AP US History Mr. Blackmon

Chapter 30 Turbulent Sixties

Kennedy Administration:

1. All of the following were characteristic of reform activity during both theProgressive and the 1960s EXCEPTA. Civil rights for black Americans were supported by the federal

governmentB. Reform activity was encouraged by strong and active PresidentsC. Reform in the area of women's rights was advocated by feministsD. Governmental reform initiatives were curtailed by warE. Reform occurred despite the absence of severe economic depression.

2. Which of the following was the most important factor in John F. Kennedy’s 1960presidential election victory over Richard Nixon?A. Americans’ deep and growing dissatisfaction with the Eisenhower

AdministrationB. Revelations of corrupt activities on the part of NixonC. Kennedy’s better showing in nationally televised debatesD. Kennedy’s long record of administrative experience as governor of

MassachusettsE. Nixon’s failure to serve in the armed forces during the Second World

War.3. After concluding its investigation of the assassination of President John F.

Kennedy, the Warren Commission announced its finding thatA. Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in assassinating the presidentB. Oswald was assisted by two other marksmen on the “grassy knoll” in front

of the presidential motorcadeC. Oswald had been the only gunman but was part of a widespread

conspiracyD. Oswald in fact had nothing to do with the assassinationE. The true facts of the assassination and any possible conspiracy involved

with it will probably never be known.4. Which of the following was an achievement of the John F. Kennedy

administration?A Passage of civil rights legislationB Passage of bills to create health insurance for the aged and to increase aid

to educationC Extension of diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of ChinaD Passage of the Alliance for Progress to provide economic aid for Latin

AmericaE Passage of the Economic Opportunity Bill

5. The 1962 book that helped launch the national environmental movement wasA James Baldwin's The Fire Next Time

B Michael Harrington's The Other AmericaC Alice Walker's In Search of Our Mothers' GardensD Jack Kerouac's On The RoadE Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

6. The Bay of Pigs incident involvedA. The presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in CubaB. A ClA plot to overthrow Chilean leader Salvador AllendeC. A confrontation between U.S. and Soviet troops in EuropeD. A clash between a U.S. Navy destroyer and North Vietnamese patrol boats.E. A U.S. sponsored attempt by free Cubans to overthrow Communist

dictator Fidel Castro.7. The Bay of Pigs affair had what effect on John Kennedy’s presidency?

A. It made Kennedy a national hero for his tough, uncompromising standagainst Castro and Communist Cuba

B. It forced Soviet Premier Khrushchev to schedule an early summit meetingwith Kennedy to avoid future American-Soviet confrontations

C. It had virtually no effect on Kennedy’s presidency, as it was kept secretuntil after Kennedy’s assassination

D. It forced Kennedy to allow Soviet occupation of military bases in CubaE. It was a major embarrassment to Kennedy’s administration and led to

further crises in American-Cuban relations8. In 1962, which of the following contributed most directly to a crisis in Soviet-

American relations over Cuba?A Cuban attacks on the United States naval base at GuantanamoB. The failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion.C. Cuban support for leftist guerilla movements in Latin America.D Cuban withdrawal from the Organization of American States.E. The discovery of Soviet missile sites in Cuba.

9. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962A. Displayed Soviet nuclear superiorityB. Forced President Kennedy to quarantine military equipment shipped

to CubaC. Boosted Nikita Khrushchev’s position in the international communityD. Enabled the Cubans to deploy nuclear warheadsE. Helped the United States prepare for the Bay of Pigs invasion.

10. What event made Kennedy a national hero in 1962 due to the way in which peoplebelieved he successfully stood up to the Russians?A. The Berlin BlockadeB. The Berlin Wall CrisisC. The Pueblo IncidentD. The Cuban Missile CrisisE. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident

11. Which of the following best describes the agreement that ended the 1962 CubanMissile Crisis?A. The Soviet Union agreed not to station troops in Cuba, and the United

States agreed not to invade Cuba.B. The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba, and the

United States agreed not to invade Cuba.C. The Soviet Union agreed not to invade Turkey and the United States agreed

not to invade Cuba.D. The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba, and the

United States agreed not to invade Turkey.E. The Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its missiles from Cuba, and the

United States agreed to withdraw its missiles from Western Europe.12. Which of the following resulted from the Cuban missile crisis?

A The Soviets were allowed to keep existing missiles in Cuba but could notincrease the number of missiles. . .

B The United States agreed to withdraw from Berlin in exchange for Sovietwithdrawal from Cuba

C The Soviets gained none of their objectives, while the United Statesemerged victorious

D The United States succeeded in eliminating all communist influence fromthe Western Hemisphere

E The Soviets withdrew their missiles from Cuba in exchange for apromise from the United States not to attack Fidel Castro

Johnson Administration

13. Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society program was aimed primarily atA. Spurring advances in American science and technical education and

increasing funding to high-tech facilitiesB. Sending American volunteers to impoverished foreign nations to help

educate their people and build their economic baseC. Securing civil rights for all Americans and eliminating povertyD. Providing minimum wage jobs for all unemployed Americans and shifting

tax dollars from the military to the civilian sector of the economyE. Retraining adults who had dropped out of school and increasing the

number of Americans who attended college.14. The “War on Poverty” was an attempt by

A. President Richard Nixon to aid Latin American nationsB. President Lyndon Johnson to end hunger and economic despair in

AmericaC. President John F. Kennedy to organize the Peace CorpsD. George Marshall to feed the people of Europe after World War IIE. President Dwight Eisenhower to reduce the number of people on public

assistance.15. The major objective of the antipoverty programs of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great

Society was to

A break the cycle of poverty among poor people through education andjob training

B provide temporary benefits to the "new poor" during times of recession C transfer the federal government's responsibility for welfare back to the

states D simplify welfare by replacing job programs with cash grants for the poor E build a socialist society in the United States

16. During 1968 the deep divisions within the American public were demonstrated byall of the following EXCEPTA the assassinations of Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr.B urban riots in major cities across the countryC antiwar demonstrations at the Democratic national convention in ChicagoD the refusal of most Republicans to support Richard Nixon as their

presidential candidateE the strong showing of George Wallace's American Independent Party in

southern states and some northern urban centers17. Segregationists had the choice of aJ;lti-integrationist candidates for president in

both the 1948 and 1968 elections. Their choices in these two campaigns were,respectively, A Thomas Dewey and George McGovern B Henry Wallace and John Anderson C Henry Wallace and Richard Nixon D Strom Thurmond and George Wallace E Strom Thurmond and Henry Wallace

18. Which of the following statements about George Wallace's third-partypresidential campaign in 1968 is correct?A He appealed to many middle-class voters upset by the civil

disobedience associated with the Civil Rights and antiwardemonstrations

B He appealed to the isolationists who opposed United States involvement inVietnam.

C He supported the integrationist goals of Martin Luther King, Jr., butopposed the more extreme tactics of the Black Muslims and BlackPanthers.

D He was strongly supported by intellectuals and college students whothought the Democratic and Republican parties were both too conservative.

E He advocated an expansion of poverty programs in an effort to win thesupport of the inner-city poor

19. All of the following were presidential candidates during the campaign of 1968EXCEPT A George McGovern B Eugene McCarthy C George Wallace D Richard Nixon E Hubert Humphrey

20. Which of the following is correct about United States involvement in the VietnamWar?A. It was justified by an appeal to the Open Door policy.B. It was the exclusive responsibility of the Johnson and Nixon

administration.C. It came about only after a formal declaration of war.D. It was primarily anti-Soviet in purpose.E. It grew out of policy commitments and assumptions since the Second

World War.21. Which of the following is true of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?

A It ended the Vietnam WarB It barely passed in Congress, reflecting the bitter division over American

involvement in VietnamC It was a statement of American policy that followed the Tet OffensiveD It allowed the President to deploy combat troops in South VietnamE It provided for the first peace negotiations between the United States and

North Vietnam22. What incident led to Lyndon Johnson escalating American involvement in

Vietnam by sending more than 550,000 American soldiers to actively fight theViet Cong and the North Vietnamese?A. The Mayaguez AffairB. The Pueblo IncidentC. The Gulf of Tonkin IncidentD. The attack on Khe SahnE. The Tet Offensive

23. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is significant because itA required Taiwan to relinquish its position on the United Nations Security

Council to ChinaB authorized the president to take any measures necessary to repel

attacks against United States forces and allies in Southeast AsiaC led to an alliance between the United States, Japan, and Taiwan to limit

the power of China in AsiaD conferred the most-favored-nation status to China in its trade with the

United States E declared that the United States would continue to provide air and naval

support but withdraw all ground troops in the Vietnam War24. Which of the following is true of the Gulf of Tonkin incident?

