Chapter 4 Lists -...

Chapter 4Lists

Echo Trail Area Forest Management Project

4. LISTS

4.1 LIST OF PREPARERS AND CONTRIBUTORS Biosketches for the Interdisciplinary Planning Team are provided below. This section also lists additional Forest Service staff that contributed to the development and preparation of this EIS.

4.1.1 Interdisciplinary Planning Team (Core) Name Carol Booth Position Integrated Resource Analyst, Superior National Forest Education BS Forest Science, University of Minnesota

Experience 28 years USDA Forest Service experience in recreation, trails, wilderness, timber and special uses

Contribution Interdisciplinary Team Leader for Echo Trail Area Project EIS

Name John Wolf Position Forester Education BS Forestry Contribution Provided the vegetation analysis

Name Daniel Hernesmaa Position Civil Engineering Technician/Transportation Planner – Superior National Forest, West Zone Education AAS, Vermillion Community College Experience 3 years experience as a Biological Technician (soils) 5 years experience as a Transportation Planner

24 years experience in project survey, construction design, and administration. Additional experience includes seismic work, gravel pit (minerals) and wetland crossing.

Contribution Team Leader for the roads analysis, transportation plan member. Provided technical expertise on road-related concerns and gravel sources.

Name Todd Stefanic Position Wildlife Biologist, Superior National Forest Education BS Wildlife Management, University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point Experience 3 years Wildlife Biologist Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge, USFWS 6 years Biological Science Technician (Wildlife) Arapaho NWR, USFWS

1 season Biological Science Technician (Wildlife) Benton Lake NWR, USFWS

Contribution Wildlife effects analysis, Biological Evaluation for animals

Name Eric McPhee Position Biological Science Technician Education BA, Geography – University of Minnesota, Duluth Experience 4 years experience with the Forest Service as Biological and GIS

technician. Contribution GIS Analysis support

Final EIS Chapter 4 Lists 4-1


Name Tim Engrav Position Assistant District Ranger for Recreation, Wilderness, and Special Uses

– Superior National Forest, LaCroix Ranger District Education BS, Geography (Park & Recreation Planning Emphasis) – Bemidji State University

MEd, Educational Organization & Leadership – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Experience 2 years of experience with the Forest Service in recreation, wilderness, and special uses management; 2 ½ years of experience with Itasca County, Minnesota, in recreation management and land use planning; and 2 ½ years of experience as a college instructor of outdoor recreation. Contribution Provided recreation and wilderness technical expertise and analysis

Name Erich Grebner Position West Zone GIS Coordinator - Superior National Forest Education BS, University of Minnesota CEFES - Universities of Idaho, Montana, and Washington State Experience 25 years of experience with the Forest Service in natural resource management and Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis. Several years experience as a Certified Silviculturalist in Alaska on the Tongass National Forest. Contribution Provided spatial analysis and maps Name Beth Youngstrom Position Timber Finance/Database Management/GIS Education AS Forest AS Mechanical Engineering Experience 18 years experience with the Forest Service in natural resource

management Contribution Responsible for data management Name Betsey Harries Position Writer/Editor - Superior National Forest, West Zone Education BS, Forest Management - University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Experience 12 years of forest management experience with the Missouri Department of Conservation, Douglas County (Wisconsin) Forestry Department, and the Forest Service. Contribution Edited the Draft Environmental Impact Statement Name Sherry Phillips Position Ecologist – Superior National Forest, Laurentian District Education BS, Geology with hydro emphasis – University of Minnesota Minor in biology and soil science – University of Minnesota Experience 25 years experience with the Forest Service as an ecologist, soil scientist, biological technician, and recreation technician. Contribution Provided the soils and watershed analysis.

Chapter 4 Lists Final EIS 4-2



Name Erich Roeber Position Landscape Architect – Superior National Forest Education BS, Geography – University of Wisconsin - Madison BS, Landscape Architecture, University of Wisconsin - Madison Experience 15 years Forest Service Landscape Architect; 2 years National Park Service Landscape Architect Contribution Prepared the scenery resource analysis Name Robert Berrisford Position Hydrologist – Superior National Forest Education BS in Forestry, University of Minnesota Experience 31 years USDA Forest Service Hydrologist 2 years USDA Forest Service Forester Contribution Provided portions of the watershed analysis Name Lee Johnson Position Archaeological Technician – Superior National Forest Education BA, Anthropology, University of Wisconsin - Madison MA, Anthropology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Experience 3 years experience as an Archaeological Technician – SNF USDA

3 years experience managing cultural resources for the Minnesota DNR and the Wisconsin State Historic Preservation Office. 1 year experience as a Biological Technician – SNF, Laurentian RD

