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US REACTION TO COMMUNISM
SATELLITE NATIONS: After WWII, USSR placed pro-Soviet governments to create a buffer zone against the West British could no longer promote reconstruction in
Greece and Turkey TRUMAN DOCTRINE: Support Free peoples’
resistance to Communism George Kennan -- CONTAINMENT: Eastern
Europe is already lost to Communism; US must stop the spread of Communism
IRON CURTAIN: The theoretical line between communist countries and the “WEST”
Allies partitioned Germany post-WWII and made occupied zones
Soviets dismantled factories in Western Berlin before handing over control, shipped Eastern German factories to USSR
British, French, Americans merged ones by February 1948
Stalin cut off Western Berlin to stall Western German State
BERLIN AIRLIFT: 2.3 million tons of food over 277,500 flights
End of the Berlin Airlift
After almost a year, the Soviets lifted the blockade
September 1949: Konrad Adenauer elected the new chancellor of FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC established in Eastern Germany
COLLECTIVE SECURITY: principle of mutual military assistance:
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty organization Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA WARSAW PACT: military alliance with its
satellite nations MUTUAL DETERRENCE: an arsenal of
nuclear weapons prevented war by assuring if one nation launched the other nation would be able to respond
Cold War Heats up in Asia
June, 1950 100,000 North Korean troops
crossed 38˚ Parallel Carried Soviet-made
weapons UN forces fought back INCHON LANDING: Led by
Douglas MacArthur, surprise! 260,000 Chinese troops
crossed border UN forces retreat to Seoul MacArthur called for
bombing of China
Fighting ended in 195180,000 Americans wounded14,000 Dead
Cold War Heats up in Asia
Ho Chi Minh leader of Vietminh – multiparty nationalist alliance to take over Vietnam and kick out French Chinese offered assistance to protect own
borders Geneva Conference, 1954: divided Vietnam
in half North Half: Communist led by Ho Chi Minh Supposed to temporary 1956 elections for
Vietnamese to choose what they wanted to be Eisenhower didn’t allow them
Cold War Heats Up with Ike…
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969) MASSIVE RETALIATION – full
use of nukes EISENHOWER DOCTRINE:
we will protect any Middle Eastern country asking for help
CENTO: Central Treaty Organization to stop the spread in Middle East
SEATO: Southeast Treaty Organization to stop the spread into Asia
Vienna Conference
JFK invited Khrushchev to meet with him in Vienna, Austria in June 1961 to ease tensions
Khrushchev demanded: US and allies recognize
Communist East Germany as an independent nation
Withdraw from West Berlin
Vienna Conference
West Berlin was an “island of freedom” surrounded by East Germany 3.5 Million East Germans
escaped through West Berlin
JFK & advisors afraid East Germany would use force to regain West Berlin Called reserves into
active duty, built nuclear shelters in US, troop buildup in West Germany
Cuban Missile Crisis
US actions at the Bay of Pigs and Berlin Crisis encouraged USSR to become more aggressive
Khrushchev pledged to defend Cuba USSR concerned about nuclear missiles
placed in Turkey Convinced Castro to allow Surface - to –
air missiles (SAM) and nuclear missiles in Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis
JFK ordered U-2 spy planes to fly over Cuba 1962: photos showed the building of SAMs JFK’s advisors advised an airstrike
Followed by an invasion Act of war
Robert McNamara & Robert Kennedy wanted a naval blockade This would be an act of war too, less threatening
JFK chose blockade For two days the US prepared for war as Soviet
ships sailed for Cuba – Khrushchev said if we try to stop them, WAR!
Khrushchev wrote a letter…
Offering to remove the missiles if the US promised to never invade Cuba
Then he wrote another letter demanding the US pull missiles out of Turkey JFK ignored the second letter Secretly, Robert Kennedy promised we would take
missiles out This is the closest the world has ever come to
nuclear war JFK & Khrushchev installed a hotline so they could
communicate directly LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY: end testing nuclear
weapons in the atmosphere & underwater
Decolonization- 1947 - 1962
No preparation had occurred Most political activities were nonviolent
MAU MAU MOVEMENT: Kenyan Kikuyu used terrorism to demand “uhuru” (freedom) from British (given in 1959)
1952: army coup overthrow King Farouk and set up independent republic in Egypt
National Liberation Front (FLN) fought guerrilla war to liberate Algeria (granted 1962 by De Gaulle)
APARTHEID: South African system of racial segregation White government brutally repressed demonstration,
arresting African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela
Palestine & Israel
In 1947 Great Britain gave up its mandate of Palestine
United Nations divided Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab State
May 14, 1948: state of Israel 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Israel gained 26% more
land 1954: Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970) of
Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, British and French attacked, the US and USSR sided with Egypt
PAN-ARABISM: Arab unity
UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC (UAR) – Egypt and Syria united in 1958, Nasser president Military leaders seized control of Syria and withdrew it
PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO) – Palestinian peoples (not immigrants from abroad) have the right to form a state
AL-FATAH – led by Yasir Arafat (1929-2004) Guerilla group launched terrorist attacks on Israelis
1967: SIX DAY WAR: Israel launched preemptive air strikes against Arab neighbors, wiped out Egyptian air force, Seized West Bank, Jerusalem, Golan Heights
Republic of China
Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek based in southern and central China supported by US
Communists under Mao Zedong in North had the PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY of one million troops
War culminated in 1948 when the PLA surrounded Beijing and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan
October 1, 1949: Mao declared the People’s Republic of China
Privatizing land failed to increase food production GREAT LEAP FORWARD (1958) created communes
but failed to boost food production.
USSR
Stalin poisoned in 1953 Nikita Khrushchev
implemented DE-STALINIZATION by closing prison camps and reducing the power of secret police
Uprisings in Eastern Europe and the Cuban Missile Crisis angered Party members and Khrushchev was voted out in 1964
Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) took control
Behind the Iron Curtain
Soviet forces stayed in all Eastern Europe except Albania, Yugoslavia and Greece Albanian Communists created an independent regime Yugoslavia, led by Josip Broz Tito, didn’t give in to
Stalin More decentralized economic and political system
STALINIZATION: five year plans instituted with heavy industry, collectivized agriculture, repression
Poland had uprising after Khrushcehv’s denunciation Wladyslaw Gomulka declared Poland had right to
follow own socialist path Inspired Hungary to declare freedom in 1956, Red
army invaded Budapest and took back control
Putting Western Europe Back Together
Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970)French Popular Movement, rightist organization, called for stronger presidency Fourth Republic, struggling over
Indochina and Algeria gave control to de Gaule
1958: Fifth Republic enhanced power of president Choose Prime Minister, dissolve
parliament Nationalized industry
Putting Western Europe Back Together
Clement Attlee (1883-1967) brought Labour government into power to reform and create a
WELFARE STATE: nationalization of Bank of England, coal and steel, public transportation, public utilities
NATIONAL INSURANCE ACT OF 1946 Social security, nationalized medical insurance
NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE ACT OF 1946 Socialized medicine: doctors and dentists work with state
hospitals Costs: dismantle British Empire, end aid to Greece &
Turkey LOST INCOMES FROM WWII + INTERNATIONAL
COMMITMENTS +WELFARE STATE + HIGHER WAGES = NO WORLD POWER
France, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy
EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY – create a common market by eliminating tariffs
EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY (EUROTOM) researched peaceful uses of nuclear energy
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY (EEC) (Common Market) – eliminated customs barriers, created common external tariff, encouraged cooperation and standardization Only the US had higher steel production
Society
White Collar Jobs specialized knowledge required higher education, emphasis on children’s education CONSUMER SOCIETY: installment plans became
widespread in 1950s MASS LEISURE: rising incomes, shorter work hours =
music, sports, media became commercialized WELFARE STATE: sought to remove class barriers,
free tuition, healthcare, family allowances Women continued to work, at a lower wage
The Second Sex: Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), major text of Second Wave Feminism
Art & Literature
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM: “action painting,” spontaneous, energetic, envelopes viewer in emotion and movement Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)
POP ART: took images of pop culture and transformed into fine art, mass produced, expressed fleeting whims of culture Andy Warhol (1930-1987)
Literature
“Theatre of the Absurd” France 1950s Samuel Beckett (1906-1990): Waiting for Godot
(1952) Suspense is kept by wondering what is happening NOW?
Shows the disillusionment of time in politics and religion
EXISTENTIALISM: absence of God in universe, we are hopeless in the universe, life is absurd Authenticity! Be true to yourself-! Jean-Paule Sarte (1905-1980) Albert Camus (1913-1980)