A. It involved a clash of U.S. and Soviet warships.B. In it, two North Vietnamese fighter-bombers were shot down as they

neared U.S. Navy ships.C. It involved the seizure, by North Vietnam, of a U.S. Navy intelligence

ship in international waters.D. It led to major U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.E. In it, a U.S. Navy destroyer was damaged by a guided missile fired by a

North Vietnamese plane.

25. In 1968, Viet Cong guerrillas and North Vietnamese regulars launched a massiveseries of attacks which failed militarily but succeeded in ending U.S. fantasiesabout an early end to the Vietnam War. This episode of the war became knownas theA. Pleiku OffensiveB. NLF OffensiveC. Gulf of Tonkin OffensiveD. Battle of Khe SahnE. Tet Offensive

26. One of the immediate consequences of the Tet offensive in 1968 was thatA President Johnson completed the process of VietnamizatinB North Vietnamexe troops took control of SaigonC Popular support for the war declined in the United StatesD The South Vietnamese government was overthrownE Congress gave greater support to President Johnson’s war policies.

27. The 1968 Tet Offensive was significant because it A showed that American soldiers were ill equipped to fight in the jungle B pressured North Vietnam to come to the bargaining table C convinced President Johnson to begin bombing Cambodia D reaffirmed popular support for the South Vietnamese governrnent E led to increased antiwar sentiment in the United States

28. The central point of the 1960s cartoon above was that A the public was more interested in foreign policy than in domestic reforms B the President was more interested in domestic programs than in foreign

policy C protesters were successfully challenging the goals of Lyndon B. Johnson's

Great Society D opposition to the Vietnam War improved Lyndon B. Johnson's hopes for

reelection E the cost of the Vietnam War limited the President's ability to carry

out domestic programs 29. What was “fragging”?

A. It was the name given to the process of soldiers shooting their ownofficers rather than follow them into battle.

B. It was the name given to the process of killing an enemy by making surehis body was fragmented into several pieces

C. It was the name given to the special sarcastic salute U.S. soldiers gave tothe politicians when they came to “visit the troops.”

D. It was the name for the effects on a human body of a unique booby-trapused by the Viet Cong against U.S. soldiers.

E. It was the name given to heavy enemy fire by some soldiers during theVietnam War.

30. What specific disagreement took a full year to rectify before peace negotiationsactually began to end the Vietnam War?A. The city in which the negotiations would be heldB. The governments which would be allowed to attend the negotiationsC. The shape of the negotiating tableD. The actual border between North and South VietnamE. The participation of representatives from the People’s Republic of China

as moderators of the negotiations.

The Civil Rights Movement

31. Rosa Parks is known forA. Founding the National Right to Life OrganizationB. Sparking the modern civil rights movementC. Organizing the National Organization for WomenD. Organizing Project Headstart for preschool childrenE. Becoming the first female general in the United States Army.

32. The United States Supreme Court Case of Brown v. Board of Education ofTopeka was significant because it A. Prohibited prayer in public schools on the grounds of separation of church

and stateB. Legally upheld the doctrine of “separate but equal” educational facilities

for blacks and whites.C. Clarified the constitutional rights of minors and restricted the rights of

school administrators to get dress codes to otherwise infringe on students’rights.

D. Upheld school districts’ rights to use aptitude and psychological tests to“track” students and segregate them into “college prep” and “vocational”programs

E. Ordered the desegregation of public schools, prohibiting the practiceof segregation via “separate but equal” schools for blacks and whites.

