GeoJournalAs you read this chapter, use your journal tolog the key economic activities of Australia,Oceania, and Antarctica. Note interestingdetails that illustrate the ways in whichhuman activities and the region’s environ-ment are interrelated.
Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe WorldGeography Web site at geography.glencoe.comand click on Chapter Overviews—Chapter 34 topreview information about the region today.
GeoJournalAs you read this chapter, use your journal tolog the key economic activities of Australia,Oceania, and Antarctica. Note interestingdetails that illustrate the ways in whichhuman activities and the region’s environ-ment are interrelated.
Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe WorldGeography Web site at geography.glencoe.comand click on Chapter Overviews—Chapter 34 topreview information about the region today.
http://geography.glencoe.com
Living in Australia,Oceania, andAntarctica
A Geographic ViewAntarctic DivingThere’s something special aboutpeering beneath the bottom of theworld. When Antarctica’s summerdiving season begins in Septemberthe sun has been largely absentfor six months, and the water . . .has become as clear as any in theworld. Visibility is measurednot in feet but in football fields.. . . Only here can you orbit anelectric-blue iceberg whilebeing serenaded by the eerietrills of Weddell seals.
—Norbert Wu, “Under Antarctic Ice,” NationalGeographic, February 1999
The wonders hidden under Antarctic ice areamong the many attractions of Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica.Tourism is a growing part of the region’s economies. In this sectionyou will learn how people in Australia and Oceania earn their livingsdespite remote geographic locations and challenging environments.
AgricultureAgriculture is by far the most important economic activity in the
South Pacific area. Australia and New Zealand—the region’s majordeveloped countries—export large quantities of farm products. Australia is the world’s leading producer of wool, and New Zealandis known for the quality of its dairy products, lamb, beef, and wool.
Guide to ReadingConsider What You KnowEnvironments in Australia, Oceania,and Antarctica range from tropicalrain forests to icy wastelands. Whatattractions or activities might drawpeople to visit or live in a regionwith such extreme differences in the physical environment?
Reading StrategyOrganizing Complete a web diagramsimilar to the one below by filling inthe developing South Pacific countriesthat receive much-needed incomefrom tourism.
Read to Find Out• How do people in Australia, New
Zealand, and Oceania make their livings?
• What role does trade play in the economies of South Pacificcountries?
• What means of transportation and communications are used in the region?
Terms to Know• station
• grazier
• copra
Places to Locate• Fiji
• Papua New Guinea
• Nauru
C h a p t e r 3 4 833Skyline of Melbourne,Australia, at night
View from under Antarctic ice
Developing Countries
834 U n i t 1 1
Although only 5 percent of Australians work inagriculture, much of their country’s vast land areais devoted to raising livestock—primarily sheepand cattle. Because of the generally dry climate,ranchers must roam over large areas to findenough vegetation to feed their herds. As a result,some Australian ranches, called stations, aregigantic—as large as 6,000 square miles (15,540 sq.km), about the size of Connecticut or Hawaii.
In addition, because of Australia’s dry climate,only about 10 percent of its land is suitable forgrowing crops. Irrigation, fertilizers, and moderntechnology help Australian farmers make the bestuse of their limited croplands. Wheat, for example,is grown in the dry Central Lowlands. By contrast,sugarcane thrives in the wetter climate and fertilesoil of Australia’s northeastern coast.
About half of New Zealand’s land is used for agriculture. New Zealand ranchers, known asgraziers, raise sheep, beef, dairy cattle, and reddeer. Surprisingly, the country has 25 times morefarm animals than people! New Zealand’s soil,more fertile than that of Australia, allows farmersto grow wheat, barley, potatoes, and fruits. One ofNew Zealand’s most distinctive fruits is thekiwifruit, a small, green-fleshed fruit named for itsresemblance to the kiwi, the flightless bird that isthe country’s national symbol.
Throughout Oceania, the lack ofarable soil limits commercial agricul-ture. As a result, most island farmerspractice subsistence farming. Theygrow starchy roots and tubers—taro,cassava, and sweet potatoes—and raisepigs and chickens. Fishing adds to thediet of many South Pacific peoples.
Some South Pacific islands, how-ever, have areas of rich soil—often volcanic—and ample rainfall. Theseislands produce a variety of crops,such as tropical fruits, sugarcane, cof-fee, and coconut products, for export.The major South Pacific cash crop, pro-duced widely in the region, is copra(KOH•pruh), or dried coconut meat.Among the island countries thatexport are Fiji, a producer of sugar-cane, copra, and ginger, and PapuaNew Guinea, a supplier of coffee,copra, and cacao.
Mining and ManufacturingA variety of mineral deposits exist in some parts
of the South Pacific region. Australia is a leadingexporter of diamonds, gold, bauxite, opals, and ironore. Extracting these minerals, however, is ham-pered by high transportation costs inside and out-side the country. In addition, public debate aboutAboriginal land rights limits where mining canoccur. For example, Australia has the world’s largestundeveloped supply of uranium ore, but much of itlies within ancestral lands sacred to the Aborigines.
With some exceptions, few significant mineralresources are found in other areas of the SouthPacific region. New Zealand has a large aluminumsmelting industry, and Papua New Guinea’s richdeposits of gold and copper have only recently beenexploited. Kiribati and Nauru, once dependent onphosphate mining, now face dwindling supplies.They are now encouraging foreign investment andseeking aid to develop new economic activities.
Government
Mining in AntarcticaAntarctica holds enormous untapped mineral
resources, including petroleum, gold, iron ore, andcoal. Scientists have used core sampling—drillingcylindrical sections through the Antarctic ice cap—to
Cattle StationA rancher rounds up cattle on a station in southern Australia.
Place Why are Australian ranches so large?
identify the presence of these and other key min-erals. Although seven countries have made territo-rial claims to Antarctica, the voluntary 1991Protocol on Environmental Protection, signed by44 nations, prohibits mining on the continent.
ManufacturingAustralia and New Zealand are the South Pacific
region’s major producers of manufactured goods.Because agriculture is important in these twocountries, food processing is their most importantmanufacturing activity. Relatively isolated geo-graphically, Australia and New Zealand mustimport costly machinery and raw materials inorder to set up major manufacturing industriescapable of producing exports. As a result, indus-tries in the two countries generally manufactureproducts for home consumption. Goods that cannotbe produced domestically are imported.
The rest of the South Pacific region is less indus-trially developed than Australia and NewZealand. Manufacturing in the islands of Oceaniais limited to small-scale enterprises, such as textileproduction, clothing assembly, and mass produc-tion of craft items.
Service IndustriesThroughout Australia and Oceania, service indus-
tries have emerged as major contributors to nationaleconomies. As in other developed countries, mostpeople in Australia and New Zealand make theirliving in service industries. In Oceania few coun-tries are large enough to support extensive serviceindustries other than tourism. Nauru, however, has begun to attract international banking andinvestment companies as a way of ending itstraditional dependence on phosphate mining.
Davis(Australia)
Casey(Australia)
Dumont d'Urville(France)
Mirnyy(Russia)Vostok
(Russia)
Amundsen-Scott(U.S.)
Palmer(U.S.)
Halley(U.K.)
