Chapter 3

Chapter 3: Planning Network Protocols

and Compatibility

Chapter 3: Planning Network Protocols

and Compatibility

Chapter 3

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

Explain basic network concepts, including Explain basic network concepts, including network terms, types of networks, and network terms, types of networks, and network cardsnetwork cards

Explain the NDIS and ODI network driver Explain the NDIS and ODI network driver specificationsspecifications

Explain the communications protocols used Explain the communications protocols used in Windows 2000 Server, including TCP/IP, in Windows 2000 Server, including TCP/IP, NWLink, NetBEUI, DLC, and AppleTalk NWLink, NetBEUI, DLC, and AppleTalk

Chapter 3

Learning Objectives (continued)Learning Objectives (continued)

Plan network binding order, change the Plan network binding order, change the binding order, and bind and unbind binding order, and bind and unbind protocolsprotocols

Plan how to implement protocols on Plan how to implement protocols on different types of networksdifferent types of networks

Chapter 3

ProtocolProtocol

A protocol consists of guidelines for:A protocol consists of guidelines for: How data is formatted into discrete units How data is formatted into discrete units

called packets and framescalled packets and frames How packets and frames are transmitted How packets and frames are transmitted

across one or more networksacross one or more networks How packets and frames are interpreted at How packets and frames are interpreted at

the receiving endthe receiving end

Chapter 3

Packets and FramesPackets and Frames

Packets and frames are units of data Packets and frames are units of data transmitted from one networked transmitted from one networked computer or device to another.computer or device to another.

Although packets and frames are often Although packets and frames are often used to have the same meaning, there used to have the same meaning, there is a difference. Packets operate at a is a difference. Packets operate at a higher communication layer and contain higher communication layer and contain routing information.routing information.

Chapter 3

General Sections in Packets and Frames

General Sections in Packets and Frames

HeaderHeader DataData Trailer or footerTrailer or footer

Chapter 3

Packet and Frame FormatPacket and Frame Format

Header with source,destination, and routing

information

Variable-length data Footer witherror data

Figure 3-1 Basic packet and frame formatFigure 3-1 Basic packet and frame format

Chapter 3

Network DesignNetwork Design

The basic design of a network is its The basic design of a network is its topologytopology

Topology: The physical layout of the Topology: The physical layout of the cable and the logical path followed by cable and the logical path followed by network packets and frames sent on the network packets and frames sent on the cablecable

Chapter 3

Local Area NetworkLocal Area Network

Local area network (LAN): Joins Local area network (LAN): Joins computers, printers, and other computer computers, printers, and other computer equipment within a limited service area equipment within a limited service area and generally employs only one and generally employs only one topology topology

Chapter 3

Example of a LANExample of a LAN

LAN

Figure 3-2 A LAN in a buildingFigure 3-2 A LAN in a building

Chapter 3

Metropolitan Area Network Metropolitan Area Network

Metropolitan area network (MAN): A network that links multiple LANs within a large city or metropolitan area

Chapter 3

Example of a MANExample of a MAN

LAN

LANLAN

Research hospital

University chemistry building

Pharmaceutical company

MAN connecting buildings in a cityMAN connecting buildings in a city

Chapter 3

Enterprise NetworkEnterprise Network

Enterprise Network: A network that often Enterprise Network: A network that often reaches throughout a large area, such as a reaches throughout a large area, such as a college campus, a city, or across several college campus, a city, or across several states. A distinguishing factor of an states. A distinguishing factor of an enterprise network is that it brings together enterprise network is that it brings together an array of network resources such as an array of network resources such as many kinds of servers, mainframes, many kinds of servers, mainframes, printers, network devices, intranets, and printers, network devices, intranets, and the Internetthe Internet

Chapter 3

Typical Resources in an Enterprise Network

Typical Resources in an Enterprise Network

Figure 3-3Figure 3-3Resources in anResources in an

enterprise networkenterprise network

Chapter 3

Wide Area NetworkWide Area Network

Wide Area Network (WAN): A far-Wide Area Network (WAN): A far-reaching system of networks that can reaching system of networks that can extend across state lines and across extend across state lines and across continentscontinents

Chapter 3

Example of a WANExample of a WAN

New YorkLos Angeles

WAN across a continentWAN across a continent

Chapter 3

Network Interface Card Communication Medium Options

Network Interface Card Communication Medium Options

Coaxial cable (thick and thinnet)Coaxial cable (thick and thinnet) Twisted-pair (shielded and unshielded)Twisted-pair (shielded and unshielded) Fiber-opticFiber-optic Wireless (infrared, radio wave, Wireless (infrared, radio wave,

microwave, satellite)microwave, satellite)

