apparently absent from most of the Caribbean Sea.
Figure 3. Geographical distribution of Atlantic bonito (FAO. c2001-2009. Compilation of aquatic species distribution maps of interest to fisheries. In FAO Fisheries Department [online]. Rome. [15 sept. 2009]. http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/fish_dist_map).
First dorsal fin long, nearly reaches second dorsal
Caudal peduncle slender, with a well developed lateral keel between two smaller keels on each side
5-11 longitudinal oblique dorsal dark stripes running forward and downward
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3.b Habitat preferences Atlantic bonito is an epipelagic marine fish distributed at temperate and subtropical waters, from latitude between 65°N and 40°S, longitude 98°W to 42°E. It is an oceanodromous species which lives in schools along the neritic area and may enter in estuaries. It can be found from 80 to 200 meters depth. Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors determining the distribution of tuna fish. This species can adapt to different temperatures 12° to 27°C and salinities 14 to 39 (Bianchi et al. 1999). 3.c Migrations Little is known about bonito migration patterns. The species migrates along the coast large distances as prove by recaptures of tagged fish in the Black Sea and Alboran Sea (Wes et al. 1984). A genetic migration from Atlantic to Alboran and from Aegean to Black Sea was proved by tagging in spring.
fish
sea all over the year and the mature fish migrate from coastal areas to open sea to spawn (Sabatés and Recasens
July) and from the end of July a reverse migration takes place, although there are a number of exceptions to these migratory movements (Nümann 1954). 3.d Recruitment Knowledge of the early life stages in tunas is very scarce. It is assumed that larval period is short. The beginning of the juvenile period has been established arbitrarily as to sizes escaping from plankton nets, around 2 cm
stages bonitos are not caught and juvenile life history is unknown. Immature fish first appear in fishery from around 15 cm of fork length (Zengin, 2005). 4. Biology 4.a Growth Atlantic bonito age determination and growth have been studied by means of different methodologies: otholiths, vertebrae, spines and size frequency. The maximum reported age is 5 years.
Black Sea (Yoshida 1980) and Wes1 for different areas. Rey et al. (1986) studied otoliths, vertebrae, spines and length frequencies and developed a growth equation based on a large number of specimens from western Gibraltar strait. Recently, Santamaria et al. (2005) presents a estimate of growth rate, based on otolith analysis of juvenile fish
-110 days) were 5.83 mm per day (range= 4.85-6.81 mm per day) and 4.15 g per day (range= 1.88-6.42 g per day).
Sea agreed with growth equation (Rey and Cort 1978; Rey et al. 1986). Table 1. Growth parameters for Atlantic bonito (L -1, t0 in y).
95.6 0.237 -1.24 Bulgaria Kutaygil, 196780.87 0.352 -1.7 Spain Rey et al, 198680.6 0.36 -1.37 Italy Santamaría et al., 1998
AreaGrowth Parameter
ReferenceCountry
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4.b Length-weight relationship The general length-weight relationship used by ICCAT was developed by Rey et al. (1984), based on fish that ranged from 19 to 72 cm (fork length): W=0.00724 x FL 3.1644. Other published length-weight relationships have been published for other authors for several geographical areas. A compilation is showed in Table 2. Table 2. -weight relationships published. 4.c Reproduction Spawning Atlantic bonito is a multiple spawner with asynchronous oocyte development that carried out 3 or 4 spawning
et al. 1984). The spawning grounds are typically in c -July in Northwestern Atlantic, January-spawning: Balearic area, Algerian coasts, Sicilian c -
et al. 1984). Maturity There is some studies on maturity of the species: Rey et al., (1984) estimated that first sexual maturity is reached at 38 and 39 cm FL (males and
Sex ratio The sex ratio have been s
et al. 2005) Fecundity
et al. 2005). In the fecundity is 79,432 oocytes by spawning batch, while the total annual fecundity estimates range form 304,000
et al. 2005).