Mawson(Australia)
Syowa(Japan)
Maitri(India)
Sanae(S. Africa)
Belgrano II(Argentina)
Gen. BernardoO'Higgins (Chile)
atlanticocean
pacificocean
indianocean
120°W
40°W
20°W 20°E
60°E
80°E
120°E
100°E
40°E
140°E
180°160°E160°W
140°W
100°W
80°W
0°
80
°S
70
°S
50
°S
40
°S
30
°SSouthPoleTR
OPIC
OF
CA
PRIC
OR
N
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE
RossSea
Weddell Sea
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
1,000
1,0000
0
mi.
km
Orcadas(Argentina)
Scott (N.Z.)McMurdo (U.S.)
MAP STUDY
Antarctica: National Claims and Research Stations
2. Applying Geography Skills How does themap show international cooperation in Antarctica?
Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
ChileArgentinaUnited KingdomNorwayAustraliaFranceNew ZealandMajor research station
Antarctic Land Claims
1. Interpreting Maps What countries hold over-lapping claims in Antarctica?
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
836 U n i t 1 1
TourismIn recent decades the expansion of air travel
has boosted tourism in Australia and Oceania.Each year thousands of tourists visit the region.Among the South Pacific region’s attractions areits indigenous cultures, unique wildlife, and con-trasting physical features—rock formations,tropical rain forests, geysers, mountain glaciers,sandy beaches, and coral reefs.
History
World War II in the PacificToday several countries in Oceania are promot-
ing World War II battle sites on or near SouthPacific islands as tourist destinations. Just as his-tory buffs in the United States visit Civil War bat-tlefields, people from the countries involved arenow visiting World War II battle sites. For devel-oping South Pacific countries, such as Vanuatu, theMarshall Islands, the Solomon Islands, and theFederated States of Micronesia, tourism provides amuch-needed source of income.
Global Trade LinksIn recent decades, improved transportation and
communications links have increased trade betweenthe once remote South Pacific region and other partsof the world. The South Pacific’s agricultural andmining products are its greatest sources of exportincome. Countries in Oceania export copra, timberand wood products, fish, vegetables, and handi-crafts. The spices of the vast South Pacific regionare now found in kitchens around the world. Forexample, the islands of Micronesia are a majorsource of black pepper, and Tonga exports gingerand the costly vanilla beans used to flavor icecream and baked goods. A number of SouthPacific countries, however, must import food tosupplement the subsistence crops.
During most of the 1900s, Australia and NewZealand traded exclusively with the United Kingdom and the United States. In recent years, how-ever, these South Pacific countries have increasedtrade with their neighboring Asian countries ofJapan, Taiwan, and China. In 1971 various islandcountries of Oceania set up the South Pacific Forum,an organization that promotes trade and economicgrowth. Because of few natural resources, someSouth Pacific islands are dependent to some degreeon outside investment or foreign aid.
Transportation andCommunications
Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica contain thou-sands of miles of coastland, barren desert, andsolid ice. Physical barriers and long distances chal-lenge travelers in the region.
Land TravelAustralia and New Zealand have the most
developed road and rail systems in the region. Incoastal areas of these countries, highways are wellmaintained, and subways provide public trans-portation in urban areas. Few roads, however, arefound in the isolated Australian outback.
In Oceania many island countries are too small,too poor, or too rugged to have well-developedroad or rail systems. Some governments, however,are improving the roads and bridges necessary for economic growth. Antarctica lacks permanentsettlements and has no roads or rail systems.
Battle Site Guadalcanal, one of the SolomonIslands, was the site of heavy fighting between theUnited States and Japan during World War II.
Place How do World War II battle sites benefit Pacificcountries today?
Checking for Understanding1. Define station, grazier, copra.
2. Main Ideas On a table like theone below, fill in details aboutthe key agricultural and miningproducts of countries in thisregion. Then describe the role theregion plays in world trade.
Critical Thinking3. Identifying Cause and Effect How
does importing more manufac-tured goods than it exports affecta country’s economy?
4. Predicting Consequences Whatmight be the consequences ofopening Antarctica to mining?
5. Drawing Conclusions Why areAustralia and Oceania tradingmore with East Asia and South-east Asia than with the West?
Analyzing Maps6. Place Study the map on page 835.
Which Latin American countrieshold claims in Antarctica? Whichhave research stations there?
Agricultural MiningCountry Products Products
7. Economic Activities Create a table that shows majoreconomic activities for sixcountries in the region. Thenexplain why the economies of some countries focus onone major product.
Applying Geography
Air and Water Travel Long distances, harsh climates, or obstacles to land
travel make air and water travel important to theregion. Cargo ships and planes move imports andexports to and from far-flung Pacific territories. Com-mercial airlines and cruise ships bring travelers.
Water and air also provide important means ofpersonal transportation. Pacific islanders beganusing outrigger canoes thousands of years ago, andmany of Oceania’s travelers continue to use boatstoday. Sailboats and motorized boats are common,and ferries link New Zealand’s two major islands.Icebreakers—ships with reinforced bows—carrypeople and supplies to Antarctica as do smallplanes and helicopters, although winter blizzardsoften make transportation of any kind impossible.Severe winters isolate Antarctica:
“ Along about February the annual exo-dus [from the research stations] beginsin earnest. Once the cold season takeshold, planes stop making regular flightsto inland stations, and the ice layerspreads out to sea, making access by shipnearly impossible. Only a few hundredresidents stay through the winter.”Michael D. Lemonick, “McMurdoStation,” Time, January 15, 1990
C h a p t e r 3 4 837
Planes also provide transportation betweenislands in the South Pacific. In Australia’s outbackalmost every station or farm has at least one plane.Ranchers often use helicopters to herd cattle overthousands of acres of rough terrain.
CommunicationsIn the South Pacific area, the same geographic
obstacles that hinder land travel also make com-munications difficult. The development of moderntechnology, however, has helped increase contactswithin Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica andwith the rest of the world. In the Australian out-back, some cattle stations are large enough to maintain their own post offices and telephoneexchanges. Others use two-way radios to commu-nicate. Emerging technologies, such as cellular, dig-ital, and satellite communications and the Internet,are becoming common in developed areas. A con-tinuing challenge is to provide developing Pacificcountries with access to these technologies.
Student Web Activity Visit the Glencoe WorldGeography Web site at geography.glencoe.com and click on Student Web Activities—Chapter 34 for an activity about research in Antarctica.
http://geography.glencoe.com
Guide to ReadingConsider What You KnowAustralia’s remarkable wildlife is recognizable around the world.What animals and plants unique to Australia can you name?
Reading StrategyTaking Notes Use the major headingsof the section to create an outlinesimilar to the one below.
Read to Find Out• Why do Australia, Oceania, and
Antarctica face many environ-mental challenges?
• What effects did nuclear testinghave on the region?
• Why are the thinning of the ozonelayer and global warming specialchallenges for this region?
Terms to Know• marsupial
• introduced species
• food web
• ozone layer
• El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)
• diatom
Places to Locate• Tasmania
• Murray-Darling River Basin
• Great Barrier Reef
838 U n i t 1 1
People and TheirEnvironment
A Geographic ViewFrom Leafy Grove to Salty SwampBehind us a forest of dead eucalyptustrees stood in a salty swamp, a grave-yard of skeletons with gray arms raisedin good-bye. . . . Once a leafy grove inWestern Australia, this salt lake rosefrom the ground when nearby wood-lands were cleared for farms. Thirstytrees had absorbed rainwater andkept the water table from rising, butwhen they were cut, the water sur-faced and brought salt with it. Theresult: saline ponds and dead fields.