Contribution Provided technical expertise with regard to heritage resources Name William Clayton Position Archaeologist – Superior National Forest Education BA, Anthropology (Geology minor), University of Minnesota – Duluth MA, Anthropology, University of Minnesota – Twin Cities Experience 6 months as Archaeologist 7 years as Archaeological Technician USDA SNF 1 year in private archaeological consulting-Wisconsin Contribution Provided analysis and expertise with regard to Tribal concerns Name Jack Greenlee Position Forest Plant Ecologist – Superior National Forest, Laurentian District Education BS, Biology – Indiana University MS, Plant Ecology – University of Montana Experience 1 year as Plant Monitoring Specialist – Oregon Department of Agriculture 2 years as Wetland Ecologist – Montana Natural Heritage Program 7 years as Botanist/Plant Ecologist – Forest Service Contribution Prepared threatened, endangered, and sensitive (TES) plant biological evaluation and the noxious weed analysis. Name Michael Jimenez Position Forest Planner - Superior National Forest Education BS, Natural Resource Management - University of Minnesota Experience 20 years experience in Forestry, NEPA, Forest Planning, and Plan Implementation Contribution Provided inventoried roadless area effects analysis


Name Kenneth Gebhardt Position Fishery Biologist – Superior National Forest Education MS, Natural Resources/Fisheries – University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Experience 15 years experience in fisheries habitat and fish population management. Contribution Provided Watershed and Water Quality effects analysis. Completed Regional Forester Sensitive Species Biological Evaluation. Name John Galazen Position Fuels Planner - Superior National Forest, West Zone Education BS, Forest Management - University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Experience 15 years of forest management experience with the Forest Service. Interdisciplinary Team Leader for five forest management environmental assessments and two environmental impact statements. Work experience as pre-sale crew member, wilderness ranger, and fire crew member. Contribution Provided information relating to condition classes and prescribed fire

4.1.2 Interdisciplinary Planning Team (Extended) Name Ellyn Finch Position Forestry Technician (Sales Administration) – Superior National Forest, LaCroix Ranger District Education Associate of Science – Hawking College Experience 15 years of experience in natural resource management Contribution Contributed to transportation planning Name Dan Ryan Position Wildlife Biologist – Superior National Forest, Laurentian Ranger District Education MS, Zoology - Southern Illinois University Experience 9 years of experience as a wildlife biologist, primarily with the Forest Service and the United States Air Force Contribution Provided support for District Biologist. Name Susan Catton Position Wildlife Biologist – Superior National Forest, Kawishiwi Ranger District Education BS, Wildlife Management and Biology, with a minor in Captive Wildlife Management, University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point Experience 10 years of experience as a wildlife biologist with the Forest Service Contribution Biological Assessment, and consultation with US Fish and Wildlife Service Name Chuck Cutter Position Silviculturist - Superior National Forest, Laurentian Ranger District Education BS, Forestry – Michigan State University Experience 22 years of experience in forest management with the Forest Service, including 12 years as a Certified Silviculturist on the Hiawatha and Superior National Forests. 7 years of forest management experience in private industry. Contribution Provided silvicultural advice.




Name Ralph Bonde Position Supervisory Forester, Timber Management Program - Superior National Forest, Kawishiwi Ranger District Education BS, Forestry – Michigan Technological University Experience 43 years of timber management experience. Certified Silviculturist since 1981. Contribution Provided silvicultural advice; participated in selecting units and treatments. Name David Hernández Position Forester/Silviculturist - Superior National Forest, Kawishiwi Ranger District Education BS, Resource Management/Forestry – College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York Experience 19 years of experience in forest management with the Forest Service, including 6 years as a Certified Silviculturist on the Superior National Forest. Contri

bution Provided economic analysis and reviewed stand treatments.

4.1.3 Additional Contributors Name Doug Watt Position Forestry Technician – Superior National Forest, LaCroix Ranger District Name Rob Bryers Position Forestry Technician – Superior National Forest, LaCroix Ranger District Name Gordon Rue Position Integrated Resource Analysist – Superior National Forest, LaCroix Ranger District Name Eric Wirz Position Geologist – Superior National Forest Name Ken Staupe Position Forest Land Surveryor – Superior National Forest Name Kathy Westlin Position Forestry Technician – Superior National Forest, Kawishiwi Ranger District Name Rose Peterson Position Information Receptionist – Superior National Forest, LaCroix Ranger District Name Dennis Longen Position Information Assistant – Superior National Forest, LaCroix Ranger District Name Duane Lula Position Supervisory Natural Resources Specialist – Superior National Forest Name Bruce Anderson Position Forest Monitoring Coordinator – Superior National Forest Name Erica Hahn Position Forest Environmental Coordinator – Superior National Forest Name Susan E. Alexander Position Public Service Specialist – Superior National Forest Name Leslie Escobedo Position Timber Management Assistant – Superior National Forest, LaCroix Ranger District


4.2 DISTRIBUTION LIST

Federal Government U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library U.S. Department of the Interior, Director, Office of Environmental Policy and Compliance U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Twin Cities Field Office, Dan Stinnett U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Federal Activities, EIS Filing Section U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5, EIS Review Coordinator U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, Kenneth Westlake U.S. Representative Betty McCollum U.S. Representative James L. Oberstar U.S. Representative Gil Gutknecht U.S. Senator Norm Coleman U.S. Senator Mark Dayton

Tribal Government 1854 Authority, Andrew Edwards 1854 Authority, Sonny Myers Boise Forte Tribal Office, Chairman Kevin Leecy Fond Du Lac Tribal Office, Chairman Peter Defoe Fond Du Lac Natural Resources Department, Mike Schrage Grand Portage Tribal Office, Chairman Norman Deschampe

State and Local Government City of Cook, Mayor Harold Johnston North St. Louis Soil, Water, and Conservation District Representative David Dill Representative Tom Rukavina Senator David Tomassoni Senator Tom Bakk St. Louis County Commissioner Keith Nelson St. Louis County Commissioner Mike Forsman St. Louis County Commissioner, Dennis Fink St. Louis County Land Department, Denny Bone St. Louis County Land Department, Robert Krepps Lake County Commissioner Claire Nelson MN DNR Area Fisheries Supervisor, Joe Geis MN DNR Area Forester, Mike Magnuson MN DNR Area Hydrologist, Amy J Loiselle MN DNR Area Wildlife Manager, Thomas P Rusch MN DNR Northeast Regional Director, Craig Engwall MN DNR Orr Area Forest Supervisor, John Stegmeier MN DNR Regional Environmental Review Specialist, Dave Holmbeck MN DNR Regional Forest Wildlife Coordinator, Rick Horton MN DNR Trails and Waterways, Stephen J Hennessy MN DNR, Northeast Region Wildlife Manager, Jeff Lightfoot MN DNR Wildlife Habitat Specialist, Walt Gessler Minnesota Historical Society - State Heritage Preservation Office, Dennis Gimmestad


Echo Trail Area Forest Management Project Libraries Arrowhead Library System Cook Public Library Duluth Public Library Grand Rapids Public Library Virginia Public Library

Organizations Audubon Minnesota Audobon Center of the Northwoods, Craig Prudhomme Backcountry Hunters and Anglers, David Lien Conservationists with Common Sense, Doug & Nancy McReady Defenders of Wildlife Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness Friends of the Boundary Waters, Wever Weed Izaak Walton League of America, Dave Zentner Living Forest Cooperative, Charly Ray Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy, Matthew Norton Minnestoat Environmental Partnership, Heather Kastern Minnesota Forest Watch Minnesota Project, Loni Kemp Minnesota Public Radio, Stephanie Hemphill Quetico Superior Foundation Ruffed Grouse Society Sierra Club, North Star Chapter, Joshua Davis

Businesses Ainsworth Engineered (USA), LLC, Patrick E. Orent Blandin Paper, James Marshall Boise, Mary Perala Boundary Waters Journal, Stu Osthoff Cook County Star, Rhonda Silence Duluth News Tribune, Connie Wirta Ely Chamber of Commerce Ely Echo, Anne Swenson Grand Rapids Area Chamber of Commerce, Bud Stone Minnesota Forest Industries, Tim O’Hara Minnesota Timber Producers Association, Ray Higgins Rutar Logging LLC, Mark Rutar Weyerhauser, Kirk Titus


Echo Trail Area Forest Management Project Individuals George and Frances Alderson Andrea Allison Bradley Anderson Lori Andresen Bruce Barnard Annie Barzen Margie Bates Mary Beemer Daniel Belgum-Blad Paul Benick Dave Boerger W.E. Bollenweider Randall Brenton Randy Buss Doug Chasar Stephanie Coffey Ted Colescott Patti Combs Christopher Cox Valencia Darby Larry DeFoe Kelly Dehner Dave Dempsey John Dickerson Harold Diers Bob Douglas Bruce Drake William Drennan Sandy Dvorsky Craig Engwall John Eret Christina Erickson Stephen Erickson Eric Evans Richard Flint Bill & Marge Forsberg Katie & Rick Fournier Jim Gallina Frank Gauley Rachel Geissinger Phillip Gordon Brian Graff Tom Grahek Colleen Grams Robert Graves Janet Green Joshua Gumm Al Gustaveson Bob & Mary Haedt Gail Harty Cathleen Hauenstein Susan Hawthorne Tom Herschelman

Benjamin Hocker William Hohengarten Barbara Horlbeck Mike Huseby Kurt Indermaur Greg Johnson Maureen Johnson James Johnston Robert Kaiser Sherrie Kamm Barb Kane Andrew Keller Bill Klersy Morey Knutson Glenn Kreag Richard Krueger Ledger Krupp David Larson Robert Lenthart Lee Lewis Mimi Long Sue & Scott Long Lynn MacLean Lynn Malek Jim & Marion Manning Gordon Martin Judith Mattison Mike Mattison Ted Mattison Mike Matz Steve Maxwell Susan McCallum Ronald McIvor Darlene Miller Benjamin Moerke Tom & Gerry Morrow Pete Morsch Keir Morse Mike Nagengast Dave Nelson Pam Nelson Steve, Kathy, & Aaron Nelson Tim Nelson Julie Nester & Zdenek Mestenhauser Richard Nethercut Nancy Newman Denise Niedzolkowski Ronald Noga Dick Olson Gregory Olson Marc Olson Mark Olson Wendy Olson



