Chapter 8 Network Protocols

8/10/2019 Chapter 8 Network Protocols

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Chapter 8 2

Chapter Objectives

List the different types of network protocols

Identify the working of each network protocol

Explain the functions of different protocols in TCP/IP

protocol suite

Configure IPX/SPX on Windows XP

Install NetBIOS/NetBEUI on Windows XP


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Chapter 8 3

Recall

MAC address is a hardware address that is

permanently embedded into NIC

When two nodes are connected by directly

connecting cables, it is called direct cableconnection

Two types of volt-ohm meters:

Analog

Digital

Function of a probe is to trace signal emitted by the

tone generator


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Chapter 8 4

Introducing Protocols

Set of predefined rules used by devices in networkfor data transfer

Network Protocols:

NetBIOS/NetBEUI

TCP/IP ARP/RARP

ICMP/IGMP

UDP

IPX/SPX HDLC/SDLC


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Chapter 8 5

NetBIOS/NetBEUI

Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) usedfor communication within LAN

Operates at Transport and Session layers of OSI

model

NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) adds

capabilities to NetBIOS and an advanced version of

NetBIOS

Widely used in Ethernet, Token Ring and Windows

NT networks


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Chapter 8 6

NetBIOS Services

NetBIOS Name Service is implemented in MicrosoftWindows as Windows Internet Name Service (WINS).

NetBIOS

Services

Name ServiceSession

Service

Datagram

Service


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Chapter 8 7

Name Service

Implemented in Microsoft Windows asWindows Internet Name Service (WINS).

Provides means to application to register its

NetBIOS name Name Service functions include

Add Name

Add Group Name Delete Name

Find Name


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Chapter 8 8

Session Service

Establishes session for data exchange between computersusing TCP port 139

Session Establishment Process Session Termination Process


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Chapter 8 9

Datagram Service

Uses the UDP port 138 and provides aconnectionless and broadcast-oriented datacommunication between two devices.

Divides data in datagrams before sending Datagram service functions include:

Send Datagram

Send Broadcast Datagram

Receive Datagram

Receive Broadcast Datagram


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Chapter 8 10

NetBIOS Name Resolution

Used to map NetBIOS names to IP addresses Methods used to resolve names:

NetBIOS Name Cache

NetBIOS Name Server (NBNS)

Local Broadcast Order of resolving names depends on node types:

B-node (broadcast)

P-node (peer-peer)

M-node (mixed) H-node (hybrid)


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Chapter 8 11

NetBEUI

Enhanced version of NetBIOS NetBIOS is used in Ethernet and Win NT where as

NetBEUI is used in Win 95, Win 98 and LAN

Uses unacknowledged connectionless mode for

name service and datagram service

Uses virtual circuit approach for session service

NetBEUI provides name service, datagram service

and session service


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Chapter 8 12

TCP/IP

Two layer communication protocol used by Internet

TCP provides connection-oriented reliable transportservice

Divides the message into smaller packets calledsegments

IP is a connectionless and unreliable datagramprotocol and provides no error checking

IP transfers data in the form of packets calleddatagrams


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Chapter 8 13

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Designed beforeOSI model

Consists of five

layers

Provides

independent

protocols at each

layer


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Chapter 8 14

TCP Segment Format

.


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Chapter 8 15

IPv4 Datagram Format


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Chapter 8 16

IP Datagram Fragmentation

Fragmentation refers to breaking datagrams intopieces

Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) is maximum amount

of data that frame can carry

Datagram is fragmented when its size exceeds

MTU of network

Fragments follow different paths to reach

destination


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Chapter 8 17

ARP/RARP

To deliver packet both physical and logicaladdresses are necessary

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) provides

physical address when logical address is known

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) mapslogical address to physical address

RARP is useful when device is booted for first time


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Chapter 8 18

ICMP/IGMP

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) provideserror reporting and query management mechanism

ICMP handles problems occurring while packet

transmission

Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP) managesmulticasting and group membership of devices


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Chapter 8 19

ICMP Message Types

Error Reporting

Destination

Unreachable

Router Solicitation

and Advertisement

Timestamp request

and reply

Address Mask

Request and reply

Echo request

and reply

Query

Source Quench

Time Exceeded

Redirection

Parameter Problem

ICMP Messages


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Chapter 8 20

IGMP Message Types

IGMP Messages

QueryMembership

ReportLeave Report

General Query Special Query


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Chapter 8 21

UDP

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) providesconnectionless process-to-process communication

UDP packets are called user datagrams.

User Datagram Format:


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Chapter 8 22

UDP Operation - I

Encapsulation Decapsulation


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Chapter 8 23

UDP Operation - II

Client Queue Server Queue


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Chapter 8 24

IPX/SPX

Novell NetWare system uses IPX/SPX as

communication protocol within networks

IPX operates at Network layer for connectionless

communication SPX operates at Transport layer for connection-

oriented communication

Together, IPX/SPX provides same services as

TCP/IP


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Chapter 8 26

IPX/SPX Naming Conventions

IPX/SPX/NetBIOS Compatible Transport Protocol(NWLink) uses two types of IPX network numbers

for routing purposes:

Internal network number

Mentioned as Internalnetwork number in NWLink IPX/SPX/NetBIOS

Compatible Transport Protocol Properties dialog box

External network number Mentioned as Network

number in Manual Frame Detection dialog box


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Chapter 8 27

HDLC/SDLC

High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) and

Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) are bit-

oriented synchronous protocols in which data

frames are interpreted as series of bits

Both are useful for half-duplex and full-duplex

communication

Windows XP still support DLC


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Chapter 8 28

HDLC Nodes and Configurations

Types of HDLC nodes are:

Primary Station

Secondary Station

Combined Station Supported link configurations:

Unbalanced

Balanced


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Chapter 8 29

HDLC Data Transfer Modes

Normal Response Mode (NRM) Secondary station

requires permission from primary station before

sending data

Asynchronous Response Mode (ARM)

Secondarystation can transfer without permission from primary

station

Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM)Either of the

combined station can initiate the transmission


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Chapter 8 30

SDLC

Bit-oriented protocol and similar to HDLC Only primary and secondary stations are used

Configurations

Point-to-Point Multipoint Loop Hub go-ahead


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Chapter 8 31

Protocols at Different Layers

OSI Layers Protocols

Physical Layer No protocols defined

Data Link Layer HDLC, SDLC

Network Layer NetBEUI, IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP, IPX

Transport Layer NetBEUI, TCP, UDP, SPX

Session Layer NetBIOS, SAP, SMTP, FTP, DNS, SNMP,

Presentation Layer NCP, RIP, NLSP, SMTP, FTP, DNS, SNMP, NFS

Application Layer SMTP, DNS, SNMP, NFS, TFTP


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Chapter 8 32

Summary - I

Network protocols are the set of predefined rules, used

by the devices connected to network to communicate

with each other

Different network protocols include NetBIOS/NetBEUI,

TCP/IP and IPX/SPX

NetBIOS protocol is used for communication within a

LAN and operates at the session layer of the OSI model

NetBIOS provides three types of services namely Name

service, Session service and Datagram service

Name service allows an application to register its

NetBIOS name in the network


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Chapter 8 33

Summary - II

Two computers can establish a session for data transferusing the Session service which is a connection-orientedservice

In the connectionless Datagram service, data is

transferred in the form of small packets called datagrams NetBIOS name resolution is used to map a NetBIOS

names to an IP address. Methods used for resolutionare, NetBIOS Name Server (NBNS), NetBIOS namecache and Local Broadcast

LMHOSTS file is a static file that resolves the names toIP address for applications running on the remotecomputer

TCP/IP is a five-layer protocol suite developed beforethe OSI model


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Chapter 8 34

Summary - III

TCP is a connection-oriented, reliable and process-to-process transport layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocolsuite

At TCP, data is divided into segments with each

segment having sequence number for reassembly of thedata at the destination

Connection establishment requires three-wayhandshaking; connection termination requires four-wayhandshaking process

IP is an unreliable connectionless protocol responsiblefor source-to-destination delivery

Packets in the IP layer are called datagrams whichconsist of data and header


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Chapter 8 35

Summary - IV

Fragmentation is the division of a datagram into smallerunits when size of the datagram exceeds MTU

ARP protocol is used to obtain the physical address ofthe device when its logical address is known

RARP protocol is used to obtain the logical address ofthe device when its physical address is known

ICMP protocol is used to send error and controlmessages. Two types of ICMP messages are Error-reporting messages and Query messages

Error reporting messages include DestinationUnreachable, Source Quench, Time exceeded,Parameter Problem and Redirection


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Chapter 8 36

Summary - V

Query messages include Echo Request and Reply,Timestamp Request and Reply, Address Mask Requestand Reply and Router Solicitation and Advertisement

IGMP protocol is used to govern the management of

multicast groups in a network. Three types of IGMPmessages are Query, Membership Report and LeaveReport

UDP protocol operates at the transport layer andprovides connectionless and unreliable service

The UDP packet is called as user datagram which isencapsulated into an IP packet

Incoming and outgoing queues hold messages going toand from UDP


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Ch t 8 37

Summary - VI

Novell NetWare operating system uses IPX/SPXprotocol for communication within a network

IPX operates at the network layer and providesconnectionless routing services using either RIP or

NLSP HDLC is a data link control protocol used for point-to-

point communications over a serial links

Three types of devices used in HDLC are primarystation, secondary station and combined station

HDLC supports three configuration modes: NormalResponse Mode, Asynchronous Response Mode andAsynchronous Balanced Mode

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Chapter 8 Network Protocols

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