—Michael Parfit, “Australia: A Harsh Awakening,” National Geographic, July 2000
Beneath much of Australia’s land surface thereis a layer of salty subsoil or salty groundwater. Salts are carried to thesurface as the water slowly evaporates. Scientists believe that 40 per-cent of Western Australia’s productive wheat belt could be lost tosalty swamps in the next fifty years. Today Australia, like other coun-tries, is experiencing the environmental consequences of humanactivity. In this section you will learn about environmental challengesin Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica as well as the efforts under wayto remedy environmental damage.
Managing ResourcesAustralia, Oceania, and Antarctica hold some of the planet’s richest
and most diverse natural resources. Unfortunately, these resourceshave not always been well managed, and today the region facesmany environmental issues. Conservation efforts, however, are
Salty swamp, Australia
I. Managing ResourcesA.B.C.
II. Atmosphere and Climate
C h a p t e r 3 4 839
gaining recognition in the region. Environmentalissues concern voters and government leadersalike in Australia, New Zealand, and other SouthPacific islands.
Australia’s Unusual AnimalsThe continent of Australia, separated for so long
from other landmasses, is home to many uniqueanimal species. Kangaroos, koalas, and wal-labies are just some of Australia’s 144 speciesof marsupials—mammals whose young mustmature in a pouch after they are born. The Aus-tralian island of Tasmania gave its name to theTasmanian devil, a powerful meat-eating marsu-pial about the size of a badger. Australia’sstrangest wildlife may be the duck-billed platypusand the echidna, a spiny anteater—the only mam-mals in the world that lay eggs.
Australia’s unusual wildlife species, however,have been seriously threatened by the humanintroduction of various nonnative animals. Theseintroduced species include the hunting dogs calleddingoes brought from Asia by migrating Aborig-ines. Sheep, cattle, foxes, cats, and rabbits were alsobrought by European settlers. In the absence of nat-ural predators, these animals have multiplied andtaken over the habitats of Australia’s native species.Some of Australia’s native species have becomeextinct, and at least 16 kinds of marsupials are nowendangered. Efforts to restore Australia’s ecologicalbalance include the use of electric fencing to keepout nonnative animals, hunting and trapping pro-grams, the introduction of natural predators, andthe creation of native wildlife reserves.
Forest, Soil, and WaterThe protection of forest, soil, and freshwater
resources is a major concern throughout the SouthPacific region. In Australia many sparse woodlandshave been cleared for farms and grazing lands, leav-ing little protection against wind erosion. As in otherparts of the world, soil conservation in the region isclosely linked to reducing deforestation. Countrieswith valuable timber resources, such as NewZealand, Papua New Guinea, and Vanuatu, aredeveloping plans to use forest resources withoutdamaging the environment.
Drought, salt, irrigation, and agricultural runoffthreaten Australia’s freshwater sources. In the fertile
Murray-Darling River Basin, one of the world’slargest drainage basins, the use of water for agricul-ture and growing city populations has dramaticallyreduced the rivers’ flow.
Oceania also faces challenges in managing itsfreshwater resources. Many small coral atolls andvolcanic islands hold only limited supplies of fresh-water. Agricultural runoff and inadequate sanita-tion cause pollution that further threatens thesesupplies. The lack of clean drinking water keepsthe standard of living low and poses barriers toeconomic growth in some countries of Oceania.
Wildlife The kangaroo and the Tasmanian devil(inset) are uniquely Australian mammals.
Place Why does Australia have such a variety of unusual animal species?
840 U n i t 1 1
Improvement will come with bettermanagement of runoff, constructionof additional sanitation facilities,and development of less expensiveways of removing salt from ocean water.
Agricultural runoff, chemical fertilizers, andorganic waste also threaten oceans in the SouthPacific region. Toxic waste in particular endangersAustralia’s Great Barrier Reef and other Pacificcoral reefs. Coral environments are increasinglystressed by tourists, boaters, and divers as well asoil-shale mining.
Pollution also affects all kinds of marine life,including the tiny organisms that make up coralreefs. Algae—on which these organisms thrive—and plankton are key parts of the ocean’s foodweb, the interlinking chains of predators and theirfood sources in an ecosystem. As these tiny livingthings are destroyed, the larger plants and animalsthat rely on them for food also die off.
History
The Nuclear LegacyThe testing of nuclear weapons has had major
effects on the region’s environment. In the late 1940sand 1950s, the United States and other countrieswith nuclear capability carried out abovegroundtesting of nuclear weapons in the South Pacific. Thedangers of such testing were gravely underestimated
at the time. In 1954 the United States exploded anuclear device on Bikini Atoll, in the MarshallIslands. The people of Bikini Atoll had been movedto safety, but those living on Rongelap Atoll, down-wind of the explosion, were exposed to massivedoses of radiation that resulted in deaths, illnesses,and genetic abnormalities.
Although the American testing was stopped, theeffects of radiation exposure and environmentaldamage have continued through several genera-tions. Today the atolls affected by the testing remainoff-limits to human settlement. Recent studies, how-ever, offer hopeful signs of eventual environmentalrecovery. In the 1990s the United States governmentprovided $90 million to help decontaminate BikiniAtoll and set up a $45 million trust fund for blastsurvivors and their offspring from Rongelap Atoll.
The nuclear legacy also has had political effects.Antinuclear activism is a major factor in regionalpolitics. In 1986 New Zealand banned nuclear-powered ships and those with nuclear weaponsfrom entering its waters. Because of this ban, theUnited States withdrew from a defense agreementwith New Zealand. In the mid-1990s, French plansto conduct nuclear tests on an atoll in French
Great Barrier ReefThe Great Barrier Reef (left) in Australia is home to hundreds ofspecies of coral-forming organisms (right).
Human-Environment Interaction What human activitiesthreaten the Great Barrier Reef?
Checking for Understanding1. Define marsupial, introduced
species, food web, ozone layer, El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO), diatom.
2. Main Ideas On a chart like the onebelow, list resources and examplesof their mismanagement in theregion. Also list possible solutions.
Critical Thinking3. Comparing and Contrasting
How are countries of the regionsimilar and different in the chal-lenges they face concerning waterresources?
4. Decision Making Do you agree or disagree with New Zealand’snuclear ban? Explain your reasons.
5. Problem Solving What steps wouldyou take to increase awarenessabout the risks of global warming?Explain.
Analyzing Maps6. Location Study the physical-
political map on page 796. Whichcountries are at the greatest riskfrom rising ocean levels as a resultof continued global warming?
7. Effects of Mining Study themap on page 787. Comparea mineral-rich area shownon the map to a mineral-rich area in another region.Explain the effects of min-ing on both environments.
Applying Geography
Polynesia aroused antinuclear demonstrations. Theinternational outcry led to an early halt to the tests.