Chapter 3

Connecting a Medium to a NICConnecting a Medium to a NIC

Figure 3-4 Connecting cable to a NICFigure 3-4 Connecting cable to a NIC

Chapter 3

Device AddressDevice Address

Each NIC has a physical or device Each NIC has a physical or device address that is burned into a PROM on address that is burned into a PROM on the card the card

Media access control (MAC) address is Media access control (MAC) address is another way of describing the device another way of describing the device addressaddress

Chapter 3

Ethernet and Token RingEthernet and Token Ring

Ethernet: A network transport system Ethernet: A network transport system that uses a carrier sensing and collision that uses a carrier sensing and collision detection method to regulate data detection method to regulate data transmissionstransmissions

Token ring: A network transport method Token ring: A network transport method that uses a token, which is passed from that uses a token, which is passed from node to node, to coordinate data node to node, to coordinate data transmissionstransmissions

Chapter 3

NDISNDIS

Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS): Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS): A set of standards developed by Microsoft A set of standards developed by Microsoft and 3COM for network drivers that enables and 3COM for network drivers that enables communication between a NIC and a communication between a NIC and a protocol, and that enables the use of multiple protocol, and that enables the use of multiple protocols on the same networkprotocols on the same network

Chapter 3

NDIS ArchitectureNDIS Architecture

N e t w o r k i n t e r f a c e c a r d

N e t w o r k p r o t o c o l ( s u c h a s T C P / I P )

W i n d o w s 2 0 0 0 w i t h N D I Sd r i v e r i n s t a l l e d b i n d i n g t h e

p r o t o c o l w i t h t h e N I C

Figure 3-5 Binding a protocol to a NIC

Chapter 3

ODIODI

Open Datalink Interface (ODI) driver: A Open Datalink Interface (ODI) driver: A driver that is used by Novell NetWare driver that is used by Novell NetWare networks to transport multiple protocols networks to transport multiple protocols on the same networkon the same network

Chapter 3

Microsoft-Supported Communication Protocols

Microsoft-Supported Communication Protocols

Protocol Function

TCP/IP (Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol)

Software drivers for TCP/IP communications with

servers, workstations, mainframes, UNIX computers,

and Internet and intranet servers

NWLink (NetWare Link) Microsoft developed drivers for communications with

Novell NetWare networks

NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output

System)

A link to programs that use the NetBIOS interface

Chapter 3

Microsoft-Supported Protocols (continued)Microsoft-Supported Protocols (continued)

Protocol Function

NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface) Software drivers for a data transport protocol used on

small Microsoft-based networks

DLC (Data Link Control protocol) Software drivers for communications with IBM

mainframe and minicomputers and with specific

peripherals such as some types of printers

AppleTalk Software drivers for communications with Apple

Macintosh computers

Chapter 3

TCP/IPTCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) portion performs extensive error portion performs extensive error checking to ensure that data is checking to ensure that data is delivered successfullydelivered successfully

Internet Protocol (IP) portion consists of Internet Protocol (IP) portion consists of rules for packaging data and ensuring rules for packaging data and ensuring that it reaches the correct destination that it reaches the correct destination addressaddress

Chapter 3

Dotted Decimal NotationDotted Decimal Notation

Dotted Decimal NotationDotted Decimal Notation: An addressing technique that uses four octets, such as 100000110.11011110.1100101.00000101, converted to decimal (e.g., 134.22.101.005), to differentiate individual servers, workstations, and other network devices.

Chapter 3

Unicasting and MulticastingUnicasting and Multicasting

In a unicast, a transmission is sent to In a unicast, a transmission is sent to each client that requests a file or each client that requests a file or application, such as a multimedia application, such as a multimedia presentationpresentation

In a multicast, a transmission is sent to In a multicast, a transmission is sent to all requesting clients as a group all requesting clients as a group (reducing the total network traffic) (reducing the total network traffic)

Chapter 3

Unicasting and Multicasting Compared

Unicasting and Multicasting Compared

M ultimedia server

Unicasting to five clients

Five separatetransm issionsto reach fiv eseparateworkstations

M ultimedia server

M ulticasting to reach fiveclients as a group

Receiving group

Onetram sm issionto thereceiv inggroup(s) only

Figure 3-6 Unicasting compared to multicastingFigure 3-6 Unicasting compared to multicasting