33. During the 1940's, the National Association for the Advancement of ColoredPeople (NAACP) tried to destroy the "separate but equal" doctrine by A insisting on its literal interpretation by the courtsB promoting affIrmative action legislation C lobbying for special interest legislation D urging the Supreme Court to legislate an end to segregation E persuading the president to interfere with the courts

34. The United States Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)thatI segregation in public schools was unconstitutionalII the schools of Topeka, Kansas must integrateIII the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson was unconstitutional

IV separate was not equal

A. I and II onlyB. II and III onlyC. III and IV onlyD. I, II, and III onlyE. I, II, III and IV

35. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a Supreme Court decision thatA. was a forerunner of the Kansas-Nebraska ActB. established free public colleges in the United StatesC. outlawed racially segregated public schoolsD. established free public elementary and secondary schools in the United

StatesE. provided for federal support of parochial schools

36. The Supreme Court decision in Brown vs Board of Education of Topekaessentially reversed which of the following earlier Court decisions?A. Marbury v. MadisonB. Dred Scott v. SanfordC. Roe v. WadeD. Gideon v WainwrightE. Plessy v. Ferguson

37. In 1954 the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown v Board of Education ofTopeka that A. busing to achieve racial balance in public schools was constitutionally

acceptable.B. local school boards had no right to censor reading materials in school

libraries.C. prayer in the public schools was contrary to the principle of separation of

church and stateD. racial segregation in public schools was a denial of the equal

protection of the lawsE. schools could teach the theory of evolution without also teaching the

creationist account of the origins of life.38. "The problem with hatred and violence is that they intensify the fears of the

White majority, and leave them less ashamed of their prejudices toward Negroes. In the guilt and confusion confronting our society, violence only adds to chaos. Itdeepens the brutality of the oppressor and increases the bitterness of theoppressed. Violence is the antithesis of creativity and wholeness. It destroyscommunity and makes brotherhood impossible."

During the 1960s all the following Black leaders would probably have supportedthis view EXCEPTA. Stokely CarmichaelB. Martin Luther King, Jr.C. James FarmerD. Roy Wilkins

E. Whitney M. Young, Jr.39. All of the following demonstrate the importance of the 1940's to the advancement

of rights for African-Americans EXCEPT the A entry of Jackie Robinson into major league baseball B publication of Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemma C establishment of the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division D creation of the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund E founding of "freedom schools" in Mississippi

40. Which of the following best characterizes the goals of Martin Luther King, Jr.?A. A peaceful separation of Black people into powerful economic and

political groups.B. A peaceful integration of the races in all areas of society.C. Federal compensation to Black people for past political and legal

injustices.D. A church-centered Black community removed from the oppression of

White People.E. Constant and, if necessary, violent political and social action to achieve

long-sought justice.41. Which of the following best characterizes the methods of Martin Luther King, Jr.

A. Nonviolent defiance of segregationB. Armed violence against police and troopsC. Patience while developing the skills that would make blacks economically

successful and gain them the respect of whites.D. A series of petitions to Congress calling for correction of racial abuses.E. A series of speaking engagements in Northern cities in hopes of

pressuring Congress to take action.

42. The organization made famous by the leadership of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jrwas theA Southern Christian Leadership Conference B National Association for the Advancement of Colored People C Congress of Racial Equality D Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee E Black Panthers

43. During the 1960s, sit-in demonstrations were first effectively used byA college students working with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating

Committee (SNCC) and the National Association for theAdvancement of Colored People (NAACP)

B Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian LeadershipConference (SCLC)

C Huey Newton and the Black PanthersD Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam E African American veterans returning from the Second World War

44. The term “Long Hot Summer” refers toA Major outdoor rock concerts during the late 1960s and early 1970s.B. Major Communist offensives against U.S. troops in Vietnam

C. Protests held in large American cities against the Vietnam War.D A series of warmer-than-usual summers during the 1950s, leading to

speculation about climatic change.E Race riots in large American cities during the 1960s.