Valdi Stetanson Brent Oswald Mackenzie Sullivan Elanne Palcich John Swanson Steve & Clare Pett Robin Taylor Dave Phelps Patricia & John Telfer Doug Phillips Jennifer Timmers James Raml Richard Van Deusen & Marjorie Sigel Michelle Raskovich David Waldschmidt Ronald Reimann Doug Wallace & Peggy Hunter Sheila Williams Ridge Michael Wastman Terry Riley Thomas Waters J. Reed Roesler Kaiija Webser William Rom Kris Wegerson William Rose Charles Weisbrod Bill Rowles Lisa Wellman Rick Ruhanen Michael Wener B. Sachau Dyke Williams Brad Sagen Joanne Winship Thomas Saylor Robert Wirtanen Jeff Schaller Danelle Wolf Lisa Myslajek Schmidt Jeanne & Greg Wright Rick Schubert Reginald Yoder Ellen Silva Barbara Young Jane Skalisky Jason Zabokrtsky Rick Skoog Lisa Zamberletti Dan Skriba Andy & Lisa Zelinkas Stephen Snyder James Zieba Jeremy Stahl Don Zupec Kathy Steinberger Martin Steitz



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Ossman, F. 2006a. Echo Trail Boreal Owl and Great Gray Owl Surveys Spring 2006, 2 pp.

Ossman, F. 2006b. Echo Trail Northern Goshawk Surveys Spring 2006, 1 pp.

Ossman, F. 2006c. Echo Trail Three-Toed Woodpecker Surveys Spring 2006, 1 pp.

Ossman, F. 2006d. email communication to Todd Stefanic; pair of goshawks discovered. 2 pp

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Pierce, John. 2006. Email correspondence with Tim Engrav, February 13, 2006.

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Ray, Arthur J. 1974. Indians in the Fur Trade. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Reynolds, R.T., R.T. Russell, M.H. Reiser, et.al. 1992. Management Recommendations for the Northern Goshawk in the Southwestern United States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-217, Ft. Collins, Colorado, 90 p.

Rieck, K. 1999. “Species Data Form, Oporonis agilis.” Unpublished report, Duluth, Minnesota, 13 p.

Robbins, C.S., D.K. Dawson, and B.A. Dowell. 1989. Habitat area requirements of breeding forest birds of the Middle Atlantic States. Wildlife Monographs 103:1-34.

Roberson, A.M., D. E. Andersen and P. L. Kennedy. 2003. The Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) in the Western Great Lakes Region: A Technical Conservation Assessment. U.S. Geological Survey, Minnesota Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit3, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, Department of Fishery & Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. 94 pp.

Robinson, S.K. 1998. Another threat posed by forest fragmentation: reduced food supply. The Auk 115:1–3.

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Ruediger, B, et. al. 2000. Canada Lynx Conservation Assessment and Strategy. USDA Forest Service, USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management, and USDI National Park Service. Forest Service Publication #R1-00-53, Missoula, MT. 142 pp.

Ryan, D. 2005. Conversation with Todd Stefanic, October 7, 2005.

Sachs, Donald L., Phillip Sollins, and Warren B. Cohen. 1998. Detecting landscape changes in the interior of British Columbia from 1975 to 1992 using satellite imagery. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28: 23-26.

Saint Louis County Board of Commissioners. 2005. “Environmental Impact Statement – Scoping Decision: 3 Bays on Vermilion.” Unpublished document, Duluth, Minnesota, 4 p.

Sauer, J.R., J.E. Hines, I. Thomas, J. Fallon, and G. Gough. 2001. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966-1999, Version 98.1. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland.

Schmidt, K.M., J.P. Menakis, C.C. Hardy, W.J. Hann, and D.L. Bunnell. 2002. Development of Course Scale Spatial Data for Wildland Fire and Fuel Management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RMRS-GTR–87, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Schmoller, D. 1999. “Species Data Form, Taxus canadensis.” Unpublished report, Duluth, Minnesota, 12 p.

Schmoller, D. 2001. “Superior National Forest Gunflint Ranger District Rare Plant Surveys 2001.” Unpublished report, Grand Marais, Minnesota, pages unnumbered.



Schwab, F.E., and A.R.E. Sinclair. 1994. Biodiversity of diurnal breeding bird communities related to succession in the dry Douglas-fir forests of southeastern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 24:2034–2040.

Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1973. “Bulletin 184” In: Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 966 p.

Shedd, M. 2006. Personal Communication with Todd Stefanic. July 2006

Smith, W.R. 1993. Orchids of Minnesota. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp. 44-45.

Spreyer, M.F. 1987. “A floristic analysis of great gray owl habitat in Aitkin County, Minnesota,” ed. Nero, R.W., R.J. Clark, R.J. Knapton, and R.H. Hamre. Biology and Conservation of Northern Forest Owls: Symposium Proceedings, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-142, pp. 96-100.

Squires, J.R. and R.T. Reynolds. 1997. “Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)” In: The Birds of North America, No. 298, ed. Poole, A. and F. Gill. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.

Stefanic, T.C., 2006. Spring 2006 Goshawk, Boreal Owl, Great Gray Owl and 3-Toed Woodpecker Surveys for The Echo Trail Forest Management Project, 14 July 2006. 3 pp.

Steffens, W.P. 2001. Status Surveys for the Sensitive Species, Cicindela denikei, and Other Tiger Beetles of the Superior National Forest, September 19, 2001, Duluth, Minnesota, 25 p.

