Chapter 3

Science Form 3 Chapter 3 Excretion

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EXCRETION

Understanding human excretion Analysing the urinary system in humans Analysing excretion in plants

LEARNINGOBJECTIVES

Excretoryproducts

Methods of excretion

Kidney

Structure Function Kidney health

ExcretionPerkumuhan

Excretory organs and their excretory

products

Human excretion

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Plant excretion

Urinary system

1. http://www.fi .edu/learn/heart/systems/excretion.html

2. http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/excretion/excretion-plants.php#

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney

2. http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-ii/excretion/excretion-
















Bilingual KeywordsBilingual KeywordsExcretion PerkumuhanKidney GinjalUrinary bladder Pundi kencing

Science Form 3 Chapter 3 ExcretionCH

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Human Excretory OrgansOrgan Perkumuhan Manusia

3.1 2006 Sec. A, Q1Contextual Learning

1. Identify the human excretory organs. State the excretory method and excretory products of each excretory organ.

Kenal pasti setiap organ perkumuhan manusia. Nyatakan cara perkumuhan dan hasil perkumuhan setiap organ perkumuhan.

Excretory organOrgan perkumuhan

Excretory methodCara perkumuhan

Excretory productHasil perkumuhan

ExhalationHembusan nafas

Carbondioxide Karbon dioksida Watervapour Wap air

UrinatingMembuang air kencing

Water Air Mineralsalts Garam mineral Urea Urea

SweatingBerpeluh

Water Air Mineralsalts Garam mineral Urea Urea

2. Fillintheblankswiththecorrectanswers. Isi tempat kosong dengan jawapan yang betul.

(a) Excretion istheprocesswherebywasteproductsareremovedfromthebody.

Perkumuhan ialah proses bahan kumuh disingkirkan daripada badan.

(b) Carbondioxideisawasteproductofrespiration.Itisremovedfromthebodythroughthe lungs .

Karbon dioksida ialah bahan kumuh respirasi. Bahan ini disingkirkan daripada badan melalui peparu .

(c) The kidneys and skin helptoremoveureafromthebody.

Ginjal dan kulit membantu untuk menyingkirkan urea daripada badan.

(d) If any of the human excretory organs fail to function, toxic waste products will accumulate in the

body.Thiswillcauseapersonshealthtodeteriorateandeventuallyleadto death .

Jika mana-mana organ perkumuhan gagal berfungsi, bahan kumuh yang bertoksik akan terkumpul di dalam badan. Hal ini akan menyebabkan kesihatan seseorang merosot dan akhirnya membawa maut .

Toidentifytheexcretoryorgansinhumans Tostatetheexcretoryproductsofeachexcretoryorgan Toexplainwhatexcretionis Toexplaintheimportanceofexcretion

Date:

LungsPeparu

KidneyGinjal

SkinKulit


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49 Toidentifythelocationsofkidneysandotherpartsoftheurinarysystem Todescribetheshapeofthekidney Toidentifythestructuresofthekidney Todescribethefunctionsofthekidney

Date:

The Human Urinary SystemSistem Urinari Manusia

3.2Mastery Learning

1. Based on the diagram of human urinary system, Berdasarkan rajah sistem urinari manusia,

Q

P

R

S

T

U V

W

(a) name the parts / namakan bahagian

(i) T : Cortex/Korteks

(ii) U : Medulla/Medula

(iii) V : Pelvis/Pelvis

(iv)W : Ureter / Ureter

(b) identifythepartslabelledP to S and their functions. kenal pasti bahagian berlabel P ke S dan fungsinya.

PartBahagian

FunctionFungsi

P: Kidney / Ginjal

Removes nitrogenous waste products such as urea along with excess

water and mineral salts in the form of urine

Menyingkirkan bahan kumuh bernitrogen seperti urea bersama-sama air dan garam mineral yang berlebihan dalam bentuk air kencing

Q: Ureter / Ureter

Carries urine by peristaltic contractions from the kidney to the

urinarybladder

Membawa air kencing melalui pengecutan peristalsis dari ginjal ke pundi kencing

R: Urinary bladder Pundi kencing

Stores urine

Menyimpan air kencing

S: Urethra / Uretra Transports urine from the urinarybladder to the outside of the bodyMengangkut air kencing dari pundi kencing ke bahagian luar badan


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50 Toidentifytheexcretoryproductsofplants

2. Fillintheblanks./Isi tempat kosong.

urineair kencing

backbelakang

distendmengembang

concentrationkepekatan

waterair

beankacang

increasesbertambah

(a) Inthehumanbody,thepairofkidneysarelocatedoneithersideofthespineatthe back

oftheabdominalcavity.

Dalam badan manusia, pasangan ginjal terletak di kedua-dua belah tulang belakang di bahagian belakang rongga

abdomen.

(b) Theshapeofthehumankidneyislikea bean .

Bentuk ginjal manusia adalah seperti kacang .

(c) As more urine is stored in the urinary bladder, the walls of the bladder distend and

thebladder increases insizetoaccommodatethelargervolumeofurine.

Apabila semakin banyak air kencing yang disimpan di dalam pundi kencing, dinding pundi mengembang dan saiz pundi bertambah untuk memuatkan air kencing yang lebih banyak.

(d) The muscles of the sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder remain closed to ensure that

urine issafelystoredintheurinarybladderwithoutleaking.

Otot sfinkter pada bahagian bawah pundi kencing kekal tertutup untuk memastikan air kencing selamat disimpan di dalam pundi kencing tanpa meleleh.

(e) State twootherfunctionsofthekidney./Nyatakan dua fungsi ginjal yang lain.

(i) Regulatestheblood concentration . / Mengawal kepekatan darah.

(ii) Maintainsthebalanceof water contentinthebody.

Mengekalkan keseimbangan kandungan air di dalam badan.

Date:

Excretion in PlantsPerkumuhan Tumbuhan

3.3Contextual Learning

Statetheexcretoryproductsofplants.Youcangetmoreinformationabouttheusesoftheirexcretoryproductsfromthelibrary.Nyatakan bahan kumuh tumbuhan. Anda boleh memperoleh maklumat tambahan tentang kegunaan bahan kumuh tumbuhan dari perpustakaan.

QuinineKuinin

TanninTanin

GumGam

LatexLateks

ResinResin

MorphinMorfin

SourceSumber


SourceSumber


1. Rubbertrees Pokok getah

Latex / Lateks 4. Thetrunkofacaciatree Batang pokok akasia

Gum / Gam

2. Tealeaves Daun teh

Tannin / Tanin 5. Thetrunkofpinetree Batang pokok ru

Resin / Resin

3. Poppy Popi

Morphin/Morfin 6. Thebarkofcinchonatree Kulit pokok kina

Quinine / Kuinin


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Date:

3 1. Excretion is a process by which the excretory

organs removed the waste products from the body.Perkumuhan ialah proses penyingkiran bahan buangan dari badan oleh organ perkumuhan .

2. Label the diagram below. Label rajah di bawah.

KidneyGinjal

UrethraUretra

UreterUreter

Urinary bladder Pundi kencing

3. Complete the table below. Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.

Excretory organOrgan

perkumuhan


Excretion method

Cara perkumuhan

KidneyGinjal

Water, mineral salts and urea / Air, garam mineral, dan urea

UrinatingMengeluarkan air kencing

SkinKulit

Water, mineral salts and ureaAir, garam mineral, dan urea

Sweating Berpeluh

LungsPeparu

Carbon dioxide and water vapourKarbon dioksida dan wap air

ExhalationHembusan nafas

4. Complete the table below. Lengkapkan jadual di bawah.

Structure of urinary systemStruktur sistem

urinari

FunctionFungsi

KidneyGinjal

Filters and removes urea, mineral salts and excess water from the bloodMenapis dan menyingkirkan urea, garam mineral, dan air yang berlebihan daripada darah

Structure of urinary systemStruktur sistem

urinari

FunctionFungsi

UreterUreter

Channels urine from kidneys to urinary bladderMenyalurkan air kencing dari ginjal ke pundi kencing

UrethraUretra

Channels urine out of the bodyMenyalurkan air kencing keluar daripada badan

Urinary bladderPundi kencing

Stores urineMenyimpan air kencing

5. Complete the pathway of urine in the human urinary system.Lengkapkan laluan air kencing dalam sistem urinari manusia.

KidneyGinjal

UreterUreter

Urinary bladderPundi kencing

UrethraUretra

6. The waste products of the plants are transported and stored in the ower , bark , leaves or fruit .Hasil perkumuhan tumbuhan diangkut dan disimpan di dalam

bunga , kulit pokok , daun , atau buah .

7. Plants removed carbon dioxide , water , oxygen , mineral salts and nitrogenous wastes.

Tumbuhan menyingkirkan karbon dioksida , air ,oksigen , garam mineral, dan bahan buangan

bernitrogen.

8. State the waste product for the following plants.Nyatakan hasil perkumuhan bagi tumbuhan yang berikut:

Rubber tree Pokok getah : Latex / Lateks

Tea tree Pokok teh : Tannin / Tanin

Palm tree Pokok kelapa sawit : Oil / Minyak


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Date:

33Summative ssessmentSummative ssessmentObjective Questions

1. Diagram 1 shows an organ in the human body. Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu organ dalam badan manusia.

Diagram 1 / Rajah 1

Which of the following is removed from the above organ?Antara yang berikut, yang manakah disingkirkan daripada organ di atas?I Urine

Air kencingII Mineral salts

Garam mineralIII Water

AirIV Carbon dioxide

Karbon dioksidaA I and II C II and III

I dan II II dan IIIB I and IV D III and IV

I dan IV III dan IV

2. Excretion is a process wherePerkumuhan ialah proses A metabolic waste products are

removed from the body hasil perkumuhan metabolisme disingkirkan daripada badan

B excess water and mineral salts are removed from the body air dan garam mineral berlebihan disingkirkan daripada badan

C undigested food are removed from the body makanan yang tidak tercerna disingkirkan daripada badan

D the blood is cleaned by removing toxic substancesdarah dibersihkan dengan menyingkirkan bahan-bahan toksik

3. Which of the following remove urea from the body?Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menyingkirkan urea daripada badan?A Skin, liver

Kulit, hatiB Skin, kidney

Kulit, ginjalC Lungs, kidney

Peparu, ginjalD Skin, lungs, kidney

Kulit, peparu, ginjal

4. Diagram 2 shows several organs in the human body. Rajah 2 menunjukkan beberapa organ dalam badan manusia.

B

A

C

D

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

Which organ stores excess mineral salts, urea and water?Organ yang manakah menyimpan garam mineral, urea, dan air yang berlebihan?

5. Diagram 3 shows an organ in the human body.Rajah 3 menunjukkan suatu organ dalam badan manusia.

Diagram 3 / Rajah 3

What is the function of this organ?Apakah fungsi organ ini?A To change nitrogenous

substances to ureaMenukarkan bahan bernitrogen kepada urea

B To remove waste products from the bloodMenyingkirkan hasil perkumuhan daripada darah

C To remove carbon dioxide from the bloodMenyingkirkan karbon dioksida daripada darah

D To oxidise glucose in the bloodMengoksidakan glukosa dalam darah

6. The correct pathway that shows how the urinary system removes urea isLaluan betul yang menunjukkan penyingkiran urea dalam sistem urinari ialahA renal vein kidney urethra urinary bladder ureter vena ginjal ginjal uretra pundi kencing ureter

B renal vein kidney ureter urinary bladder urethra vena ginjal ginjal ureter pundi kencing uretra

C renal artery kidney urethra urinary bladder ureterarteri ginjal ginjal uretra pundi kencing ureter

D renal artery kidney ureter urinary bladder urethraarteri ginjal ginjal ureter pundi kencing uretra

7. Which of the following is the best describes the cortex in the kidney?Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menghuraikan korteks dalam ginjal dengan paling tepat?A The darker, outer layer of the

kidney Lapisan luar ginjal yang lebih gelap

B The lighter, inner layer of the kidney Lapisan dalam ginjal yang lebih cerah

C The funnel-shaped tube leading out of the kidney Tiub berbentuk corong yang menonjol keluar daripada ginjal

D The narrow muscular tube leading out of the kidney Tiub berotot sempit yang menonjol keluar daripada ginjal


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8. Which of the following shows the typical composition of a healthy persons urine?Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan komposisi biasa bagi air kencing seseorang yang sihat?A Urea, water, mineral salts

Urea, air, garam mineral B Urea, mineral salts, glucose,

waterUrea, garam mineral, glukosa, air

C Glucose, mineral salts, waterGlukosa, garam mineral, air

D Water, hormones, mineral saltsAir, hormon, garam mineral

9. Diagram 4 shows the human urinary system.Rajah 4 menunjukkan sistem urinari manusia.

Diagram 4 / Rajah 4

What is the main function of structure X?Apakah fungsi utama struktur X?A Stores urine

Menyimpan air kencingB Filters urea from the blood

Menapis urea daripada darahC Filters cellular wastes from the

blood Menapis hasil perkumuhan sel daripada darah

D Transports urine out of the bodyMengangkut air kencing keluar daripada badan

10. Diagram 5 shows the structure of the human kidney.Rajah 5 menunjukkan struktur ginjal manusia.

X

Y

Z

Diagram 5 / Rajah 5

PMR2010

What are the parts labelled X, Y and Z? Apakah bahagian yang berlabel X, Y, dan Z?

X Y Z A Medulla

MedulaCortexKorteks

PelvisPelvis

B Medulla Medula

PelvisPelvis

CortexKorteks

C CortexKorteks

MedullaMedula

PelvisPelvis

D CortexKorteks

PelvisPelvis

MedullaMedula


DC

B

A

DC

B

A

Diagram 6 / Rajah 6

In which part of the urinary system, A, B, C or D, is urea removed from the blood?Dalam bahagian sistem urinari yang berlabel A, B, C, dan D, yang manakah menyingkirkan urea daripada darah?

12. The following information describes a structure in the human kidney.Maklumat yang berikut menghuraikan suatu struktur dalam ginjal manusia.

Musculartube Tiub berotot Doesnothaveanyvalves Tidak mempunyai sebarang

injap Transports liquid waste

products to be stored in a balloon-shaped bladder

Mengangkut hasil perkumuhan dalam keadaan cecair ke pundi yang berbentuk belon untuk disimpan

Which of the following structures is described?Antara struktur yang berikut, yang manakah dihuraikan?A Medulla C Ureter Medula Ureter B Pelvis D Urethra

Pelvis Uretra

13. Which of the following is the function of the human kidney?Antara yang berikut, yang manakah merupakan fungsi ginjal manusia?A It helps to maintain the blood

pH.Membantu untuk mengekalkan pH darah

B It helps to remove excess glucose from the body.Membantu untuk menyingkirkan glukosa berlebihan daripada badan

C It produces hormones that help us regulate our salt intake.Menghasilkan hormon yang menolong kita mengawal pengambilan garam

D It helps to remove waste products from the body.Membantu untuk menyingkirkan hasil perkumuhan daripada badan

14. Which of the following substances is correctly matched to its usage?Antara bahan yang berikut, yang manakah betul dipadankan dengan kegunaannya?

SubstanceBahan

UsageKegunaan

AAmmoniaAmmonia

To make explosivesMembuat bahan letupan

B QuinineKuinin

Used asflavouringforteaSebagai perisa teh

CLimoneneLimonena

To tan animal hidesMenyamak kulit haiwan

DUreaUrea

Used as fertilisersDigunakan sebagai baja

PMR2008


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15. Diagram 7 shows an apparatus used by patients suffering from kidney failure. Rajah 7 menunjukkan suatu radas yang digunakan oleh pesakit-pesakit yang menghidap kerosakan ginjal.

BloodoutDarahkeluar

Blood inDarahmasuk

SemipermeablemembraneMembran separatelap

Dialysissolution outLarutan dialisiskeluar

Dialysissolution inLarutan dialisismasuk

Diagram 7 / Rajah 7

The machine is used to remove Mesin ini digunakan untuk menyingkirkan

PMR2008

A urea and mineral salts from the blood urea dan garam mineral daripada darah

B excess mineral salts from the kidneysgaram mineral berlebihan daripada ginjal

C excess water from the kidneys air berlebihan daripada ginjal

D glucose and urea from the bloodglukosa dan urea daripada darah

16. Diagram 8 shows a structure in the epidermis of a leaf.Rajah 8 menunjukkan suatu struktur dalam epidermis daun.

C

AB

D

Diagram 8 / Rajah 8

From which part of the leaf are waste products excreted?Daripada bahagian daun yangmanakah hasil perkumuhan disingkirkan?

17. Which of the following plant excretory product is used to make erasers?Antara hasil perkumuhan tumbuhan yang berikut, yang manakah digunakan untuk membuat pemadam?A Latex C Resin Lateks ResinB Gum D Oil Gam Minyak

18. Which of the following may cause damage to the kidneys?Antara yang berikut, yang manakah mungkin menyebabkan kerosakan kepada ginjal?A Diabetes C Pneumonia

Diabetes PneumoniaB Kwashiorkor D Leukaemia

Kwasyiorkor Leukemia

PMR2010

PMR2011

Structured Questions

1. Excretion is an important process that occurs in both plants and animals. Perkumuhan ialah proses penting yang berlaku dalam kedua-dua tumbuhan dan haiwan.(a) What is the importance of excretion?

Apakah kepentingan perkumuhan?

Excretion helps in the removal of waste products from the body. / Perkumuhan membantu untuk menyingkirkan hasil perkumuhan daripada badan.

(b) What are excretory organs?Apakah organ perkumuhan?

Organs that remove excretory products from the body. / Organ yang menyingkirkan hasil perkumuhan daripada badan. (c) Several excretory organs in the human body are

shown below. Name the excretory organs and state the excretory products removed by each organ.Beberapa organ perkumuhan dalam badan manusia ditunjukkan di bawah. Namakan setiap organ perkumuhan dan nyatakan hasil perkumuhan yang disingkirkan oleh setiap organ.

OrganOrgan

Excretory organ

Organ perkumuhan


LungsPeparu

Carbondioxide Karbon dioksida Watervapour Wap air

SkinKulit

Water/Air Mineralsalts Garam mineral Urea/Urea

KidneysGinjal

Water/Air Mineralsalts Garam mineral Urea/Urea

(d) Which excretory organ is the largest in the human body? / Apakah organ perkumuhan yang terbesar dalam badan manusia?

Skin / Kulit

(e) How are excretory products brought to the excretory organs to be excreted? / Bagaimanakah hasil perkumuhan dibawa ke organ perkumuhan untuk dikumuhkan?

The excretory products are carried in the blood by blood vessels. / Hasil perkumuhan dibawa di dalam darah oleh salur-salur darah


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(f) (i) Describe the changes to the lungs and skin during strenuous exercise.Huraikan perubahan pada peparu dan kulit semasa melakukan senaman cergas.

The rate of respiration increases in the lungs while the rate of sweating increases in the skin. Kadar respirasi meningkat di dalam peparu manakala kadar perpeluhan meningkat di kulit. (ii) Relate the importance of these changes to

excretion. Hubungkaitkan kepentingan perubahan ini terhadap perkumuhan.

The increased rate helps to remove waste products faster from the body. Peningkatan kadar membantu untuk menyingkirkan

hasil perkumuhan daripada badan dengan lebih cepat.


P

Renal veinVena ginjal

Renal arteryArteri ginjal

Diagram 2 / Rajah 2

(a) What is the main waste product removed by the urinary system?Apakah hasil perkumuhan utama yang disingkirkan oleh sistem urinari?

Urea / Urea (b) Where is the waste product named in 2(a) produced?

Di manakah hasil perkumuhan yang dinamakan di 2(a) dihasilkan?

Liver / Hati (c) Compare and contrast the blood composition in the

renal artery and renal vein.Bandingkan dan bezakan komposisi darah di dalam arteri ginjal dengan vena ginjal.

The blood brought to the kidney by the renal artery contains urea and mineral salts. The blood leavingthe kidney through the renal vein does not contain urea and has less mineral salts.

Darah yang dibawa ke ginjal oleh arteri ginjal mengandungi urea dan garam mineral. Darah yang dibawa keluar dari

ginjal melalui vena ginjal tidak mengandungi urea dan

mempunyai garam mineral yang kurang.

(d) Name the liquid that flows out from the kidneysthrough the tube labelled P.Namakan cecair yang mengalir keluar daripada ginjal melalui tiub berlabel P.

Urine / Air kencing 3. Excretion happens in plants. However, plants do not have

specialised excretory organs to remove waste products. Perkumuhan berlaku dalam tumbuhan. Namun demikian, tumbuhan tidak mempunyai organ perkumuhan yang khusus untuk menyingkirkan hasil perkumuhan.(a) (i) What waste products are produced from

respiration in plants?Apakah hasil perkumuhan yang dihasilkan daripada respirasi tumbuhan?

Carbon dioxide and water / Karbon dioksida dan air (ii) From which part of the plant are these waste

products eliminated?Daripada bahagian tumbuhan yang manakah hasil perkumuhan ini disingkirkan?

The stomata / Stoma (b) Table 3.1 shows some of the waste products that are

useful to us. Give one usage of each of the following substances.Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan beberapa hasil perkumuhan yang berfaedah kepada kita. Berikan satu kegunaan bagi setiap bahan yang berikut:

Waste productHasil

perkumuhan

UseKegunaan

ResinResin

To make paints and varnishMembuat cat dan varnis

TanninTanin

To tan animal hidesMenyamak kulit haiwan

LatexLateks

To make rubber products such as car tyres / Membuat barangan getah seperti tayar kereta

Table 3.1 / Jadual 3.1

(c) Table 3.2 shows some other waste products that are harmful to us. State the adverse effect caused by consuming these substances.Jadual 3.2 menunjukkan beberapa hasil perkumuhan lain yang berbahaya kepada kita. Nyatakan kesan sampingan daripada penggunaan bahan ini.

Waste productHasil

perkumuhan

EffectKesan

HeroinHeroin

Causes hallucination and addiction / Menyebabkan khayalan dan ketagihan

CaffeineKafeina

Causes headaches and insomniaMenyebabkan sakit kepala dan insomnia

Table 3.2 / Jadual 3.2

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