Equation N FL range (cm) Sex Area Country Reference
W= 0.0094 x FL 31.030 372 19-64 - Eastern Tropical Atlantic SenegalW=0.02361 x FL 2.8703 1608 14-90 - Turkey Kara, 1979W=0.01486 x FL 2.9719 165 40-55 - Gibraltar Spain Rodriguez-Roda, 1966W=0.00797 x FL 3.1427 - - - AtlanticW=0.00724 x FL 3.1644 878 19-72 - Spain Rey et al., 1984W=0.00653 x FL 3.1865 242 33-65 Spain Rey et al., 1984W=0.00844 x FL 3.1218 229 33-70 Females Spain Rey et al., 1984W=0.0351 x FL 2.755 663 34-78 All Gulf of Taranto (1992) Italy AAVV, 1995W=0.0311 x FL 2.789 130 39-69 Gulf of Taranto Italy AAVV, 1995W=0.0574 x FL 2.633 105 38-71 Females Gulf of Taranto Italy AAVV, 1995W=0.0190 x FL 2.909 158 38-81 All Gulf of Taranto (1993) Italy AAVV, 1995W=0.0149 x FL 2.963 33 - Gulf of Taranto Italy AAVV, 1995W=0.0177 x FL 2.924 44 - Females Gulf of Taranto Italy AAVV, 1995W=0.0071 x FL 3.150 833 36-80 All Gulf of Taranto (1994) Italy AAVV, 1995W=0.046 x FL 2.6772 183 41-48 All SpainW=0.0039 x FL 3.3263 1168 23-66 All Turkey Oray et al., 2004
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4.d First life stages Eggs and larvae Eggs are pelagic, 1.15-1.57 mm of diameter and with a variable number (1 to 9) of oil globules (0.28-0.36 mm of diameter when single, 0.02-0.24 when multiple). The yolk is homogeneous. The hatch size is 4 mm. Larvae present pigmentation on tips of jaws, forebrain, midbrain, gut, cleithral symphysis, ventral margins of tail, usually over hypural plate area and P2 rays (Richards 2005). 4.e Diet Adult bonitos prey on schooling sardine, anchovy, mackerel and other small pelagic fishes. Main food species reported in eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea: Engraulis engrasicholus, Sardina pilchardus, Sardinella sp., Spratella sprattus, Ammodytes cicerellus, Scomber scombrus, Scomber japonicus, Trachurus mediterraneus, Trachurus trachurus, Mullus barbatus, juvenile Sarda sarda, Atherina spp., Boops boops and Caprella, Penaeus sp., Euphausia spp. (Yoshida 1981). Main species reported in western Atlantic: clupeids, Peprilus paru, Leiosomus xanthurus, Anchoa sp, Scomberomorus sp., Prionotus sp., Loligo sp., Penaeus sp. and squid (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; Boschung 1966). Predators: Acanthocybium solandri, Sarda sarda, Coryphaena hippurus. 4.f Physiology There is a lack on information on this topic. 4.g Behaviour Little is known about bonito behaviour patterns. 4.h Natural mortality There is a lack on information available on this biological parameter. 5. Fisheries biology 5.a Populations/Stock structure There is little information available to determine the stock structure of Atlantic bonitos. Current information does not allow for an evaluation of stock status. 5.b Description of fisheries: Catches and effort Atlantic bonito is exploited mainly by coastal fisheries and often by artisanal fisheries. The species is particularly important in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, where several fisheries exploit the stocks, including tuna traps, gill nets, trammel nets, purse seine, hooks and hand lines. Annual catches reach 46,382 t in 1988 (Figure 4). Average estimated landings from 1980 to 2004 is 28,527 t. Average catch in Mediterranean is 20,071 t. Unknown quantities of bonito are incidental catches of purse seine fisheries in the Atlantic. Also sport fishing takes the species (ICCAT 2006).
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Figure 4. Catch distribution of Atlantic bonito in the Atlantic Ocean and ranean Sea for 1980-2004 (t). 6. Bibliography AAVV. 1995. Characterization of large pelagic stocks (Thunnus thynnus L., Thunnus alalunga Bonn, Sarda
sarda Bloch, Xiphias gladius
BA , F. Le thon germon (Thunnus alalunga
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BIANCHI, G., K. E. Carpenter, J.-marine resources of Namibia. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Rome, FAO. 265 p., 11 colour plates.
BIGELOW H. B. and W. 53, 577 pp.
BOSCHUNG, H. T., 1966. The occurrence of common bonito, Sarda sardaTrans. Am. Fish. Soc., 95: 227-228.
CAYRÉ, P., J. -244. In A. Fonteneau
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COLLETTE, B. B. and C. E. Nauen., 1983 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2). 137 pp.
, J. 1962. La bonite d Sarda sarda Bloch). 26(4): 399-406.
Sarda sarda (Bloch). FAO Fish. Rep, 6: 101-129.
T., 1980 Peche & biologie de trois scombridae exploités au Sénégal: Euthynnus, Sarda sarda et Scomberomorus tritor 159 p.
ICCAT. 2006. Report for biennial period, 2004-05 Part II (2005), Vol. 2, Executive Summaries on species: Small Tunas: 128-135.
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KUTAYGIL, N. 1967. Preliminary age analysis of Mullus barbatus L. and Merluccius merluccius L. in the Sea -
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KARA, F., 1979 Observations on growth and relation ship between length and weight of Sarda sarda (Bloch). Inv. Pesq. , 43(1): 95-105.
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A, A. and K. uction of pelamid, Sarda sarda (Bloch), in the Black Sea according to data for the period 1956- -514.
, W., 1954. Growth and migration of short-finned tuna (Sarda sardatechnique, 42: 377-379.
ORAY, I. K., Karakulak, F. Sarda sarda) fishery in 2000/2001. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 56(2): 784-788.
ORSI RELINI Biology of Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda possible stock unit. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 58(2): 575-588.
POSTEL, E. 1955. Contributions à l’étude de la biologie de quelques Scombridae de l’Atlantique tropicooriental. Ann. Stn. Oceanogr. Salammbò 10: 167 pp.
REY, J. C. and J. L. Cort. 1978. Nota sobre los primeros resultados de la campaña de marcado de túnidos frente al litoral de Castellón. Bol. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr. 4 (3): 140-142.
REY, J. C., Alot, E. and Ramos, A., 1984. Synopsis biológica del bonito, Sarda sarda y Atlántico Este. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 20(2): 469-502.
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, H. O. 1980. Sinopsis of biological data on Bonitos of the genus Sarda. FAO Fish. Synop., 118.
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