Stone, D.M., and J.D. Elioff, 2000, Soil Disturbance and Aspen Regeneration on Clay Soils: Three Case Histories, USDA Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, Grand Rapids, Minnesota.

Terborgh, J., and M.E. Soule. 1999. “Why we need megareserves: large scale reserve networks and how to design them.” In: Continental Conservation, ed. M.E. Soule and J. Terborgh. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Pp 109-209.

Thorud, D. B. and S. S. Frissell, Jr. 1969. Soil Rejuvenation Following Artificial Compaction in a Minnesota Oak Stand. Minnesota Forestry Research Notes No. 208, School of Forestry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, pp. 3-4.

Timerson, Brian J. 1999. A Guide to Noise Control in Minnesota. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, 31 p.

US Department of Agriculture. 2005. Special Areas: State Petitions for Inventoried Roadless Area Management, Roadless Area Conservation National Advisory Committee Final Rule and Notice.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998a. Status review of the northern goshawk in the forested west. Unpublished Report. Office of Technical Support, Forest Resources, Portland Oregon. 250 pp.

USDA Forest Service. Forest Service Handbook 1909.12, Land Management Planning, Chapter 70-Wilderness Evaluation.

USDA Forest Service. Forest Service Manual 1925-Management of Inventoried Roadless Areas.

USDA Forest Service. 1986. Superior National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan.



USDA Forest Service. 1990. Resource Pricing and Valuation Procedures for the Recommended 1990 RPA Program. USDA Forest Service Resource Pricing and Valuation Program, 34 p.

USDA Forest Service. 1992. “Old Growth Resources on the Superior National Forest.”

USDA Forest Service. 1993. National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units, ECOMAP, Washington, D.C., 12 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2000a. Lichen PVA Panel Notes. pp. 10-11.

USDA Forest Service. 2000b. “Population viability assessment.” Workshop notes, January 11-13, 2000, Duluth, Minnesota.

USDA Forest Service. 2000c. Superior National Forest Little East Creek Fuel Reduction Environmental Impact Statement Record of Decision, pp. 8-9.

USDA Forest Service. 2000d. Superior National Forest Little East Creek Fuel Reduction Final Environmental Impact Statement.

USDA Forest Service. 2001a. “Conservation Assessment for Western moonwort (Botrychium hesperium).” 35 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2001b. “Conservation Assessment for Common moonwort (Botrychium lunaria).” 39 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2001c. “Conservation Assessment for Pale moonwort (Botrychium pallidum).” 38 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2001d. “Conservation Assessment for Ternate grapefern (Botrychium rugulosum).” 46 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2001e. “Conservation Assessment for Least grapefern (Botrychium simplex).” 52 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2001f. 36 Code of Federal Regulations Part 294, Special Areas, Roadless Conservation, Final Rule, January 2001.

USDA Forest Service. 2002a. “Conservation Assessment for Arctoparmelia centrifuga.” 11 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002b. “Conservation Assessment for Bay-breasted warbler.” 22 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002c. “Conservation Assessment for Caloplaca parvula.” 10 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002d. “Conservation Assessment for Certraria aurescens.” 11 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002e. “Conservation Assessment for Cladonia wainoi.” 10 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002f. “Conservation Assessment for Connecticut warbler.” 46 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002g. “Conservation Assessment for Northern blue butterfly and Dwarf bilberry”. 33 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002h. “Conservation Assessment for Menegazzia terebrata.” 15 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002i. “Conservation Assessment for Peltigera venosa.” 11 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002j. “Conservation Assessment for Pseudocyphellaria crocata.” 11 p.



USDA Forest Service. 2002k. “Conservation Assessment for Ramalina thrausta.” 11 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002l. “Conservation Assessment for Sticta fuliginosa.” 11 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002m. “Conservation Assessment for Usnea longissima.” 13 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002n. “Conservation Assessment for Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus).” Administrative report in planning record, Chippewa National Forest, Cass Lake, Minnesota, 26 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2002o. Superior National Forest Plantation Timber Sale Project Environmental Assessment.

USDA Forest Service. 2002p. “Echo River Monitoring Report – Superior National Forest.” Draft unpublished report, Cook, Minnesota, 4 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2003a. “Conservation Assessment for Black-throated blue warbler.” 28 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2003b. “Regional Forester Sensitive Plants and Animals,” signed by Regional Forester on 29 February 2000, list maintenance on 20 October 2003. 36 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2003c. “Annual Forest Plan Monitoring and Evaluation Report.”

USDA Forest Service. 2003d. “Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Self-Issue Permit Spreadsheet for October 1, 2002 thru April 30, 2003,” 2 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2004a. Chippewa and Superior National Forests Forest Plan Revision, Regional Forester Sensitive Animals and Biological Evaluation, 201 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2004b. Superior National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan. .

USDA Forest Service. 2004c. Virginia Environmental Impact Statement Biological Evaluation. 108 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2004d. Chippewa and Superior National Forests Forest Plan Revision Final Environmental Impact Statement, Vol. I, II, III.

USDA Forest Service. 2004e. Chippewa and Superior National Forests Forest Plan Revision, Biological Assessment.

USDA Forest Service. 2004f. Virginia Forest Management Project Record of Decision and FEIS. pp. 2-19.

