Imperialism/War/InsurgencyImperialism/War/Insurgency

Becoming a World Power

1898

What To Do?

“We are rapidly utilizing the whole of our continental territory. We must turn our eyes abroad, or they will soon look inward upon discontent.” Rep. John A. Kasson, Iowa, 1881

“American factories are making more than the American people can use; American soil is producing more than they can consume. Fate has written our policy for us; the trade of the world must be ours.” Albert J. Beveridge, 1897

NationalismNationalism

A sense of National PrideA sense of National Pride– Looking out for the interests of one’s nationLooking out for the interests of one’s nation– Belief that your nation is better than the other Belief that your nation is better than the other

nationnation– What you are doing is right because your What you are doing is right because your

country is rightcountry is right

ImperialistsImperialists

ImperialistImperialist– Alfred Thayer MahanAlfred Thayer Mahan

The Influence of Sea Power Upon HistoryThe Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) (1890)– Argued for a modern NavyArgued for a modern Navy– Naval refueling bases in the PacificNaval refueling bases in the Pacific

Anti-ImperialistAnti-Imperialist

Anti-ImperialistAnti-Imperialist– Did not agree with the spread of Americanism Did not agree with the spread of Americanism

outside of Americaoutside of America– Nothing justified domination of nations by the Nothing justified domination of nations by the

U.S.U.S.– Objected to the fact that nations under U.S. Objected to the fact that nations under U.S.

control were not given Constitutional protectioncontrol were not given Constitutional protection– Found large support with William Jennings Found large support with William Jennings

Bryan, Jane Addams, Mark Twain, etc.Bryan, Jane Addams, Mark Twain, etc.

HawaiiHawaii

SugarSugar– 1900 foreigners outnumbered Hawaiians 3 to11900 foreigners outnumbered Hawaiians 3 to1– Forced King Kalakauna to change constitutionForced King Kalakauna to change constitution

Allowed only wealthy land owners to voteAllowed only wealthy land owners to vote

– Duty free statues removed from sugarDuty free statues removed from sugar Hawaiians now had to pay duty for sugar entering U.S.Hawaiians now had to pay duty for sugar entering U.S. Had to compete with other markets…CubaHad to compete with other markets…Cuba Calls for annexation by growersCalls for annexation by growers

– Queen LililuokalaniQueen Lililuokalani Called for re-writing constitution to give Hawaiians more freedomCalled for re-writing constitution to give Hawaiians more freedom Growers staged a revolt…Queen is placed in prisonGrowers staged a revolt…Queen is placed in prison

– August 12, 1898 Hawaii made an American TerritoryAugust 12, 1898 Hawaii made an American Territory

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War

Cuban Revolution (1895)Cuban Revolution (1895)– After years of Spanish rule, Cubans revoltAfter years of Spanish rule, Cubans revolt– Spanish General Valeriano Weyler sent to Spanish General Valeriano Weyler sent to

CubaCuba Places 300,000 Cubans in concentration Places 300,000 Cubans in concentration

campscamps– Thousands die of disease and hunger over two Thousands die of disease and hunger over two

yearsyears

Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism

"yellow journalism""yellow journalism"– William Randolph Hearst and Joseph PulitzerWilliam Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

Sensational stories to sell papers and enrage Sensational stories to sell papers and enrage AmericansAmericans

Not total lies, just great exaggerationsNot total lies, just great exaggerations ““You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”

– Frederick Remington Frederick Remington

War Con’tWar Con’t

McKinleyMcKinley– Served during Civil WarServed during Civil War

Did not want to see another warDid not want to see another war

– American public calls for warAmerican public calls for war

de Lôme letterde Lôme letter– Stolen letter from Havana calls McKinley “weak” Stolen letter from Havana calls McKinley “weak”

and a president that falters to the publicand a president that falters to the public

USS MAINEUSS MAINE

USS Maine USS Maine – Sent to Cuba to protect American “lives”Sent to Cuba to protect American “lives”– Spanish not happySpanish not happy– February 15, 1898 explodes in Havana HarborFebruary 15, 1898 explodes in Havana Harbor

Sold by Hearst as an “attack” Sold by Hearst as an “attack” 1972 Naval Commission 1972 Naval Commission

– calls it an internal explosioncalls it an internal explosion– Cool burners placed to close to ammunition holdCool burners placed to close to ammunition hold

Political cartoon depicting the role of “yellow journalism” (and newspaper owners, Joseph Pulitzer and

William Randolph Hearst) in the coming war.

The battleship Maine enters Havana Harbor in 1898.

““A Splendid Little War”A Splendid Little War” George Dewey-PhilippinesGeorge Dewey-Philippines

– Enters Manila Bay May 1, 1898 and Enters Manila Bay May 1, 1898 and destroys Spanish Fleetdestroys Spanish Fleet

– Uses Philippine rebels who expect Uses Philippine rebels who expect independenceindependence Led by Emilio AguinaldoLed by Emilio Aguinaldo

– Makes strong gainMakes strong gain– Defeats Spanish within most of main IslandDefeats Spanish within most of main Island– Spanish take-up defenses in capital city of ManilaSpanish take-up defenses in capital city of Manila

Which Hill Was It?Which Hill Was It?