Atmosphere and ClimateLike other world regions, Australia, Oceania, and
Antarctica are threatened by global atmosphericand climate changes. In the 1970s scientists founda hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica:
“ The mysterious stuff called ozone, which until then was known to the pub-lic chiefly as an . . . element of smog inovercrowded cities, was being destroyed in the stratosphere by chemicals madeand released in the 20th century byhumans. . . . The hole was real ; the ozone had dropped by 50 percent. . . .”Samuel W. Matthews, “Is OurWorld Warming?” National
Geographic, October 1990
The ozone layer’s protective gases prevent harm-ful solar rays from reaching the earth’s surface. Theozone hole over Antarctica grew dramaticallybetween 1975 and 1993, when it covered more than9 million square miles (23 million sq. km). In 1989 asimilar ozone hole developed over the Arctic.
The loss of protective ozone may be behind theglobal rise in the rates of skin cancer and cataracts,conditions caused by overexposure to the sun’sultraviolet rays. Increased solar radiation thatreaches the earth through ozone holes may alsocontribute to global warming, the gradual rise inEarth’s temperatures over the last century.
Climate and weather in the South Pacific region arehighly sensitive to changes in the El Niño weatherpattern called El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).This seasonal weather event can cause droughts inAustralia and powerful cyclonic storms in the SouthPacific. These ENSO-related weather patterns arebelieved to be increasing in frequency and severityand may also be linked to global warming.
Some scientists claim that continued rises inEarth’s temperatures could be devastating. If polarice caps were to melt and thermal expansion ofocean waters occurred, many of Oceania’s islandswould be flooded by rising ocean levels. Risingocean temperatures also affect certain types ofplankton and algae that grow in warm waters,causing overgrowth and the choking out of otherlife-forms. Diatoms—plankton that flourish in coldocean waters—would die if temperatures rose,affecting life-forms that feed on them. Scientists inthe region, especially in Antarctica, are studyingglobal warming and are hoping to discover causes,predict consequences, and provide solutions.
C h a p t e r 3 4 841
Example of PossibleResource Mismanagement Solution
Is GlobalWarmingat Fault ?
Viewpoint
During the last century, Earth’saverage surface temperaturecrept steadily higher—a phenomenon called globalwarming. In the past fewdecades, vast expanses ofAntarctic ice have startedbreaking up and large chunkshave floated out to sea.Researchers speculate that ifthe huge West Antarctic icesheet collapses and melts, sealevels could rise dramatically,causing flooding in coastalregions around the world. Isglobal warming responsible forAntarctica’s melting ice?
CASE STUDY on the Environment
ANTARCTICAWEST
ANTARCTICA
Ross Ice Shelf
Ice shelf
Antarctica’s Melting Ice:Antarctica’s Melting Ice:
Is GlobalWarmingat Fault ?
842 U n i t 1 1
In March 2000 an icebergtwice the size of Delawarebroke free from Antarctica’sRoss Ice Shelf, part of the
West Antarctic ice sheet. Onthe other side of the conti-nent, an entire ice shelf disinte-grated in 1995. Why is thishappening? Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth.Nevertheless, the continent is a little warmer than it used tobe. The average temperature in parts of West Antarctica hasincreased by almost 5°F (3°C)in the last 50 years. During the1900s, the average temperatureworldwide rose by 1°F (.5°C).
Most scientists believe thatrising global temperatures arepartly due to an increasedamount of carbon dioxide(CO2) in the atmosphere.Much of the carbon dioxide is caused by human activitiessuch as burning gasoline, coal,and other fossil fuels. In theatmosphere, carbon dioxide isa powerful heat absorber, trap-ping heat that radiates fromthe sun-warmed ground. Thetrapped heat leads to globalwarming.
As globaltemperaturesrise, ocean waterswarm and thenexpand, and ice inplaces such asAntarctica begins tomelt.The seas startcreeping higher ontothe edges of the con-tinents. Sea levels in someparts of the world are alreadyalmost a foot (30 cm) higherthan they were a century ago.However, this increase is trivialcompared with the rise thatcould occur if the vast WestAntarctic ice sheet melts. If thishappens, sea levels could riseby 13 to 20 feet (4 to 6 m).Coastal communities world-wide would be flooded. Low-lying islands, such as Tuvaluand Kiribati in the Pacific,would disappear underwater.
Recent studies, however,indicate that the West Antarcticice sheet has been receding foralmost 8,000 years. Scientistshave also uncovered evidencethat the ice sheet may havecollapsed about 400,000 yearsago, before the last ice age.These findings have sparked a controversy.
Some scientists think thatchanges taking place in
Antarctic ice are part of a natu-ral cycle that has nothing to dowith recent global warming.They point out that the WestAntarctic ice sheet beganshrinking before people startedburning large amounts of fossilfuels and adding carbon diox-ide to the atmosphere.
Other scientists think thatrecent changes in Antarctic icesheets are a direct result ofhuman-caused global warming.While these scientists admitthere might be a natural cycleat work in Antarctica, theyargue that global warming isspeeding up that cycle.
Cars spew carbon dioxide into the air, contributing to globalwarming.
Tavaerua Island (below) could disappear if sea level rises. Scientists(right) study Antarctic ice cores forclues to a changing climate. ▼
What’s Your Point of View?Experts predict it will take 500 to700 years for the West Antarcticice sheet to melt completely, nomatter what the cause. Shouldpeople today care about thisissue? Why or why not?
▼
Learning the SkillWhether a problem is simple
or complex, local or global, thesame problem-solving steps canbe applied. You can practicethese steps in your everyday life,just as governments and organi-zations do when addressingmajor conflicts.
Here are the steps involved inproblem solving:
• Identify the problem. Stateclearly the issue at hand andthe reasons the problem mustbe solved.
• Brainstorm possible solutionsto the problem. Be open-minded and creative. Takenotes on all the possibilitiessuggested.
• Evaluate the proposed solu-tions. Evaluate each proposedsolution by listing its advan-tages and disadvantages and anticipating its possibleconsequences.
• Choose and implement thebest solution. Choose thebest possibility, understand-ing that it may have somedrawbacks. Put your solutioninto practice.
• At a later time, review thesuccess of the solution. Ifimplementing your solutionhas not improved the situa-tion or has resulted in furtherproblems, begin the processagain.
Problem SolvingIndividuals and groups often face problems that require criticalthinking to solve. Identifying problems and evaluating possiblesolutions are important skills used by individual citizens, localand national governments, and world organizations.
844 U n i t 1 1
Work in a small group to find anenvironmental issue facing yourcommunity. As a group, apply thesteps for problem solving to theissue you have chosen. Prepare awritten report of your results. Ifpossible, share your proposed solu-tion with community authorities.
The Glencoe Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook,
Level 2 provides instruction andpractice in key social studies skills.
Environmentalists say the Great Barrier Reef will be under threat if
the
Australian government allows oil explorations in the area. After ye
ars of
controversy, the government has started testing ways of tapping oil r
eserves
around one of the world’s most spectacular sites. Experts say there is
more
oil to be tapped in the reef ’s coastal rock next to the coral than has e
ver been
found on the entire American continent.
Environmentalists say the processes involved could destroy the delicat
e
coral. . . . “To do that [extract the oil] requires a lot of energy and th
e oil you get
is very carbon intensive, making the whole process a very dirty kind o
f mining.”
More than one million people visit the reef each year but oil pollu
tion
has the potential to ruin the tourist industry. . . . [The governme
nt] says the
country cannot afford to ignore the reef ’s precious resources. . . . [S
]uch is the
sensitivity of the issue, the authorities have only given the go-ahe
ad for one
pilot area to be exploited for oil.
—“World: Asia-Pacific Oil Threat to Great Barrier Reef,”
BBC News (online), September 25, 1998
Practicing the SkillRead the excerpt above. Then
use what you know about prob-lem solving to answer thesequestions.
1. What is the problem?
2. What are the positions ofenvironmental groups andthe Australian governmentregarding the problem?
3. What are some possible solu-tions to the problem?
4. How has Australia tried tosolve the problem?
5. How can the success of thesolution be evaluated?
C h a p t e r 3 4 845
SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
Key Points• Agriculture is the most important economic
activity in the region, although mining is donein Australia and some island countries.
• Manufacturing in Australia and New Zealandcenters on food processing, and the rest of the region engages in small-scale production of clothing and crafts.
• The importance of service industries, particu-larly tourism, is increasing in the economies ofthe region.
• Transportation and communications technolo-gies, such as air travel, satellite communica-tions, and the Internet, are helping people inthe region to overcome geographic obstacles.
Organizing Your NotesCreate an outline using the for-mat below to help you organizeyour notes for this section.
Terms to Know• station• grazier• copra
SECTION 1 Living in Australia, Oceania,and Antarctica (pp. 833–837)
Terms to Know• marsupial• introduced species• food web• ozone layer• El Niño-Southern
Oscillation (ENSO)• diatom
Key Points• Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica have many
natural resources, but the region’s environmentis threatened by human activity.
• Governments and individuals in the region arefocusing on balanced management of waterresources, forest, land, and wildlife.
• Nuclear testing conducted in Oceania duringthe 1940s and 1950s has had a lasting impacton people and the environment.
• Scientists are studying global warming and thethinning ozone layer to prevent potential risks.
Organizing Your NotesCreate a web diagram like the one below to help organizethe notes you took for this sec-tion. Add other key ideas to theweb, and draw lines to showconnections between ideas.
SECTION 2 People and Their Environment (pp. 838–841)
Environmental Concerns
ENSO ozone hole
climate changedeforestation
I. AgricultureII. Mining and Manufacturing
A. Mining in Antarctica1.2.
Living in the South Pacific
C h a p t e r 3 4 845
Thermal spring, Rotorua,New Zealand
Critical Thinking1. Finding and Summarizing the Main
Idea What are three critical challenges toagriculture in Australia?
2. Identifying Cause and Effect In whatways could mining operations in Antarctica
interfere with scientific research programs
there?
3. Problem Solving Use a graphic organizerlike the one below to describe three steps
that countries in Oceania might take to
reduce the impact of tourism on coral reefs.
Reviewing Key TermsWrite the key term that best completes each of the
following sentences. Refer to the Terms to Know in
the Summary & Study Guide on page 845.
1. Ranchers on an Australian __________ willsometimes build fences to keep out ________.
2. The kangaroo, one type of __________, isnative to Australia.
3. __________ are part of the __________ of largerlife-forms.
4. Disruptions to weather patterns in the SouthPacific caused by __________ may be increasing.
5. A New Zealand __________ makesa living by raising sheep, beef cat-
tle, and dairy cattle.
6. Many countries in Oceania export__________.
7. Scientists discovered a reductionin the __________ in the 1970s.
Reviewing FactsSECTION 1
1. How does the importance of agri-culture, mining, and manufactur-
ing vary among South Pacific
countries?
2. What service industries are devel-oping in Australia and Oceania?
3. How have changes in trans-portation and communications
affected the location and pat-
terns of economic activities in
the South Pacific region?
SECTION 24. What are the major threats to the
region’s wildlife, forests, soil, and
water?
5. What have been the effects ofnuclear testing in Oceania?
6. What effects in the South Pacifichave occurred because of atmos-
pheric and climatic changes?
Locating PlacesAntarctica: Physical Geography
Match the letters on the map with the physical features of Antarctica.
Write your answers on a sheet of paper.
1. Weddell Sea2. Antarctic Circle3. South Pole
4. Ross Sea5. Antarctic
Peninsula
6. TransantarcticMountains
60°W
40°W
0°W 20
40°E
80°E
60°E
80°W
100°W
120°W
160°
W
140°
W
140°E160°E
120°E
100°E
180°
70°S
60°S
80°S
A
D
F
E
B
C
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection1,000
1,0000 mi.
0 km
ASSESSMENT & ACTIVITIES
846 U n i t 1 1
Reduce tourist impact
C h a p t e r X 847
Look for the best answer choice forthe question. The best answer choiceis the one that offers the most correct
information in response to the question.
Using the Regional AtlasRefer to the Regional Atlas on pages 784–787.
1. Location Where are most of the zincdeposits in the region?
2. Human-Environment Interaction Whichphysical features in the region are vulnera-ble to environmental damage from miningactivities?
Thinking Like a GeographerUsing what you know about the physical geogra-phy of Oceania’s islands, write a paragraph sug-gesting three ways these islands might addresstheir lack of clean freshwater.
Problem-Solving ActivityGroup Research Project With a small groupof classmates, research one of the introducedspecies in Australia. Investigate the origins ofthe problem it has created, its effects on theenvironment, and suggested solutions. Brain-storm additional solutions, and evaluate eachproposal. Prepare a report to the class on thesolution you think is best.
GeoJournalDescriptive Writing Using your GeoJournaldata, select a human activity from each of the fol-lowing areas: Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica.Then write a descriptive paragraph that com-pares how each of these activities has modifiedthe physical environment.
Technology ActivityUsing the Internet for Research Use
the Internet to find information about globalwarming. List the sources you find on the Internet,and compare the different viewpoints on the issueof global warming. Then choose one solution thatyou support, and write an argument for adoptingthat solution.
C h a p t e r 3 4 847
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Read the selection below. Then choose the bestanswer for the following multiple-choice question. If you have trouble answering thequestion, use the process of elimination to narrow your choices.
Standardized Test Practice
Rabbits are one of the more destructive wild animals that have been introduced intoAustralia. They damage the environment andreduce agricultural production. They competewith native wildlife for food and shelter,which reduces the populations of manynative plants and animals. Because rabbitseat seedlings, there are fewer young plants toreplace those that die naturally. Rabbits alsocompete with livestock for the same plants,eating them to below ground level. This lossof plant cover results in soil erosion.
1. Based on the information in the paragraph, how do rabbits reduce agricultural production?
A They live in wheat-growing regions and eat the wheat seedlings.
B They compete with native wildlife for food.C Dead plants are not replaced by enough
new plants to prevent soil erosion.D They eat the plants that provide food
for livestock and cause soil erosion by eliminating plant cover.