USDA Forest Service. 2004g. “Conservation Assessment for Lance-leaved violet (Viola lanceolata var. lanceolata). 22 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2004h. Superior National Forest, Echo Trail Mid-Level Assessment Vegetation Management Objectives Resource Report.

USDA Forest Service. 2004i. Chippewa and Superior National Forests Forest Plan Revision, Regional Foresters Sensitive Plants Biological Evaluation, 67 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2004j. Superior National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan Record of Decision, Final Environmental Impact Statement.

USDA Forest Service. 2005a. 2005 TES plant surveys – Echo EIS. Superior National Forest, Duluth, Minnesota, pages unnumbered.



USDA Forest Service. 2005b. Dunka Project Environmental Assessment Decision Notice Finding of No Significant Impact. Superior National Forest, Ely, Minnesota.

USDA Forest Service. 2005c. Superior National Forest Echo Trail Scoping Letter.

USDA Forest Service. 2005d. James W. Sanders’ letter to Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness, March 4, 2005.

USDA Forest Service. 2005e. “Superior National Forest Non-Native Invasive Plant Species – Ecological Risk Assessment Factors and Rating.” 5 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2005f. “Road Decommissioning and Watershed Improvement Effectiveness Evaluation on the Kawishiwi District Monitoring Report – Superior National Forest,” 29 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2005g. “Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Permit Statistics Report for May - September 2005,” 20 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2005h. “Decibel Calculation,” 2 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2005i. “Trygstad Waldsteinia fragarioides Monitoring Results: 2003-2004.” 4 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2006a. Echo Trail Forest Management Project Biological Assessment. Superior National Forest, Duluth, Minnesota.

USDA Forest Service. 2006b. Echo Trail Area Forest Management Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Superior National Forest, Cook and Ely, Minnesota.

USDA Forest Service. 2006c. Echo Trail Area Forest Management Project – Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Future Projects, Duluth, Minnesota, 2 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2006d. “Schedule of proposed actions – 1/1/2006 to 3/31/2006.” Unpublished report, Duluth, Minnesota, pp. 1-2.

USDA Forest Service. 2006e. “Echo Trail Roads Located Within ½ Mile of the BWCAW” Table, 4 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2006f. Environmental Assessment, Superior National Forest non-native invasive plant management project. 92 p.

USDA Forest Service. 2006g. Draft Fiscal Year 2005 Monitoring and Evaluation Report. P. G4-6.

USDA Forest Service. 2006h. Road/Motorized Recreation Inventory of Selected Project Areas Adjacent to the BWCAW. Superior National Forest Monitoring Program. 15 p.

USDI National Center for Cultural Resources. 2002. Federal Historic Preservation Laws. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.

USDI Fish & Wildlife Service, 1983. Northern States Bald Eagle Recovery Plan. 76 p.

USDI Fish & Wildlife Service. 2005. 50 CFR Part 17. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Designation of Critical Habitat for the Contiguous United States Distinct Population Segment of the Canada Lynx; Proposed Rule. Federal Register, Vol. 70, No. 216, Wednesday, November 9, 2005.



U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 2003. “Standard Specification for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects.” FP-03, U.S. Customary Units. Publication No. FHWA-FLH-03-002.

Verry, E.S. 2000. “Water flow in soils and streams: Sustaining hydrologic function” In: Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States, ed. Verry, Elon S., James W. Hornbeck, and C. Andrew Dolloff. Lewis Publishers, Washington D.C., pp. 99-124.

Voss, E.G. 1996. “Michigan flora, part III” In: Cranbrook Institute of Science Bulletin 61. Ann Arbor, Michigan, p. 400.

Walton, G. 1998. “The 1998 Big Grass Rare Plant Survey in the Superior National Forest Kawishiwi District.” 18 p.

Walton, G. 1999. “The 1999 Junction Project Rare Plant Survey in the Superior National Forest Laurentian District.” 13 p.

Walton, G. 2000a. “The 2000 Big Rice Rare Plant Survey in the Laurentian District of the Superior National Forest.” 25 p.

Walton, G. 2000b. “The 2000 Metroplus Rare Plant Survey in the Superior National Forest Kawishiwi District.” 21 p.

Walton, G. 2001. “The 2001 Sensitive Plant Survey in the Superior National Forest Kawishiwi District: Burntside Area, Bear Island Land Exchange, Ojibway Lake Summer Homes, and Permanent Road Access (Request 6832).” 46 p.

Wetmore, C. 2000. “Rare Lichen Survey of Superior National Forest.”

Wetmore, C. 2005. “2005 Lichen Survey.” 2 p.

White, J. Wesley. 1967-1974. Historical Sketches of the Quetico-Superior, Vol. 1-3. Superior National Forest Heritage Resource Program, Duluth, Minnesota.

Wilson, L.M. and C.B. Randall. 2002. Biology and biological control of knapweed. Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Research Paper FHTET-2001-07, Morgantown, West Virginia, p. 8.

Wilson, S. 2005. “Boreal Owl Cavity Trees and St. Louis Counties.” Unpublished report, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 4 p.

