Sea Power and MaritimeSea Power and Maritime Affairs Affairs

Lesson 5.7: The U.S. Navy and American Lesson 5.7: The U.S. Navy and American Imperialism, 1898-1914Imperialism, 1898-1914

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives• Know the influence of mass media in U.S. relations Know the influence of mass media in U.S. relations

with Spain and the effect of the destruction of the with Spain and the effect of the destruction of the USS Maine on public opinion.USS Maine on public opinion.

• Comprehend the impact of the Mahanian Doctrine Comprehend the impact of the Mahanian Doctrine on the naval strategy and conduct during the on the naval strategy and conduct during the Spanish-American War.Spanish-American War.

• Comprehend some reasons for the acceleration of Comprehend some reasons for the acceleration of the U.S. Navy expansion following the war with the U.S. Navy expansion following the war with Spain.Spain.

• Know the effect of the Progressive Era in domestic Know the effect of the Progressive Era in domestic politics on the Navy during the period 1900-1914.politics on the Navy during the period 1900-1914.

William McKinley William McKinley 2525thth POTUS POTUS

““Remember the Maine!!”Remember the Maine!!”

• Cuban Revolution 1895-1898Cuban Revolution 1895-1898• USSUSS Maine Maine Explosion - February Explosion - February

1898:1898:– Destroyed by “underwater Destroyed by “underwater

mine” with 260 dead.mine” with 260 dead.– 1975: Rickover proved it was 1975: Rickover proved it was

caused by an internal caused by an internal explosion.explosion.

– President William McKinley:President William McKinley:– Congress declares war on Congress declares war on

Spain in April 1898.Spain in April 1898.

““You May Fire When Ready, You May Fire When Ready, Gridley”Gridley”

– Battle of Manila BayBattle of Manila Bay– 1 May 1898.1 May 1898.– Admiral Dewey: Admiral Dewey:

• 4 cruisers, 2 gunboats and a 4 cruisers, 2 gunboats and a revenue cutter.revenue cutter.

• Gunnery and fire control drills on Gunnery and fire control drills on the way to Manila.the way to Manila.

– Admiral Montojo:Admiral Montojo:• 2 cruisers (1 modern & 1 immobile) 2 cruisers (1 modern & 1 immobile)

& 5 other ships at Manila.& 5 other ships at Manila.• Spanish use shore guns to Spanish use shore guns to

augment anchored fleet.augment anchored fleet.

Adm Pascual Cervera

CommanderCommander

Spanish FleetSpanish Fleet

Adm SchleyAdm SchleyCDR North CDR North Atlantic Flying Atlantic Flying

SquadronSquadron

Adm SampsonAdm SampsonCDR North Atlantic CDR North Atlantic

SquadronSquadron

Advancement to CubaAdvancement to Cuba

Battle of SantiagoBattle of Santiago

• Spanish governor Spanish governor orders fleet to flee orders fleet to flee harbor on 1 July harbor on 1 July 18981898

• Spanish losses Spanish losses – 160 killed, 1800 160 killed, 1800

capturedcaptured

• American lossesAmerican losses– 1 killed, 1 wounded1 killed, 1 wounded

Battle of San Juan HillBattle of San Juan Hill

U.S. “Empire” EstablishedU.S. “Empire” Established

Mahan VindicatedMahan Vindicated

• Spanish American War vindicated Spanish American War vindicated Mahan’s theories.Mahan’s theories.– Guerre de course no longer a single viable Guerre de course no longer a single viable

way of fighting a naval warway of fighting a naval war..

• Battleships enshrined as principal warship.Battleships enshrined as principal warship.

• ““Speak softly but carry a big Speak softly but carry a big stick”stick”– Steam, armor, and rifled Steam, armor, and rifled

breech-loading gunsbreech-loading guns– 4 1st Class Battleships: 4 1st Class Battleships:

Indiana, Massachusetts, Indiana, Massachusetts, OregonOregon, and, and Iowa Iowa

– 2 2nd Class Battleships: 2 2nd Class Battleships: Texas Texas andand Maine Maine

– 12 Armored Cruisers12 Armored Cruisers

Big Stick DiplomacyBig Stick Diplomacy1901-19091901-1909

The Great White Fleet - 1907The Great White Fleet - 1907

Naval AviationNaval Aviation

19031903

19111911

19101910

Panama CanalPanama Canal• Panama Canal Zone ceded to U.S. after Panama Canal Zone ceded to U.S. after

Panamanian Revolution against Colombia in 1903.Panamanian Revolution against Colombia in 1903.• Construction of the canal begins in 1904.Construction of the canal begins in 1904.

– Completed in 1914.Completed in 1914.• U.S. undisputed control of Caribbean Sea.U.S. undisputed control of Caribbean Sea.

Construction of locks on the Panama Canal, 1913 Construction of locks on the Panama Canal, 1913

Battle History VideoBattle History Video

1865-1890:1865-1890:- Chapter 1 “Born Into Chapter 1 “Born Into

War”War”- Time 25:40 - 44:34Time 25:40 - 44:34

Enabling ObjectivesEnabling Objectives• DESCRIBE the influence of mass media in U.S. DESCRIBE the influence of mass media in U.S.

relations with Spain and the effect of the relations with Spain and the effect of the destruction of the USS Maine on public opinion.destruction of the USS Maine on public opinion.

• EXPLAIN the impact of the Mahanian Doctrine on EXPLAIN the impact of the Mahanian Doctrine on the naval strategy and conduct during the Spanish-the naval strategy and conduct during the Spanish-American War.American War.

• EXPLAIN some reasons for the acceleration of the EXPLAIN some reasons for the acceleration of the U.S. Navy expansion following the war with Spain.U.S. Navy expansion following the war with Spain.

• DESCRIBE the effect of the Progressive Era in DESCRIBE the effect of the Progressive Era in domestic politics on the Navy during the period domestic politics on the Navy during the period 1900-1914.1900-1914.

Discussion

Next Time: The U.S. Navy and World War I, 1914-1918