Self-Check Quiz Visit the Glencoe WorldGeography Web site at geography.glencoe.comand click on Self-Check Quizzes—Chapter 34 toprepare for the Chapter Test.
http://geography.glencoe.com
Glencoe World GeographyTable of ContentsGeography Skills for LifeReading for InformationNational Geographic Reference AtlasWorld: PhysicalWorld: PoliticalUnited States: PhysicalUnited States: PoliticalCanada: Physical/PoliticalMiddle America: Physical/PoliticalNorth America: PhysicalNorth America: PoliticalSouth America: PhysicalSouth America: PoliticalAfrica: PhysicalAfrica: PoliticalEurope: PhysicalEurope: PoliticalAsia: PhysicalAsia: PoliticalOceania: Physical/PoliticalPacific Rim: Physical/PoliticalOcean FloorWorld Land UseWorld Gross Domestic Product CartogramWorld Population CartogramArctic Ocean: PhysicalAntarctica: Physical
National Geographic Geography Skills HandbookThinking Like a GeographerFrom Globes to MapsCommon Map ProjectionsReading a MapTypes of MapsGraphs, Charts, and DiagramsGeographic Dictionary
Unit 1: The WorldChapter 1: How Geographers Look at the WorldSection 1: Exploring GeographySection 2: The Geographer's CraftChapter 1 Summary & Study GuideChapter 1 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 2: The EarthSection 1: Planet EarthSection 2: Forces of ChangeNational Geographic Viewpoint: A Global Concern: Invasive SpeciesSection 3: Earth's WaterChapter 2 Summary & Study GuideChapter 2 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 3: Climates of the EarthSection 1: Earth-Sun RelationshipsSection 2: Factors Affecting ClimateSection 3: World Climate PatternsChapter 3 Summary & Study GuideChapter 3 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 4: The Human WorldSection 1: World PopulationSection 2: Global CulturesSection 3: Political and Economic SystemsSection 4: Resources, Trade, and the EnvironmentChapter 4 Summary & Study GuideChapter 4 Assessment & Activities
Unit 2: The United States and CanadaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes the United States and Canada a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Ice Hockey!
Chapter 5: The Physical Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 5 Summary & Study GuideChapter 5 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 6: The Cultural Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: Population PatternsNational Geographic Geography and History: Give-and-Take Across the BorderSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 6 Summary & Study GuideChapter 6 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 7: The United States and Canada TodaySection 1: Living in the United States and CanadaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: United States's Wetlands: Under SiegeChapter 7 Summary & Study GuideChapter 7 Assessment & Activities
Unit 3: Latin AmericaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Latin America a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Food Crops
Chapter 8: The Physical Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 8 Summary & Study GuideChapter 8 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 9: The Cultural Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: Population PatternsNational Geographic Geography and History: Passage Through PanamaSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 9 Summary & Study GuideChapter 9 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 10: Latin America TodaySection 1: Living in Latin AmericaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Brazil's Rain Forests: Biodiversity at RiskChapter 10 Summary & Study GuideChapter 10 Assessment & Activities
Unit 4: EuropeNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Europe a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Architecture
Chapter 11: The Physical Geography of EuropeSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 11 Summary & Study GuideChapter 11 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 12: The Cultural Geography of EuropeSection 1: Population PatternsNational Geographic Geography and History: Yugoslavia: Then and NowSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 12 Summary & Study GuideChapter 12 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 13: Europe TodaySection 1: Living in EuropeSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Germany's Forests: In the Path of Acid RainChapter 13 Summary & Study GuideChapter 13 Assessment & Activities
Unit 5: RussiaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Russia a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Nutcracker
Chapter 14: The Physical Geography of RussiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 14 Summary & Study GuideChapter 14 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 15: The Cultural Geography of RussiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentNational Geographic Geography and History: Russia's Iron RoadSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 15 Summary & Study GuideChapter 15 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 16: Russia TodaySection 1: Living in RussiaNational Geographic Viewpoint: Russia's Supertrawlers: Factories at SeaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentChapter 16 Summary & Study GuideChapter 16 Assessment & Activities
Unit 6: North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Religions
Chapter 17: The Physical Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 17 Summary & Study GuideChapter 17 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 18: The Cultural Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsNational Geographic Geography and History: Black Gold in the Persian GulfSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 18 Summary & Study GuideChapter 18 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 19: North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia TodaySection 1: Living in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Turkey's Atatürk Dam: Diverting a River's FlowChapter 19 Summary & Study GuideChapter 19 Assessment & Activities
Unit 7: Africa South of the SaharaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Africa South of the Sahara a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Roots of Jazz
Chapter 20: The Physical Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 20 Summary & Study GuideChapter 20 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 21: The Cultural Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesNational Geographic Geography and History: Conflict in Central Africa: Hutu versus TutsiChapter 21 Summary & Study GuideChapter 21 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 22: Africa South of the Sahara TodaySection 1: Living in Africa South of the SaharaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Southern Africa's Dilemma: Renew the Ivory Trade?Chapter 22 Summary & Study GuideChapter 22 Assessment & Activities
Unit 8: South AsiaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes South Asia a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Textiles
Chapter 23: The Physical Geography of South AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 23 Summary & Study GuideChapter 23 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 24: The Cultural Geography of South AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentNational Geographic Geography and History: Mountain Madness: Struggle for KashmirSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 24 Summary & Study GuideChapter 24 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 25: South Asia TodaySection 1: Living in South AsiaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: India's Green Revolution: Success or Failure?Chapter 25 Summary & Study GuideChapter 25 Assessment & Activities
Unit 9: East AsiaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes East Asia a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Electronics
Chapter 26: The Physical Geography of East AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 26 Summary & Study GuideChapter 26 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 27: The Cultural Geography of East AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsNational Geographic Geography and History: A Tale of Two ChinasSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 27 Summary & Study GuideChapter 27 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 28: East Asia TodaySection 1: Living in East AsiaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: China's Three Gorges: Before the FloodChapter 28 Summary & Study GuideChapter 28 Assessment & Activities
Unit 10: Southeast AsiaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Southeast Asia a Region?Country ProfilesGlobal Connection: Cuisine
Chapter 29: The Physical Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 29 Summary & Study GuideChapter 29 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 30: The Cultural Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentNational Geographic Geography and History: The Long War: America in VietnamSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 30 Summary & Study GuideChapter 30 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 31: Southeast Asia TodaySection 1: Living in Southeast AsiaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Southeast Asia's Reefs: Coral in PerilChapter 31 Summary & Study GuideChapter 31 Assessment & Activities