Chapter 3

Subnet MaskSubnet Mask

Subnet mask: A designated portion of Subnet mask: A designated portion of an IP address that is used to indicate an IP address that is used to indicate the class of addressing on a network the class of addressing on a network and to divide a network into and to divide a network into subnetworks as a way to control traffic subnetworks as a way to control traffic and enforce securityand enforce security

Chapter 3

Configuring the IP Address and Subnet Mask in Windows 2000Configuring the IP Address and Subnet Mask in Windows 2000

Figure 3-7 IP address and subnet mask setupFigure 3-7 IP address and subnet mask setup

Chapter 3

Static and Dynamic AddressingStatic and Dynamic Addressing

Dynamic addressing: Involves Dynamic addressing: Involves automatically assigning an IP address automatically assigning an IP address to a network hostto a network host

Static addressing: Involves manually Static addressing: Involves manually assigning an IP address to a network assigning an IP address to a network hosthost

Chapter 3

TCP/IP AdvantagesTCP/IP Advantages

Well-suited for medium and large networksWell-suited for medium and large networks Designed for routing; has high degree of Designed for routing; has high degree of

reliabilityreliability Used worldwide for directly connecting to the Used worldwide for directly connecting to the

Internet and by Web serversInternet and by Web servers Enables lower TCO on Microsoft networksEnables lower TCO on Microsoft networks

Chapter 3

TCP/IP AdvantagesTCP/IP Advantages

Compatible with standard tools for analyzing Compatible with standard tools for analyzing network performancenetwork performance

Parallel ability to use DHCP and WINS Parallel ability to use DHCP and WINS through a Windows 2000 serverthrough a Windows 2000 server

Ability for diverse networks and operating Ability for diverse networks and operating systems to communicatesystems to communicate

Compatible with Microsoft Windows SocketsCompatible with Microsoft Windows Sockets

Chapter 3

TCP/IP DisadvantagesTCP/IP Disadvantages

More difficult to set up and maintain More difficult to set up and maintain than other protocolsthan other protocols

Somewhat slower than IPX/SPX and Somewhat slower than IPX/SPX and NetBEUI on networks with light to NetBEUI on networks with light to medium trafficmedium traffic

Chapter 3

Routing via TCP/IPRouting via TCP/IP

Ethernet

Ethernet

Ethernet

Ethernet

Ethernet

TCP/IP-basedintranet server

Transmittedframe

Frameforwardedto the rightnetwork bythe router

F ramereaches thedesignatedworkstation

Router

Figure 3-8Figure 3-8Router forwardingRouter forwarding

packets to a packets to a designated networkdesignated network

Chapter 3

Planning TipPlanning Tip

For medium and large sized networks, For medium and large sized networks, plan to use TCP/IP because it enables plan to use TCP/IP because it enables you to manage and secure network you to manage and secure network traffic through creating subnetstraffic through creating subnets

Chapter 3

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite

Protocol or Application Function

TCP A connection-oriented protocol that is used with IP

for reliable end-to-end communications

UDP Used with IP as an alternative to TCP in situations

requiring low overhead and in which connectionless

communications are appropriate

IP Used with TCP or UP, a connectionless protocol

that handles addressing and routing

Telnet Provides terminal emulation

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Used to transfer files

Chapter 3

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)

Protocol or Application Function

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Provides electronic mail services

Domain Name Service (DNS) Resolves computer names to IP addresses and IP

addresses to computer names

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Enables the sending node to determine the MAC or

physical address of another node

Simple Network Management Protocol

(SNMP)

Enables computers and network devices to gather

network performance information so that a network

administrator can analyze performance and locate

problem areas

Chapter 3

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)

Protocol or Application Function

Internet Group Management Protocol

(IGMP)

Enables multicast packets to reach their recipients, and

routers to determine which workstations belong to a

multicast group

Internet Control Message Protocol

(ICMP)

Used for network error reporting, particularly via routing

devices

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Used by routing devices to communicate the contents of

routing tables with one another

Chapter 3

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)

Protocol or Application Function

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Used by routing devices to share routing table

information and to evaluate network paths to match a

type of transmission to the appropriate path

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Used to transport HTML documents over the Internet or

via an intranet

Chapter 3

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)

Protocols and Applications in the TCP/IP Suite (continued)

