Chapter 22Chapter 22

Becoming a World Power,

1898–1917

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The United States Looks AbroadThe United States Looks Abroad

Protestant missionaries China received bulk of attention Bring “civilization” to backward people

Businessmen Search for export markets Heightened by symbolic closing of the frontier in 1890

Turner’s “Significance of the Frontier in American History”

The United States Looks AbroadThe United States Looks Abroad (cont)

Imperialists Expansion as route to world power Some held Social Darwinist ideas “Big Navy” policy

Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History Stirrings of foreign interest

Pago Pago, 1878 Samoa, 1899 Hawaii, 1893

Role of of jingoism

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Leading U.S. Exports, 1875 and 1915

Spanish–American WarSpanish–American War

Background in Cuban efforts to achieve independence from Spain

Yellow press sensationalized its coverage Reported atrocities on both sides Unable to bring about U.S. intervention

Official U.S. government policy At first, tried to mediate a peaceful settlement and end

the conflict McKinley sent Maine to Havana harbor to protest U.S.

citizens and property

Spanish–American WarSpanish–American War (cont)

De Lôme letter outraged public opinion Explosion/sinking of Maine further inflamed U.S.

attitudes McKinley finally asked for war in April 1898

“A Splendid War” U.S. secured easy victory

Largely because of its naval supremacy U.S. took Philippines early in war Army somewhat less prepared

Spanish–American WarSpanish–American War (cont)

Role of Rough Riders Role of African American troops War itself lasted only four months

Over 5000 troops dead, mostly from disease

Paris Peace Treaty, 1898 Spain relinquished Cuba Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines to U.S. U.S. indemnity of $26 million to Spain

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Spanish–American War in Cuba, 1898

United States Becomes a World United States Becomes a World PowerPower McKinley administration pursued imperialist

course during war Annexation of Hawaii

Would follow path to eventual statehood Naval Base at Manila

Would be administered as colony Departure from tradition and history To prevent other countries from gaining foothold

Reasons that administration chose course it did Crux was the belief that Filipinos were unsuited for self-

government

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American South Pacific Empire, 1900

Debate over the Treaty of ParisDebate over the Treaty of Paris

Emilio Aguinaldo Anti-Imperialist League tried to defeat treaty

Appealed to many segments of society Idealism Self-interest

One vote beyond two-thirds necessary for ratification

American–Filipino WarAmerican–Filipino War

Resulted from U.S. ratification of Treaty of Paris U.S. action virtually indistinguishable from

Spain’s in Cuba Thwarting self-rule Engaging in atrocities

Philippines subdued in 1902; some fighting continued until 1913

Controlling Cuba and Puerto RicoControlling Cuba and Puerto Rico

McKinley administration did not want to relinquish Cuba Platt Amendment, 1901

Cuba could make no treaties with foreign powers U.S. had broad power to intervene in Cuba’s

economic and political affairs Cuba would sell or lease land to U.S. for naval

stations

Controlling Cuba and Puerto Rico Controlling Cuba and Puerto Rico (cont)

Cubans forced to comply because of dependence of sugar industry on U.S. markets

Essentially, Cuba became an American colony

The situation was somewhat different in Puerto Rico Annexed outright through Foraker Act (1900) Congress could dictate policy Constitutionality upheld in insular cases, 1901–1904

China and the “Open Door”China and the “Open Door”

Open Door notes to major world powers in 1899 Non-military way to ensure U.S. access to markets of

Asia Europeans not thrilled, but went along

Boxer Rebellion threatened all foreigners in China 1900 Combined imperialist action to put rebellion down

Second set of notes, 1900 Respect for Chinese territorial integrity and political

independence Took indemnities for Boxer Rebellion in cash, not

territory

Theodore Roosevelt, GeopoliticianTheodore Roosevelt, Geopolitician

Roosevelt Corollary, 1904 U.S. right to keep European powers from meddling in

Western hemisphere affairs U.S. right to intervene to quell disorder and forestall

European intervention Soon employed in Venezuela and the Dominican

Republic

Panama Canal Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) with Britain cleared way

for U.S. canal

Theodore Roosevelt, GeopoliticianTheodore Roosevelt, Geopolitician (cont)

Hay-Herran Treaty (1902) with Columbia gave U.S. land grant for construction in Colombia’s province of Panama

Stalled, though, in winning assent in Colombia To break impasse over treaty, Roosevelt encouraged

Panama to revolt against Colombia and then offered aid when it did

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) with Panama finalized land deal and payments

Canal completed in 1914 U.S. compensated Colombia for loss of Panama in 1921 Canal placed in Panamanian hands in 2000

Theodore Roosevelt GeopoliticianTheodore Roosevelt Geopolitician (cont)

Asia Goals were preserving Open Door and maintaining

balance of power Portsmouth Treaty, 1905

Ended Russo-Japanese War Favored Japan Nobel Peace prize

Taft-Katsura Agreement, 1905 U.S. would allow Japan to dominate Korea in return

for Japanese promise not to attack Philippines Root-Takahira Agreement, 1908

U.S. recognized Japanese expansion into southern Manchuria

Gentlemen’s Agreement, 1907 Great White Fleet world tour, with stop in Tokyo Bay

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United States Presence in Latin America, 1895–1934

William Howard Taft, Dollar DiplomatWilliam Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomat

Came to office with foreign affairs experience No real grasp, though, of balance-of-power

politics Focused on expanding opportunities for

corporate investment overseas Reversals in Asia

Tried to wrest control of the South Manchurian Railroad from Japan through international syndicate

Pushed Japan into alliance with Russia

William Howard Taft, Dollar DiplomatWilliam Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomat (cont)(cont)

Pushed for greater openness in Central and South China

Further hostile response from Japan and Russia Collapse of Chinese government and onset of

Revolution in 1911

More successes in Caribbean Rise of United Fruit Company in Honduras and Costa

Rica Intervention in Nicaragua in 1910 to topple Zelaya

regime Again in 1912 to keep his successor in power Remained almost continuously from 1912 to 1933

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U.S. Global Investments and Investments in Latin America, 1914

Woodrow Wilson, Struggling IdealistWoodrow Wilson, Struggling Idealist

Caribbean policy initially seemed no different from predecessors Intervention in Haiti (1915–1936) and Dominican

Republic (1916) Purchase of Virgin Islands

Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson (cont)

Test of his leadership came with Mexico Revolution brought Francisco Madero to power in 1910 Overthrown by Victoriano Huerta in 1913

Had Madero assassinated Wilson refused to recognize what he called a

“government of butchers” Demanded democratic election

– Favored Venustiano Carranza and Francisco (“Pancho”) Villa

U.S. took hostile actions against Huerta’s government Occupied port of Vera Cruz Prevented docking of German ship bearing arms for

the government Allowed Carranza to seize power

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Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson (cont)

Once in office, Carranza seemed to embark on anti-U.S. direction

Wilson then went back and forth between supporting Villa and Carranza

Ended up angering and alienating both On eve of World War I, Wilson finally recognized

Carranza’s government Policies reinforced deep antagonism among Mexicans

toward United States Did reveal Wilson’s recognition of national self-

determination

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

What were the causes of the Spanish American War? How did the war change the United States’ place on the world stage?

Examine United States’ polices in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. How were they different, and how successful were each?

Examine the foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt. What were his achievements and how did they affect this nation’s position in the world?

What were the successes and failures of Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy?