Chapter 3:
Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn
Chapter 3 has four modules:
Module 3.1 From Conception to Birth
Module 3.2 Influences on Prenatal Development
Module 3.3 Happy Birthday!
Module 3.4 The Newborn
From Conception to Birth
Period of the Zygote
Key terms:• Ovulation; fertilization, implantation, fallopian tube;
zygote, blastocyst; germ disc
Characteristics:• 2 weeks duration; rapid division
Let’s look at the next slide to view this period more closely.
Period of the Zygote
Period of the Embryo
Key terms:• Embryo• Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm• Amnion and amniotic fluid• Umbilical cord • Placenta• Villi
Characteristics:• Third to eighth weeks of prenatal development• Differentiation of organs and organ systems occurs
Prenatal Structures
Period of the Fetus
Key Terms:• Cerebral cortex• Vernix• Age of viability
Characteristics:• From 9 weeks after conception to birth• Increase in size• Systems begin to function
Period of the Fetus
Fetal Behavior:• Fetal movement• Behavioral maturity of sense• Changes during prenatal development
Five Steps Toward a Healthy Baby
1. Regular check-ups2. Healthy foods3. No alcohol or caffeinated beverages4. Exercise5. Adequate diet
Influences on Prenatal Development
General Risk Factors
• Nutrition
• Chronic stress
• Mother’s age
Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards
Teratogen: agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
• Diseases passing through placenta directly or attacking at birth (Table 3-1)
• Potentially dangerous drugs (Table 3-2)
• Environmental hazards (Table 3-3)
Did you hear that?
Is cell phone usage a potential teratogen for pregnant women?
How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development
Let’s review the effects of teratogens across prenatal development.
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis• Ultrasound• Amniocentesis• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Prenatal Diagnosis
Amniocentesis Chorionic Villus Sampling
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
Treatment• Fetal medicine• Fetal surgery
Happy Birthday!
Labor and Delivery
Labor is usually divided into three stages
Three Stages of Labor
Approaches to Childbirth
• Prepared childbirth• Natural childbirth• Childbirth with doula• Choice of place of birth
Approaches to Childbirth
Childbirth classes• Content• Benefits
Adjusting to Parenthood
• Reorganization of old routines• Physical and emotional reactions• Postpartum depression
Birth Complications
• Hypoxia• Cephalopelvic disproportion• Irregular position• Preeclampsia• Prolapsed umbilical cord
Birth Complications
• Prematurity• Low birth weight
True or False?
Infant mortality is relatively low in the United States compared to other industrialized countries.
Let’s look at these rates around the world.
Infant Mortality Rates
The Newborn
Assessing the Newborn
• Apgar score (Table 3-5)• Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
(NBAS)
The Newborn’s Reflexes
Newborns’ reflexes prepare them to interact with the world
• Survival reflexes• Protective reflexes• Foundational reflexes
Newborn States: Primary
Four primary states• Alert inactivity• Waking activity• Crying• Sleeping
Newborn States: Cries
Three distinctive types of cries• Basic• Mad• Pain
Newborn States: Sleep
• Developmental change in sleep-wake cycle
• Types of sleep (REM/non-REM)
• Co-sleeping
Back to Sleep Campaign
Perception and Learning in the Newborn