45. The 1968 Kerner Commission Report, which stated that "the nation is rapidlymoving toward two increasingly separate Amerkas," was written in directresponse to the A assassination of President Kennedy B rise of urban racial violence C plague of teenage gang violence D assassination of the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. E inequities of rich and poor Americans

46. The Black Power movement of the late 1960s advocated that African Americans A organize political parties sympathetic to communism B establish African American communities in Africa C seek the racial integration of northeastern cities D establish control of their political and economic life E assimilate into White society

47. Malcolm X, the charismatic leader of the Nation of Islam, was assassinated in1965 by Black Muslims when he modified his racial views after visiting A Detroit B Chicago C Mecca D Jerusalem E Moscow

48. Which of the following best describes the methods advocated by Malcolm X?A. Nonviolent defiance of segregationB. Armed violence against police and troopsC. Patience while developing the skills that would make blacks economically

successful and gain them the respect of whitesD. Gradual assimilation of the two races until they became indistinguishableE. Meek acceptance of “Jim Crowism” until increasingly enlightened

Southern whites were prepared to change it49. During the decade of the 1960s, young people, Black people, American Indians,

Hispanic Americans and women were among the groups protesting variousaspects of American society. All of the following were protested against by oneor more of these groups EXCEPT theA. excessive cost of the social security system.B. United States involvement in the Vietnam War.C. marginal status of non-Whites.D. exclusion of women from the mainstream of American life.E. increasing bureaucratization and impersonality of American institutions.

50. Which of the following did the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam have incommon in the late 1960s?A They advocated ending segregation in the North rather than the South.B They sought affiliation with the American Communist Party.

C They emphasized developing a greater sense of Black nationalism andsolidarity

D They advocated nonviolent means to achieve their goalsE They split off from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

after the death of Martin Luther King, Jr.51. Which of the following statements about the emergence of rock and roll music as

a part of the 1950s popular culture in the United States is true?A. It relied heavily on Black musical traditions.B. It adapted many of the big band tunes of the 1940sC. It was a spin-off from British popular music of the time.D. It was the first popular music broadcast nationally on radio.E. It had little appeal in the South and West.

52. The rock 'n' roll of Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, and the Rolling Stones derivedprimarily fromA European folk musicB nineteenth-century American balladsC cowboy songsD African American rhythm and blues E Scotch-Irish ballads

53. A riot that erupted in 1969 at the Stonewall Inn in New York City marks animportant milestone in the political and social activism of A the antiwar movement B feminists C Students for a Democratic Society D homosexuals and lesbians E Puerto Rican nationalists

54. The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 in order to A encourage women to believe in the "feminine mystique" B challenge sex discrimination in the workplace C oppose the proposed Equal Rights Amendment D advocate restrictions on access to abortion E advocate equal access for women to athletic facilities

55. "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or byany state on account of sex." A Supreme Court case, Roe v. Wade B Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution C proposed Equal Rights amendment D Civil Rights Act of 1964 E manifesto of the Nation of Islam

56. Which of the following led a campaign to block ratification of the Equal RightsAmendment?A Gloria SteinemB Phyllis SchlaflyC Betty FriedanD Marabel MorganE Shirley Chisholm

57. Betty Friedan is best known for herA efforts to organize migrant workersB surprise election to the SenateC criticism of traditional gender rolesD support for early childhood education E opposition to the war in Vietnam

58. "The problem lay buried, unspoken, for any years in the minds of Americanwomen. It was a strange stirring, a sense of dissatisfaction, a yearning thatwomen suffered. ... Each suburban wife struggIed with it alone. As she made thebeds, shopped for groceries, matched slipcover material., ate peanut buttersandwiches with her children, chauffeured Cub Scouts and Brownies., lay besideher husband at night-she was afraid to ask even of herself the silent question-"Isthis all?'"

The author of the statement above most likely wasA Angelina Grimke B Susan B. Anthony C Betty Friedan D Angela Davis E Phyllis Schlafly

59. In the decade following the Second World War, the Supreme Court decision thathad the most widespread consequences concerned which of the following?A Immigration policyB Congressional reapportionmentC The rights of minority groupsD The jurisdiction of courts in determinating war guiltE The federal government’s power of taxation

60. Which of the following civil rights groups is NOT correctly matched with one ofits leading figures? A Southern Christian Leadership Conference: Marcus Garvey B Black Pantbers: Huey Newton C National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: Roy

Wilkins D Black Muslims: Malcolm X E Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: Stokely Carmichael

61. The primary power granted to the Civil Rights Commission created in 1967 wasthe authority to A investigate and report on cases involving discriminationB issue writs to enforce its decisions after a hearingC initiate court cases to challenge gender discriminationD fine employers found guilty of discriminatory hiring practicesE grant monetary awards to victims of discrimination