Wolfe, M L., V. Debyle, C. S. Winchell, and T. R. McCabe. 1982. Snowshoe hare cove relationships in northern Utah. J. Wildl. Manage. 46: 662-670

Wolter, Peter. T., and Mark A. White. 2002. Recent forest cover type transitions and landscape structural changes in northeast Minnesota, USA. Landscape Ecology 17: 133-155.

Woolworth, Alan R. 1977. A Cultural Resource Survey of the Superior National Forest Located in Cook, Lake, and St. Louis Counties, Minnesota. Superior National Forest Heritage Resource Program, Duluth, Minnesota.

Youngstrom, B. 2006. Treatment Table for FEIS. 2 pp.

Zanette, L., P. Doyle, and S.M. Tremont. 2000. Food shortages in small fragments: evidence from an area-sensitive passerine. Ecology 81:1654–1666.



4.4 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ACHP Advisory Council on Historic Preservation ANILCA Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act ATV all-terrain vehicle BE biological evaluation BMPs Best Management Practices BWCAW Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness BUI Build Up Index CE Categorical Exclusion CEQ Council on Environmental Quality CFR Code of Federal Regulations DEIS Draft Environmental Impact Statement DBH diameter at breast height DFC desired future condition DNR Department of Natural Resources ECS Ecological Classification System EA Environmental Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Statement ELT ecological land type EPA Environmental Protection Agency FEIS Final Environmental Impact Statement FLPMA Federal Land Policy and Management Act FOFEM First Order Fire Effects Model FPR Forest Plan Revision FR Forest Road FSH Forest Service Handbook FTE full-time equivalent GIS Geographic Information System HUC Hydrologic Unit Code IDT interdisciplinary team LAU Lynx Analysis Unit LCAS Lynx Conservation Assessment and Strategy LE landscape ecosystem LEA Laurentian Energy Authority LTA Landtype Association LTP landtype phase MA Management Area MBF thousand board feet M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MFRC Minnesota Forest Resources Council MFRG Minnesota Forest Resources Guidelines MIH Management Indicator Habitat



MIS Management Indicator Species MMBF million board feet MNDOT Minnesota Department of Transportation MPCA Minnesota Pollution Control Agency NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NRHP National Register of Historical Places NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NFMA National Forest Management Act NFS National Forest System NHPA National Historic Preservation Act NOI Notice of Intent NNIS Non-native Invasive Species NRRI Natural Resource Research Institute NSU Northern Superior Uplands OHM off-highway motorcycle OHV off-highway vehicle OML Operation Maintenance Level ORV off-road vehicle PBP Prescribed Burn Plan PM particulate matter pRNA Potential Research Natural Area RFSS Regional Forester Sensitive Species RMV recreational motor vehicle RNV Range of Natural Variability ROD Record of Decision ROS Recreational Opportunity Spectrum SHPO State Historic Preservation Office SI Site Index SMC Special Management Complex SMS Scenery Management System SMP Smoke Management Plan SUP Special Use Permit TES threatened, endangered, and sensitive TSI timber stand improvement USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service USDA United States Department of Agriculture VIS Viability Indicator Species VMS Visual Management System VQO Visual Quality Objectives



4.5 GLOSSARY

Access – Opportunities to approach, enter, and make use of public or private land.

Action alternative – A management option that proposes a definitive action.

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) – The federal agency responsible for overseeing the management and protection of heritage resources in compliance with the NHPA.

Age class – One of the intervals into which the age range of trees is divided for classification

Aggregate – Crushed rock typically used for road and drainage construction.

Airshed, Class I – The airshed class is a special designation that dictates the degree of regulatory protection of air quality that the area receives. Class I areas are those that receive the highest level of regulatory protection. They include all international parks, national parks larger than 6,000 acres, and wilderness areas larger than 5,000 acres that were in existence on or before August 7, 1977.

Airshed, Class II – Class II areas receive less regulatory protection than Class I areas. They include all areas that have not been designated as Class I areas. The entire State of Minnesota, other than the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Voyagers National Park, has received Class II designation.

All-terrain Vehicle (ATV) – A motorized flotation-tired vehicle of not less than three low pressure tires, but not more than six tires, that if limited in engine displacement of less than 800 cubic centimeters and total dry weight less than 900 pounds.

Alternatives – A set of possible options for responding to the purpose and need (Chapter 1). A number of alternatives that address the management problems to varying degrees are identified and evaluated for their effects on people and the environment. Each alternative must address each of the management problems to some degree.

Ambient Air Quality – The quality of the air as measured by its concentrations of airborne pollutants. The EPA has established air quality standards for concentrations of specific airborne pollutants, which when exceeded would cause or contribute to adverse effects on human health or welfare.

Areas of Special Interest – Special Management Complexes (SMCs) and Potential Research Natural Areas (pRNAs).

Archaeological Site – A heritage resource that contains physical manifestations of purposeful prehistoric or historic human activity consisting of one or more features, with or without artifacts; one or more formal tools found in association with other cultural material; the occurrence of diverse cultural materials in densities beyond the level of one or a few accidentally lost artifacts; or physical manifestations of human activity that, in the professional opinion of an archaeologist, are indicative of purposeful human activity.

Archaeology – The scientific study of the life and culture of people who lived in the past.