Unit 11: Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaNational Geographic: Regional AtlasWhat Makes Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica a Region?Country ProfileGlobal Connection: Eucalyptus
Chapter 32: The Physical Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and VegetationChapter 32 Summary & Study GuideChapter 32 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 33: The Cultural Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentNational Geographic Geography and History: Journey to the Bottom of the WorldSection 3: Cultures and LifestylesChapter 33 Summary & Study GuideChapter 33 Assessment & Activities
Chapter 34: Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica TodaySection 1: Living in Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 2: People and Their EnvironmentNational Geographic Viewpoint: Antarctica's Melting Ice: Is Global Warming at Fault?Chapter 34 Summary & Study GuideChapter 34 Assessment & Activities
AppendixHonoring AmericaGlossaryGazetteerSpanish GlossaryIndexAcknowledgments
Feature ContentsNational Geographic Global ConnectionNational Geographic Geography and HistoryNational Geographic Viewpoint: Case Study on the EnvironmentSkillBuilderMap & Graph SkillBuilderCritical Thinking SkillBuilderTechnology SkillBuilderStudy & Writing SkillBuilder
Geography Lab ActivitiesWorld CultureMapsGraphs, Charts, and DiagramsPrimary Sources
Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: How Geographers Look at the WorldSection 1: Exploring GeographySection 2: The Geographer's Craft
Chapter 2: The EarthSection 1: Planet EarthSection 2: Forces of ChangeSection 3: Earth's Water
Chapter 3: Climates of the EarthSection 1: Earth-Sun RelationshipsSection 2: Factors Affecting ClimateSection 3: World Climate Patterns
Chapter 4: The Human WorldSection 1: World PopulationSection 2: Global CulturesSection 3: Political and Economic SystemsSection 4: Resources, Trade, and the Environment
Chapter 5: The Physical Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 6: The Cultural Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 7: The United States and Canada TodaySection 1: Living in the United States and CanadaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 8: The Physical Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 9: The Cultural Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 10: Latin America TodaySection 1: Living in Latin AmericaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 11: The Physical Geography of EuropeSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 12: The Cultural Geography of EuropeSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 13: Europe TodaySection 1: Living in EuropeSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 14: The Physical Geography of RussiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 15: The Cultural Geography of RussiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 16: Russia TodaySection 1: Living in RussiaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 17: The Physical Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 18: The Cultural Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 19: North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia TodaySection 1: Living in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 20: The Physical Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 21: The Cultural Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 22: Africa South of the Sahara TodaySection 1: Living in Africa South of the SaharaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 23: The Physical Geography of South AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 24: The Cultural Geography of South AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 25: South Asia TodaySection 1: Living in South AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 26: The Physical Geography of East AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 27: The Cultural Geography of East AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 28: East Asia TodaySection 1: Living in East AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 29: The Physical Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 30: The Cultural Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 31: Southeast Asia TodaySection 1: Living in Southeast AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 32: The Physical Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 33: The Cultural Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 34: Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica TodaySection 1: Living in Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Haitian Creole SummariesChapit 1: Kouman Jeyograf yo Obsève Monn lanChapit 2: LatèChapit 3: Klima LatèChapit 4: Monn ImenChapit 5: Jeyografi Fizik Etazini ak KanadaChapit 6: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Etazini ak KanadaChapit 7: Etazini ak Kanada Jodi aChapit 8: Jeyografi Fizik Amerik LatinChapit 9: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Amerik LatinChapit 10: Amerik Latin Jodi aChapit 11: Jeyografi Fizik LewòpChapit 12: Jeyografi Kiltirèl LewòpChapit 13: Lewòp Jodi aChapit 14: Jeyografi Fizik LarisiChapit 15: Jeyografi Kiltirèl LarisiChapit 16: Larisi Jodi aChapit 17: Jeyografi Fizik Amerik-di-Nò, Azi-di-Sidwès ak Azi SantralChapit 18: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Amerik-di-Nò, Azi-di-Sidwès ak Azi SantralChapit 19: Amerik-di-Nò, Azi-di-Sidwès ak Azi Santral Jodi aChapit 20: Jeyografi Fizik Afrik Sid SaharaChapit 21: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Afrik Sid SaharaChapit 22: Afrik Sid Sahara Jodi aChapit 23: Jeyografi Fizik Azi-di-SidChapit 24: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Azi-di-SidChapit 25: Azi-di-Sid Jodi aChapit 26: Jeyografi Fizik Azi-de-LèsChapit 27: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Azi-de-LèsChapit 28: Azi-de-Lès Jodi aChapit 29: Jeyografi Fizik Azi-di-SidèsChapit 30: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Azi-di-SidèsChapit 31: Azi-di-SidèsChapit 32: Jeyografi Fizik Ostrali, Oseyani ak AntaktikChapit 33: Jeyografi Kiltirèl Ostrali, Oseyani ak AntaktikChapit 34: Ostrali, Oseyani ak Antaktik Jodi a
Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionChapter 1: How Geographers Look at the WorldSection 1: Exploring GeographySection 2: The Geographer's Craft
Chapter 2: The EarthSection 1: Planet EarthSection 2: Forces of ChangeSection 3: Earth's Water
Chapter 3: Climates of the EarthSection 1: Earth-Sun RelationshipsSection 2: Factors Affecting ClimateSection 3: World Climate Patterns
Chapter 4: The Human WorldSection 1: World PopulationSection 2: Global CulturesSection 3: Political and Economic SystemsSection 4: Resources, Trade, and the Environment
Chapter 5: The Physical Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 6: The Cultural Geography of the United States and CanadaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 7: The United States and Canada TodaySection 1: Living in the United States and CanadaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 8: The Physical Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 9: The Cultural Geography of Latin AmericaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 10: Latin America TodaySection 1: Living in Latin AmericaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 11: The Physical Geography of EuropeSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 12: The Cultural Geography of EuropeSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 13: Europe TodaySection 1: Living in EuropeSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 14: The Physical Geography of RussiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 15: The Cultural Geography of RussiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 16: Russia TodaySection 1: Living in RussiaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 17: The Physical Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 18: The Cultural Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 19: North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia TodaySection 1: Living in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 20: The Physical Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 21: The Cultural Geography of Africa South of the SaharaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 22: Africa South of the Sahara TodaySection 1: Living in Africa South of the SaharaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 23: The Physical Geography of South AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 24: The Cultural Geography of South AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 25: South Asia TodaySection 1: Living in South AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 26: The Physical Geography of East AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 27: The Cultural Geography of East AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 28: East Asia TodaySection 1: Living in East AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 29: The Physical Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 30: The Cultural Geography of Southeast AsiaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 31: Southeast Asia TodaySection 1: Living in Southeast AsiaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Chapter 32: The Physical Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: The LandSection 2: Climate and Vegetation
