Chapter 4: Forming a Chapter 4: Forming a GovernmentGovernment

Section I: The Articles of Section I: The Articles of ConfederationConfederation

Bell Work 10/23/13Bell Work 10/23/13

Activity: Activity: With your partner, create a set With your partner, create a set of rules for El Portal. These rules must of rules for El Portal. These rules must apply fairly to everyone and promote (help apply fairly to everyone and promote (help or improve) student rights. Both you and or improve) student rights. Both you and your partner must agree to the set of rulesyour partner must agree to the set of rules..

Ex: “Gum chewing will be allowed” or Ex: “Gum chewing will be allowed” or “Drinking Mountain Dew is not allowed”“Drinking Mountain Dew is not allowed”

Class ActivityClass Activity

Each group will share one of their rules Each group will share one of their rules and as a class we will compile a list of and as a class we will compile a list of these possible new rules.these possible new rules.

Once a class list is created, we will now Once a class list is created, we will now work together to adopt/create one set of 3 work together to adopt/create one set of 3 to 5 school rules. to 5 school rules. Each class member Each class member must approve a rule for it to be must approve a rule for it to be accepted. accepted.

The Articles of ConfederationThe Articles of Confederation

The simulation you just completed was a The simulation you just completed was a recreation of the United States' first form recreation of the United States' first form of government, The Articles of of government, The Articles of Confederation. Confederation.

With your partner, With your partner, discuss the difficulties discuss the difficulties that you both encountered during the that you both encountered during the exercise.exercise.

EX: EX: It was too hard to adopt anything.It was too hard to adopt anything.

Exit TicketExit Ticket

Using page 116 of your textbook, complete the Using page 116 of your textbook, complete the following questions on a sheet of paper.following questions on a sheet of paper.

- - What was the Committee of Thirteen?What was the Committee of Thirteen?

- Under the Articles of Confederation, how - Under the Articles of Confederation, how did the power of the national government compare did the power of the national government compare to that of the state government?to that of the state government?

- Do you think the Articles of Confederation - Do you think the Articles of Confederation was an effective government? Explain your was an effective government? Explain your answer.answer.

  

Learning Goal…Learning Goal…

Of the documents and philosophies that Of the documents and philosophies that were examined to form a new government, were examined to form a new government, which do you believe was the most which do you believe was the most important? Why?important? Why?

What was the name of the 1What was the name of the 1stst U.S. U.S. Constitution?Constitution?

After the colonies had won their After the colonies had won their independence, they needed to independence, they needed to

form a government. form a government.

They looked at several They looked at several documents and documents and philosophies:philosophies:

– Magna CartaMagna Carta – signed in – signed in 1215, it made the king subject 1215, it made the king subject to the same laws as citizensto the same laws as citizens

– English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights – the – the shift of power from the shift of power from the king to the English king to the English ParliamentParliament

– Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact – a – a document written by the document written by the Pilgrims establishing Pilgrims establishing themselves as a political themselves as a political society and setting society and setting guidelines for self guidelines for self governmentgovernment

– John LockeJohn Locke – the social contract – the social contract between the political rulers and between the political rulers and the people that it governedthe people that it governed

– Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence – – The document written to declare The document written to declare the colonies free from British the colonies free from British rulerule

– State ConstitutionsState Constitutions – basic laws that states the – basic laws that states the powers and duties of a governmentpowers and duties of a government

– Virginia Statute of Religious FreedomsVirginia Statute of Religious Freedoms – – separation of church and stateseparation of church and state

– SuffrageSuffrage – the right to vote – was expanded to – the right to vote – was expanded to include all white men who paid taxesinclude all white men who paid taxes

Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation

Congress would Congress would become the national become the national government, but it government, but it would have limited would have limited powers in order to powers in order to protect the liberties of protect the liberties of the people. (the 1st the people. (the 1st Constitution)Constitution)

Each state had 1 voteEach state had 1 vote

Could settle disputes Could settle disputes between statesbetween states

Could coin an borrow Could coin an borrow moneymoney

Could only Could only ASKASK the the states to pay money and states to pay money and for soldiers for soldiers

No president or national No president or national courtcourt

RatificationRatification – official approval – Passed – official approval – Passed by Congress in Nov. of 1777 and finally by Congress in Nov. of 1777 and finally by all state legislatures in March of 1781.by all state legislatures in March of 1781.

The Northwest TerritoryThe Northwest TerritoryLand Ordinance of Land Ordinance of 17851785 – set up a – set up a system for system for surveying and surveying and dividing western dividing western landslandsThe land was split into The land was split into townships, which were 36 townships, which were 36 sq. mi. divided into 36 lots sq. mi. divided into 36 lots of 640 acres eachof 640 acres each

Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance – a political system for – a political system for the region that allowed for new states to come the region that allowed for new states to come into the unioninto the union

– When population reached 60,000, its settlers When population reached 60,000, its settlers could draft a constitution and ask to be admitted could draft a constitution and ask to be admitted into the Unioninto the Union

Northwest TerritoryNorthwest Territory – included areas that are – included areas that are now IL, IN, OH, MI, WInow IL, IN, OH, MI, WI

Learning Goal…Learning Goal…

Of the documents and philosophies that Of the documents and philosophies that were examined to form a new government, were examined to form a new government, which do you believe was the most which do you believe was the most important? Why?important? Why?– Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact, John Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact, John

Locke, Declaration of Independence, State Constitutions, Locke, Declaration of Independence, State Constitutions, SuffrageSuffrage, , Virginia Statute of Religious Freedoms Virginia Statute of Religious Freedoms

What was the name of the 1What was the name of the 1stst U.S. U.S. Constitution?Constitution?– Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

Section 2: The New Nation Faces Section 2: The New Nation Faces ChallengesChallenges

Learning Goal…Learning Goal…– Early on, what happens to the U.S economy Early on, what happens to the U.S economy

after independence is gained? after independence is gained? – Is the Articles of Confederation an effective Is the Articles of Confederation an effective

form of government? Why or why not?form of government? Why or why not?

