Date post: | 06-Jan-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | kerry-miller |
View: | 226 times |
Download: | 1 times |
Chapter 3
Steps to Preparing Speech 1-Determine the Speech Purpose 2-Select a Topic 3-Analyze the Audience 4-Develop Main Points 5-Conduct Research and Develop Supporting Points 6-Organize and Outline 7-Practice 8-Deliver Speech
1. Determine Speech Purposes General Speech Purpose-inform, persuade, special
occasion
To Inform-people, objects, events, issues, processes, concepts
To Persuade-argument which has alternative side
Special Occasion-introductory, acceptance, toasts, roasts, eulogies, cultural artifact
2. Topic Selection… Choosing a Topic-brainstorm and think of …….
-Interests, Current Events, Controversial issues-Avoid common/overdone topics-Relate to audience
Narrow down topic-focus on specific aspects of topic
Write thesis statement single statement-central idea of speech-connects all parts of speech shows what you will try to prove in case of persuasive speech comes at end of introduction most important statement
3. Audience Analysis Audience Centered Approach
Speech topic, information, delivery, style, language, etc should be determined based on audience needs
Get to know your listeners ○ Who are they, what are they interested in, what would
grab their attention, etc..InterviewsQuestionnaires
4. Develop Main Points Main Points express key ideas and major
themes that will fulfill the speech purpose○ Usually 3-4 main points ○ Main Points are the “main” areas of topic you will
focus on-they are general ideas ○ Usually most important elements of topic○ Support thesis○ Unity, coherence and balance between main points
5. Develop Supporting Points (Research) Provides detail on main points/further develops
and backs up main points
Supporting Material includes world of information available to speaker
○ Examples○ Statistics○ Facts
Follow up with sub-supporting points if necessary
ExampleA-Main Point 1-High passing rate of board exam
1-Last year, 89% who took the test passed after their first time.2-95% passed after taking test the second time around.
B-Main Point 2-Experienced Faculty teaching courses
1-Attended good schools2-Have experience-# of years teaching3-Worked at top hospitals in the nation
C-Main Point 3-Provide hands on experience.1-This many hours of practice2-Provide real life situations to practice with3-Have best tools needed for clinical practice
6. Organize and Outline Process of organizing parts of speech
Use headings to label different partsIndentFollow outline format Use transitions
7-PracticeOut loudSeveral timesTry to have audience of few people
8-Deliver
Main Parts to Speech/Outline• Introduction
– Attention Getter/Introduction to Topic– Establish Credibility– Thesis Statement– Preview Statement
• Body– Main Points-key ideas & major themes (usually 3-4 of them)– Supporting Material-supports & backs up main points
• Sub-Supporting Points-elaborates on supporting material if necessary
• Conclusion– Wrap Up– Summarize Main Points– Interesting Closing
Introduction Attention Getter/Introduction to Topic
Stories, Anecdotes, Quotes, Rhetorical Question, Fact, Startling Statistic, Humor, Joke
Establishment of Credibility Be well prepared and confident Tell audience about your personal experience with topic Common Ground with audience
Thesis-claim, single statement, connects speech, last sentence
Preview-tells audience what pain points you will discuss
Sample Attention Getters
“It’s Saturday morning, and you are helping clean out your grandmother’s attic. After working a while, you stumble upon a trunk, open it, and discover inside hundreds of old postcards. Thinking about getting to the football game on time, you start tossing the cards into the trash can. Congratulations! You have just thrown away a year’s tuition”
“In 31 states, a blind man can be licensed to drive. In 5 states, just send in your check and they will send back your renewed license, no questions asked. In 1916 my grandfather got his license for the first time. No exam was required; no exam has been required since. Ever wonder why our highways seem a bit unsafe today”
Sample Thesis Statements
Although fad diets produce quick weight loss, they can lead to serious health problems by creating deficiencies in vitamins and minerals and by breaking down muscle tissue as well as fat.
Played on a smaller, enclosed field that resembles a hockey rink with artificial turf, indoor soccer involves faster action, more scoring, and different strategies than outdoor soccer.
Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula has many attractions for vacationers, including a warm climate, excellent food, and extensive Mayan ruins
Sample Preview StatementsIlliteracy among athletes must be stopped. In order to fully grasp the
significance of this problem, we will look at the root of it, and then move to its effects, and finally, we will look at the solution.
In the following presentation, I will discuss what global warming is, its possible causes and the impact it has on the environment.
The following speech will examine the economic, social and political implications that will result from legalizing the death penalty in the United States.
TransitionsTransition/Signposts
Conjunctions , phrases, words Allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next in speech Ex. Next, first, we now turn to, finally, similarly
1-Restate-forecast form-Transition restates the point just covered and previews what is next.
2-Previews-Internal previews3-Internal Summaries-Review of ideas
Outlining Speech 2 types of outlines
Working Outline/Preparation OutlineRough draft outlines-preparationUsed to brainstorm main points and supporting
points
Speaking Outline/Delivery OutlineFinal version-used to practice
Different Ways to Outline
Sentence Outlines Use full sentences-prevents memory lapse Good for remembering specific details May distract & limit eye contact when used during speaking
Phrase Outlines Partial construction of sentences. Phrases written to remind speaker of ideas Greater eye contact, require more memory, must rehearse
Key word Outlines (single words or brief phrases)-good for speaking, greater eye
contact
Format of Outline-Roman numeral outline is most common - using indentation between main and supporting
points (coordination and subordination)
EXAMPLEII. Body
A. Main Point #1 1. Supporting Points
a. Sub-supporting pointsb. Sub-supporting points
2. Supporting Pointsa. Sub-supporting points
B. Main Point #2
Arranging Main Points• 1-Topical/Categorical
• 2-Chronological • 3-Spatial/geographical
• 4-Cause/effect
• 5-Problem/Solution
• 6-Narrative
• 7-Advantage/Disadvantage
• 8-Circular Pattern of Arragement
1-Topical or Categorical Stresses natural divisions in a topic Used when each main point is equally important and can
be placed in any order without changing msg. Gives greatest freedom to organize
Examples: Why certain cities are good to live in Why we should vote for a particular candidate for
president Different majors available in college
2-Chronological Used to reflect natural sequential order of main points Shows main points in progression or in time order Like a time line
Examples: Historical accounts of events Lives of historical people Advances in technology The way something has developed throughout time
3-Spatial/Geographical Used when purpose is to describe physical
arrangement of a place, scene, object Usually arranged in order of physical
proximity or closeness to each other
Examples: Layouts of cities Parts of machines or equipment Vacation spots to visit Giving a tour of a particular place
4-Cause/effect Used when main points describe a cause and
effect relationship One MP can describe why something
happens and another can describe the effects of it
Examples: How certain diseases are contracted and the effects Pollution-ways we pollute earth and effects of it
5-Problem/Solution When main points describe a particular
problem and offer solution One MP describes the problem and another
proposes a solution
Examples: Illness-describe the problem which is the
disease and offer a solution Pollution-describe the problems with it and
offer solutions or ways to prevent
6-Narrative When speech consist of stories or a
series of short stories These type of speeches use other
arrangements as a combination as well
7-Advantage/Disadvantage Listing Pros and Cons
8-Circular Pattern one idea leads to another, which leads
to another, etc..until they arrive back at thesis