Protocol or Application Function

Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Used to enable a network application to reserve the

resources it needs such as bandwidth, service class, and

priority

Quality of Service (QoS) Provides mechanisms to measure and allocate network

resources on the basis of transmission speed, quality,

priority, and reliability

Chapter 3

IPX/SPXIPX/SPX

IPX: A protocol developed by Novell for IPX: A protocol developed by Novell for use with its NetWare server operating use with its NetWare server operating system (particularly for NetWare versions system (particularly for NetWare versions before version 5)before version 5)

SPX: A Novell connection-oriented SPX: A Novell connection-oriented protocol used for network transport when protocol used for network transport when there is a particular need for data there is a particular need for data reliabilityreliability

Chapter 3

NWLinkNWLink

A network protocol that simulates the A network protocol that simulates the IPX/SPX protocol for Microsoft Windows IPX/SPX protocol for Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT, and 2000 communications 95, 98, NT, and 2000 communications with Novell NetWare file servers and with Novell NetWare file servers and compatible devicescompatible devices

Chapter 3

Client Service for NetWare (CSNW) Components

Client Service for NetWare (CSNW) Components

Client Service for NetWareClient Service for NetWare NWLink IPX/SPXNWLink IPX/SPX NWLink NetBIOSNWLink NetBIOS

Chapter 3

CSNW Installed in Windows 2000

CSNW Installed in Windows 2000

Figure 3-9 Windows 2000 with CSNW components installedFigure 3-9 Windows 2000 with CSNW components installed

Chapter 3

Configuring NWLinkConfiguring NWLink

Configure three elements:Configure three elements: Frame typeFrame type Network numberNetwork number Internal network numberInternal network number

Chapter 3

When to Configure the Internal Network NumberWhen to Configure the

Internal Network Number

When the NetWare server that is When the NetWare server that is accessed uses two or more frame typesaccessed uses two or more frame types

When the Windows 2000 host has two When the Windows 2000 host has two or more NICs and NWLink is bound to or more NICs and NWLink is bound to more than one of the NICsmore than one of the NICs

When an application uses NetWare’s When an application uses NetWare’s Service Advertising Protocol (SAP)Service Advertising Protocol (SAP)

Chapter 3

When to Use NWLinkWhen to Use NWLink

To enable a computer running Windows To enable a computer running Windows 2000 to access a NetWare server (pre-2000 to access a NetWare server (pre-version 5)version 5)

To set up Windows 2000 as a gateway To set up Windows 2000 as a gateway to a NetWare serverto a NetWare server

To enable NetWare clients to access a To enable NetWare clients to access a Windows 2000 serverWindows 2000 server

Chapter 3

Planning TipPlanning Tip

If you upgrade NetWare servers to If you upgrade NetWare servers to version 5.x or higher, convert from version 5.x or higher, convert from IPX/SPX to TCP/IP for better network IPX/SPX to TCP/IP for better network communication options and better communication options and better compatibility with Windows 2000 compatibility with Windows 2000 serversservers

Chapter 3

NetBIOSNetBIOS

A combination software interface and A combination software interface and network naming conventionnetwork naming convention

Available in Windows 2000 through the Available in Windows 2000 through the files Netbt.sys, NetBIOS.sys, and files Netbt.sys, NetBIOS.sys, and NetBIOS.dllNetBIOS.dll

Chapter 3

NetBEUINetBEUI

NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI): NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI): A non-routable communications protocol A non-routable communications protocol native to early Microsoft network native to early Microsoft network communications communications

Chapter 3

NetBEUI and NetBIOS Communication

NetBEUI and NetBIOS Communication

Started NetB IO S-compatib le application

NetBIO S softwareinterface

NetBEUI protoco l

Sent onto the network

(T ransport driver)

Figure 3-10Figure 3-10NetBIOS/NetBEUINetBIOS/NetBEUI

communicationcommunication

Chapter 3

Planning TipPlanning Tip

When you upgrade from Windows NT Server When you upgrade from Windows NT Server to Windows 2000 Server, plan to retire to Windows 2000 Server, plan to retire NetBEUI implementations (if possible) and NetBEUI implementations (if possible) and convert upgraded servers and clients to convert upgraded servers and clients to TCP/IP for more functionalityTCP/IP for more functionality

Chapter 3

When to Use NetBEUIWhen to Use NetBEUI

For temporary backward compatibility when For temporary backward compatibility when converting from Windows NT Server to converting from Windows NT Server to Windows 2000 ServerWindows 2000 Server

For small networks that do not have Internet For small networks that do not have Internet access, that do not use the Active Directory, access, that do not use the Active Directory, that do not use routing, and that require only that do not use routing, and that require only a basic installationa basic installation

For backward compatibility with particular For backward compatibility with particular applicationsapplications

Chapter 3

DLCDLC

Data Link Control (DLC) protocol: Data Link Control (DLC) protocol: Enables communication with older IBM Enables communication with older IBM mainframes and minicomputers, and mainframes and minicomputers, and with some older HP print server cardswith some older HP print server cards

Chapter 3

When to Use DLCWhen to Use DLC

To connect to IBM and other computers To connect to IBM and other computers that use Systems Network Architecture that use Systems Network Architecture (SNA) communications(SNA) communications

To connect to older peripheral devices, To connect to older peripheral devices, such as printers that use DLCsuch as printers that use DLC

Chapter 3

AppleTalkAppleTalk

AppleTalk: A peer-to-peer protocol used AppleTalk: A peer-to-peer protocol used in network communication between in network communication between Macintosh computersMacintosh computers

Windows 2000 Server Services for Windows 2000 Server Services for Macintosh include:Macintosh include: File Server for Macintosh (MacFile)File Server for Macintosh (MacFile) Print Server for Macintosh (MacPrint)Print Server for Macintosh (MacPrint) AppleTalk protocolAppleTalk protocol

Chapter 3

When to Use AppleTalkWhen to Use AppleTalk

Use AppleTalk to enable Macintosh Use AppleTalk to enable Macintosh clients to connect to Windows 2000 clients to connect to Windows 2000 ServerServer

Chapter 3

Binding OrderBinding Order

Windows NT and Windows 2000 enable Windows NT and Windows 2000 enable you to set a binding order which you to set a binding order which establishes the protocol that will be tried establishes the protocol that will be tried first in a network communication (or a first in a network communication (or a communication with a network printer)communication with a network printer)

Chapter 3

Troubleshooting TipTroubleshooting Tip

If network performance is slow and your If network performance is slow and your network uses a combination of network uses a combination of protocols, tune the binding order on protocols, tune the binding order on Windows NT and Windows 2000 clients Windows NT and Windows 2000 clients which can be an inexpensive way to which can be an inexpensive way to immediately relieve network congestionimmediately relieve network congestion

Chapter 3

Network Planning ConsiderationsNetwork Planning Considerations

Size and purpose of the organizationSize and purpose of the organization Potential growthPotential growth Proportion of mission-critical applicationsProportion of mission-critical applications Role of the network to the mission of the Role of the network to the mission of the

organizationorganization Security needsSecurity needs BudgetBudget Internet and intranet requirementsInternet and intranet requirements Interconnectivity requirementsInterconnectivity requirements

Chapter 3

Planning TipPlanning Tip

Begin network planning by Begin network planning by understanding: understanding: User needsUser needs Important business processesImportant business processes Current resourcesCurrent resources Potential growthPotential growth

Chapter 3

Considerations in Selecting the Right Protocol(s)

Considerations in Selecting the Right Protocol(s)

Routing needsRouting needs Size of the network in terms of connectionsSize of the network in terms of connections Presence of Windows 2000 serversPresence of Windows 2000 servers Presence of mainframes and other computers Presence of mainframes and other computers

that use SNAthat use SNA Presence of NetWare serversPresence of NetWare servers Access to the Internet or intranetsAccess to the Internet or intranets Presence of mission-critical and multimedia Presence of mission-critical and multimedia

applicationsapplications

Chapter 3

Chapter SummaryChapter Summary

Protocols are the life blood of a network, Protocols are the life blood of a network, thus plan their use carefully.thus plan their use carefully.

The Microsoft NDIS driver enables The Microsoft NDIS driver enables using one or more protocols such as using one or more protocols such as TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI, DLC, and TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI, DLC, and AppleTalk. AppleTalk.

For modern networking TCP/IP For modern networking TCP/IP implementations are preferred.implementations are preferred.

Chapter 3

Chapter SummaryChapter Summary

Plan to use only the protocols Plan to use only the protocols necessary.necessary.

Tune network binding order in Windows Tune network binding order in Windows NT and Windows 2000 operating NT and Windows 2000 operating systems to enhance network systems to enhance network performance.performance.