Trade Problems with other NationsTrade Problems with other Nations

1.1. Britain closed many ports to U.S. ships (West Britain closed many ports to U.S. ships (West Indies) Indies)

2.2. Britain added tariffs to U.S. goods exported to Britain added tariffs to U.S. goods exported to Britain Britain rice, tobacco, tarrice, tobacco, tar

3.3. Spain closed the Spain closed the lower Mississippi lower Mississippi River to U.S. River to U.S. shipping shipping hurting western hurting western farmersfarmers

4.4. The U.S. The U.S. appeared weak appeared weak because it had no because it had no army to enforce army to enforce treaties treaties

Closed trade markets hurt the U.S. economyClosed trade markets hurt the U.S. economy– Exports fellExports fell– Imports roseImports rose– British merchants could under sell U.S. merchantsBritish merchants could under sell U.S. merchants

Trade Problems WithinTrade Problems Within  

Different state laws made it Different state laws made it hard to trade between states hard to trade between states (interstate commerce)(interstate commerce)

Problems with interstate Problems with interstate trade, inflation, and a weak trade, inflation, and a weak economy caused a economy caused a depression.depression.

Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion

MA’s tax policy on land hit farmers MA’s tax policy on land hit farmers hard hard farmers revolted, shutting farmers revolted, shutting down courthousesdown courthouses

Shay’s forces were Shay’s forces were defeated, many captured defeated, many captured and imprisoned, but let go and imprisoned, but let go because many citizens because many citizens agreed with their causeagreed with their cause

Congress could offer little Congress could offer little help to MA during the help to MA during the rebellionrebellion

Calls for ChangeCalls for ChangeAmericans began calling for a Americans began calling for a stronger national governmentstronger national government

Only 9 states sent delegates to Only 9 states sent delegates to the Annapolis Conventionthe Annapolis Convention

Hamilton and Madison called on Hamilton and Madison called on all 13 states to send delegates all 13 states to send delegates to the Constitutional Convention to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in May of 1787in Philadelphia in May of 1787

Learning Goal…Learning Goal…

Early on, what happens to the U.S Early on, what happens to the U.S economy after independence is gained? economy after independence is gained? – It quickly begins to crash It quickly begins to crash leads to a leads to a

depressiondepression

Is the Articles of Confederation an effective Is the Articles of Confederation an effective form of government? Why or why not? form of government? Why or why not? – NO! Congress could offer little help to MA NO! Congress could offer little help to MA

during the rebellion, Could only during the rebellion, Could only ASKASK the states the states to pay money and for soldiers…to pay money and for soldiers…

Section 3: Creating the Constitution

Learning Goal…– Explain the parts of the Virginia Plan, New

Jersey Plan, and the Great Compromise.– Explain the 3/5ths Compromise and why the

southern states needed it.

The Constitutional ConventionMay 1787 – Philadelphia, Independence Hall, purpose was to improve the Articles of Confederation

Delegates included Ben Franklin, James Madison, George Washington (president of convention)Some could not come - John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Patrick Henry did not want a strong central government.

The Great Compromise

Several issues divided the delegates– Some wanted small changes, others

wanted to rewrite them completely.

– Small and large states had different goals and concerns.

– Many argued over the amount of power the central government should have.

Virginia PlanIntroduced by Edmund Randolph of Virginia large state version

1. Gave more power to the national govt.

2. Bicameral legislature (2 houses)

3. Number of representatives in both houses based on population

New Jersey Plan

William Patterson of New Jersey introduced the small state version

1. Gave more power to state governments

2. Unicameral legislature (1 house)

3. Number of representatives equal from each state

The Compromise

1. (VA Plan) Bicameral legislature

2. (VA Plan) Number of representatives based on state population in lower house (House of Reps)

3. (NJ Plan) Number of representatives equal from each state in upper house (Senate)

3/5th’s Compromise

If the number of representatives each state receives in the House of Representatives is based on population, who do we count? – Everyone?– Tax paying men?– Only whites?– What about slaves?

Southern delegates wanted slaves counted as part of their state population (their states had smaller total populations)

Under the compromise, each slave would count as 3/5 of a person when determining representation.

Slavery was becoming a large and troublesome issue

– Some delegates threatened to leave the Union if slave trade was banned

– They agreed to leave out “slavery” and “slave” from the Constitution

Learning Goal…Explain the parts of the Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, and the Great Compromise.

– See notes for answer

Explain the 3/5ths Compromise and why the southern states needed it.

– Each slave would count as 3/5 of a person when determining representation.

– Southern states needed it to bolster their population numbers to receive more reps. In the House of Reps.

The ConstitutionMost delegates wanted a strong central govt., but also popular sovereignty – the idea that political authority belongs to the peopleThey also wanted a balance of power between the state and federal government federalism – the sharing of power between a central govt. and the states that make up the country