Theodore Roosevelt-Puerto RicoTheodore Roosevelt-Puerto Rico– Leaves Sec. Navy Post post and helps form the Leaves Sec. Navy Post post and helps form the

"Rough Riders""Rough Riders"– Kettle Hill vs. San Juan Hill Kettle Hill vs. San Juan Hill

Made a hero of San Juan HillMade a hero of San Juan Hill Actually charged up Kettle HillActually charged up Kettle Hill

– Never charged up San Juan HillNever charged up San Juan Hill– Bogged down and helped by Buffalo SoldiersBogged down and helped by Buffalo Soldiers

End of WarEnd of War

Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898– U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines, U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines,

Cuba to remain independentCuba to remain independent

Total CostTotal Cost– 300,000 U.S. men served in war300,000 U.S. men served in war

5,400+ lost their lives5,400+ lost their lives– 379 from actual battle the rest from disease379 from actual battle the rest from disease

$20 million for the Philippine Islands$20 million for the Philippine Islands

George Dewey on the deck of Olympia one year after he commanded the American fleet at the Battle of Manila.

Theodore Roosevelt and his “Rough Riders” cavalry unit

“A Trifle Embarrassed”

The Filipino-American WarThe Filipino-American War

American military forces finally arrive in P.I. American military forces finally arrive in P.I. – with assistance from Aguinaldo forces capture with assistance from Aguinaldo forces capture

ManilaManila– Rebel forces are not involved in peace negotiationsRebel forces are not involved in peace negotiations– Lines are drawn between U.S. and RebelsLines are drawn between U.S. and Rebels– First shots—Feb 4, 1899First shots—Feb 4, 1899

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo– Leads Insurrection against the U.S.Leads Insurrection against the U.S.

1St Colorado Volunteers

Similarities Similarities Iraq War SimilaritiesIraq War Similarities

– Both began after major warsBoth began after major wars Both wars started after “terrorist” attacksBoth wars started after “terrorist” attacks

– McKinley and Bush are quoted as to looking to “God for the McKinley and Bush are quoted as to looking to “God for the answers.”answers.”

– Anti-War movements led by celebrities- Mark TwainAnti-War movements led by celebrities- Mark Twain– Poorly trained Reservist units sent into combatPoorly trained Reservist units sent into combat– President telling the public that insurgency is weakeningPresident telling the public that insurgency is weakening– Clearing out campaignsClearing out campaigns

Falujah/LuzonFalujah/Luzon

– Attacks and death cause Americans to call for pull-outsAttacks and death cause Americans to call for pull-outs– All done in the name of “bringing democracy”All done in the name of “bringing democracy”– Election draws-out the “War Question”Election draws-out the “War Question”

Non SimilaritiesNon Similarities

Non-SimilaritiesNon-Similarities– Philippines very disorganizedPhilippines very disorganized– Very small insurgency with little public supportVery small insurgency with little public support– No plans for complete occupation of IraqNo plans for complete occupation of Iraq– Race WarRace War– Ended with capture of Aguinaldo (one person)Ended with capture of Aguinaldo (one person)

1900 Election1900 Election

Aguinaldo hopes for a Democrat victory and the Aguinaldo hopes for a Democrat victory and the defeat of McKinleydefeat of McKinley

Insurgency intensifies prior to electionInsurgency intensifies prior to election Anti-Imperialist hope lie with William Jennings Anti-Imperialist hope lie with William Jennings

BryanBryan– Republican attack Dem’s for being unpatrioticRepublican attack Dem’s for being unpatriotic– Jennings past haunts him—John KerryJennings past haunts him—John Kerry– abandon’s anti-Imperialism and focuses on true abandon’s anti-Imperialism and focuses on true

love...Free Silverlove...Free Silver McKinley Wins…but short lived…literallyMcKinley Wins…but short lived…literally

19021902

War of attrition conducted by U.S.War of attrition conducted by U.S.– Bloody and controversial tacticsBloody and controversial tactics

Aguinaldo surrenders- April 1, 1901Aguinaldo surrenders- April 1, 1901– Calls for other insurgents to followCalls for other insurgents to follow

Last Insurgent General finally Surrenders-April Last Insurgent General finally Surrenders-April 19021902

Lower islands remain battle grounds until 1912Lower islands remain battle grounds until 1912– U.S. and P.I. Rebels contend with Moslem inhabitantsU.S. and P.I. Rebels contend with Moslem inhabitants– Remains to this day an area of Islamic radicalismRemains to this day an area of Islamic radicalism

Philippines gain Independence in 1946Philippines gain Independence in 1946 Total costTotal cost

3 years, $400 million, 4,000 American lives3 years, $400 million, 4,000 American lives

Controlling CubaControlling Cuba

Platt Amendment (1903)- CubaPlatt Amendment (1903)- Cuba– Could not make treaties with another countryCould not make treaties with another country– U.S. could intervene to preserve order and U.S. could intervene to preserve order and

independenceindependence– Cuba could not go into debtCuba could not go into debt– U.S. could buy or lease land for Naval U.S. could buy or lease land for Naval

Purposes---GitmoPurposes---Gitmo– Ends 31 years laterEnds 31 years later

Controlling Puerto RicoControlling Puerto Rico

Foraker Act (1900)- Puerto RicoForaker Act (1900)- Puerto Rico– Denied citizenship, U.S. could appoint governor, Denied citizenship, U.S. could appoint governor,

denied right to vote for upper house of denied right to vote for upper house of legislaturelegislature

– 1917 repelled giving citizenship and right to vote 1917 repelled giving citizenship and right to vote on all house memberson all house members

– Remains a U.S. TerritoryRemains a U.S. Territory