Chapter 33: The Cultural Geography of Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 1: Population PatternsSection 2: History and GovernmentSection 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
Chapter 34: Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica TodaySection 1: Living in Australia, Oceania, and AntarcticaSection 2: People and Their Environment
Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student EditionCapítulo 1: La manera en que los geógrafos miran el mundoGuía de estudio 1-1: Explorando la geografíaGuía de estudio 1-2: El arte del geógrafo
Capítulo 2: La TierraGuía de estudio 2-1: Planeta TierraGuía de estudio 2-2: Fuerzas de cambioGuía de estudio 2-3: El agua de la Tierra
Capítulo 3: Los climas de la TierraGuía de estudio 3-1: Relación Tierra-SolGuía de estudio 3-2: Factores que afectan el climaGuía de estudio 3-3: Patrones climáticos del mundo
Capítulo 4: El mundo humano Guía de estudio 4-1: Población mundialGuía de estudio 4-2: Culturas globalesGuía de estudio 4-3: Sistemas políticos y económicosGuía de estudio 4-4: Recursos, comercio y medio ambiente
Capítulo 5: La geografía física de Estados Unidos y CanadáGuía de estudio 5-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 5-2: Clima y vegetación
Capítulo 6: La geografía cultural de Estados Unidos y CanadáGuía de estudio 6-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 6-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 6-3: Culturas y estilos de vida
Capítulo 7: Hoy en Estados Unidos y CanadáGuía de estudio 7-1: La vida en Estados Unidos y CanadáGuía de estudio 7-2: La gente y su medio ambiente
Capítulo 8: La geografía física de LatinoaméricaGuía de estudio 8-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 8-2: Clima y vegetación
Capítulo 9: La geografía cultural de LatinoaméricaGuía de estudio 9-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 9-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 9-3: Culturas y estilos de vida
Capítulo 10: Hoy en LatinoaméricaGuía de estudio 10-1: La vida en América LatinaGuía de estudio 10-2: La gente y su medio ambiente
Capítulo 11: La geografía física de EuropaGuía de estudio 11-1: La tierra Guía de estudio 11-2: Clima y vegetación
Capítulo 12: La geografía cultural de EuropaGuía de estudio 12-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 12-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 12-3: Culturas y estilos de vida
Capítulo 13: Hoy en EuropaGuía de estudio 13-1: La vida en EuropaGuía de estudio 13-2: La gente y su medio ambiente
Capítulo 14: Capítulo 14: La geografía física de RusiaGuía de estudio 14-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 14-2: Clima y vegetación
Capítulo 15: La geografía cultural de RusiaGuía de estudio 15-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 15-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 15-3: Culturas y estilos de vida
Capítulo 16: Hoy en RusiaGuía de estudio 16-1: La vida en RusiaGuía de estudio 16-2: La gente y su medio ambiente
Capítulo 17: La geografía física del norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralGuía de estudio 17-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 17-2: Clima y vegetación
Capítulo 18: La geografía cultural del norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralGuía de estudio 18-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 18-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 18-3: Culturas y estilos de vida
Capítulo 19: Hoy en el norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralGuía de estudio 19-1: La vida en el norte de África, suroeste de Asia y Asia CentralGuía de estudio 19-2: La gente y su medio ambiente
Capítulo 20: La geografía física de África al Sur del SaharaGuía de estudio 20-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 20-2: Clima y vegetación
Capítulo 21: La geografía cultural de África al Sur del SaharaGuía de estudio 21-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 21-2: La gente y su medio ambienteGuía de estudio 21-3: Culturas y estilos de vida
Capítulo 22: Hoy en África al Sur del SaharaGuía de estudio 22-1: La vida en África al sur del SaharaGuía de estudio 22-2: La gente y su medio Ambiente
Capítulo 23: La geografía física del sur de AsiaGuía de estudio 23-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 23-2: Clima y vegetación
Capítulo 24: La geografía cultural del sur de AsiaGuía de estudio 24-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 24-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 24-3: Culturas y estilos de vida
Capítulo 25: Hoy en el sur de AsiaGuía de estudio 25-1: La vida en el sur de AsiaGuía de estudio 25-2: La gente y su medio ambiente
Capítulo 26: La geografía física de Asia orientalGuía de estudio 26-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 26-2: Clima y vegetación
Capítulo 27: La geografía cultural de Asia orientalGuía de estudio 27-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 27-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 27-3: Culturas y estilos de vida
Capítulo 28: Hoy en Asia orientalGuía de estudio 28-1: La vida en el este de AsiaGuía de estudio 28-2: La gente y su medio ambiente
Capítulo 29: La geografía física del sureste de AsiaGuía de estudio 29-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 29-2: Clima y vegetación
Capítulo 30: La geografía cultural del sureste de AsiaGuía de estudio 30-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 30-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 30-3: Culturas y estilos de vida
Capítulo 31: Hoy en el sureste de AsiaGuía de estudio 31-1: La vida en el sureste de AsiaGuía de estudio 31-2: La gente y su medio ambiente
Capítulo 32: La geografía física de Australia, Oceanía y AntártidaGuía de estudio 32-1: La tierraGuía de estudio 32-2: Clima y vegetación
Capítulo 33: La geografía cultural de Australia, Oceanía y AntártidaGuía de estudio 33-1: Patrones de poblaciónGuía de estudio 33-2: Historia y gobiernoGuía de estudio 33-3: Culturas y estilos de vida
Capítulo 34: Hoy en Australia, Oceanía y AntártidaGuía de estudio 34-1: La vida en Australia, Oceanía y la AntárticaGuía de estudio 34-2: La gente y su medio ambiente
Spanish SummariesCapítulo 1: La manera en que los geógrafos miran el mundoCapítulo 2: La TierraCapítulo 3: Los climas de la TierraCapítulo 4: El mundo humano Capítulo 5: La geografía física de Estados Unidos y CanadáCapítulo 6: La geografía cultural de Estados Unidos y CanadáCapítulo 7: Hoy en Estados Unidos y CanadáCapítulo 8: La geografía física de LatinoaméricaCapítulo 9: La geografía cultural de LatinoaméricaCapítulo 10: Hoy en LatinoaméricaCapítulo 11: La geografía física de EuropaCapítulo 12: La geografía cultural de EuropaCapítulo 13: Hoy en EuropaCapítulo 14: Capítulo 14: La geografía física de RusiaCapítulo 15: La geografía cultural de RusiaCapítulo 16: Hoy en RusiaCapítulo 17: La geografía física del norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralCapítulo 18: La geografía cultural del norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralCapítulo 19: Hoy en el norte de África, el suroeste de Asia y Asia centralCapítulo 20: La geografía física de África al Sur del SaharaCapítulo 21: La geografía cultural de África al Sur del SaharaCapítulo 22: Hoy en África al Sur del SaharaCapítulo 23: La geografía física del sur de AsiaCapítulo 24: La geografía cultural del sur de AsiaCapítulo 25: Hoy en el sur de AsiaCapítulo 26: La geografía física de Asia orientalCapítulo 27: La geografía cultural de Asia orientalCapítulo 28: Hoy en Asia orientalCapítulo 29: La geografía física del sureste de AsiaCapítulo 30: La geografía cultural del sureste de AsiaCapítulo 31: Hoy en el sureste de AsiaCapítulo 32: La geografía física de Australia, Oceanía y AntártidaCapítulo 33: La geografía cultural de Australia, Oceanía y AntártidaCapítulo 34: Hoy en Australia, Oceanía y Antártida
Standardized Test Practice Workbook - Student EditionObjectives Addressed in the ActivitiesWorkbook OverviewPreparing for a Standardized TestActivity 1: Making InferencesActivity 2: Interpreting DiagramsActivity 3: Perceiving Cause-and-Effect RelationshipsActivity 4: Outlining Information for WritingActivity 5: Reading the Scale of Distance on a MapActivity 6: Descriptive Writing about a VisualActivity 7: Drawing ConclusionsActivity 8: Taking NotesActivity 9: Comparing and ContrastingActivity 10: Persuasive Writing about an IssueActivity 11: Detecting BiasActivity 12: Reading a Time LineActivity 13: Recognizing PropagandaActivity 14: Evaluating the Consequences of DecisionsActivity 15: Writing a News StoryActivity 16: Predicting OutcomesActivity 17: Making DecisionsActivity 18: Interpreting Primary SourcesActivity 19: Analyzing StatisticsActivity 20: Distinguishing Between Fact and OpinionActivity 21: Identifying the Main IdeaActivity 22: Writing ClearlyActivity 23: Identifying and Evaluating EvidenceActivity 24: Classifying Facts and DetailsActivity 25: Making GeneralizationsActivity 26: Using a Bar Graph to Interpret DataActivity 27: Analyzing a Political CartoonActivity 28: Forming HypothesesActivity 29: Developing a Process to Solve a ProblemActivity 30: Interpreting DataActivity 31: Recognizing Point of ViewActivity 32: Interpreting EditorialsActivity 33: Interpreting Charts and TablesActivity 34: Writing to Inform an Audience
HelpInternet LinkPrevious DocumentSearch - DocumentSearch - Full *Available on OS X and Windows in Reader 6.0.1*Page NavigatorExit