Artificial Regeneration – A plant community established manually by spreading seed or planting seedlings.

Artificial Seeding – The distribution of seed by hand or machine.

Atmospheric Deposition – The movement from the atmosphere to the soil of particles and dissolved substances either by rain or snow or as dust.

Bank slide – A collapse of bank material into the stream that can result in a steep slope of exposed soil.

Basal Area – The cross-sectional area of all stems in a stand measured at 4.5 feet above the ground and expressed per unit of land area. Basal area is a way to measure how much of a site is occupied by trees.

Bedrock – Solid rock which underlies soil or other unconsolidated materials.

Benefit-Cost Ratio – The ratio obtained by dividing the anticipated benefits (revenues) by the anticipated costs to obtain a measure of expected benefits per unit of cost.

Berm – An earthen barrier placed on a road to prevent some types of motorized uses.

Best Management Practices (BMPs) – A series of guidelines or minimum standards for proper application of forestry operations, designed primarily to prevent soil erosion and water pollution, and to protect certain wildlife habitat values in riparian and wetland areas. For this project, the MFRC Voluntary Site-level Forest Management Guidelines (MFRC 1999) would apply.

Biennial Plant – A plant that normally needs two years to reach maturity, producing leaves in the first year, blooming and yielding fruit in the second year, and then dying.

Biological Evaluation (BE) – A process to ensure that actions do not jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species or result in destruction or adverse modifications of critical habitat of Federally endangered or threatened species, contribute to loss of viability of native or non-native desirable species, or cause a trend toward Federal listing of any species (Forest Service Manual 2672.4-4.1.)

Board foot (bf or bd ft)– The amount of wood contained in an unfinished board one inch thick, 12 inches long, and 12 inches wide. Commonly, 1,000 board feet is written as 1 MBF, and 1,000,000 board feet is written as 1 MMBF.

Bogs – Wetlands that are dominated by sphagnum moss, often with plants in the heath family, characterized by low pH and the accumulation of organic material.

Buffer – An area that is designated to block or absorb unwanted impacts to the area beyond the buffer.

Build Up Index (BUI) – A measure of the total fuel available for fire consumption; a reflection of forest floor fuel moisture.

Burn plan – A document that describes the activities associated with a prescribed burn including objectives, location, site description, control line construction, and special considerations such as sensitive resources, safety concerns, mitigation measures, and unique requirements. Burn plans also include a description of the weather and fuel conditions that are required for a safe and successful burn, and the step-by-step process for managing the prescribed burn from start to finish.



Canopy – The overhead branches and leaves in a forest stand.

Canopy closure – A measure of the extent to which the crowns of trees are nearing general contact with each other.

Chip – To use a mobile machine called a “chipper” at the harvest site to cut or “chip” wood into small pieces that can be piled, transported, and utilized as a forest product.

Classified Road – Roads wholly or partially within or adjacent to National Forest System land that are determined to be needed for long-term motor vehicle access, including state roads, county roads, privately owned roads, National Forest System roads, and other roads authorized by the Forest Service.

Clean Air Act – Established in 1963 to protect and enhance the quality of the Nation’s air through air pollution prevention and control.

Clean Water Act – Policy established in 1948 to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.

Clearcut – Removal of all or almost all trees in the stand with a single cutting.

Clearcut (with reserves) – A variation of clearcutting where varying numbers of trees are not harvested, helping to attain goals other than regeneration. A minimum of six to twelve reserve trees per acre, whether clumped or scattered, would be left uncut in the harvest unit to meet objectives other than regeneration.

Closure – An administrative order restricting either the location, timing, or type of use in a specific area.

Compaction (soil) – Compression of the soil resulting in reduced soil pore space, decreased movement of water and air into and within the soil, decreased soil water storage, and increased surface runoff and erosion.

Condition Class – Departure from the historic fire regime, as determined by the number of missed fire return interval (with respect to the historic fire return interval) and the current structure and composition of the system resulting from alterations to the disturbance regime.

Concern Level – The relative importance to the public of landscape aesthetics viewed from travel routes and use areas. Concern Level 1 travel routes and areas have significant public use, and scenic quality is a high concern to typical users. Concern Level 2 travel routes and areas have either a high volume of use with the public having a lower degree of concern for scenic quality, or a moderate amount of use with the public having a high degree of concern for scenic quality.

Conifer − A wide range of tree species that are typically evergreen and bear cones and needle-like or scale-like leaves, such as red pine and spruce.

Conifer Restoration – The process of changing hardwood stands to conifer.

Consultation/Consulting Parties – A portion of the review process under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act during which consulting parties consider ways to resolve adverse effects on historic properties. The consulting parties include, at a minimum, the responsible federal agency and the SHPO. Other interested parties, such as the ACHP, Indian tribes, and local governments, will also be invited to consult.



Contingency Plan (for Prescription Fire) – Identification of contingency actions to be taken if the fire exceeds prescription parameters and/or line holding capabilities and cannot be returned to prescription.

Conversion – A change from one silvicultural system to another, or from one tree species to another (species conversion). The word “conversion” was used interchangeably with “restoration” in this EIS.

Cord – A stack of fuel wood, pulpwood, or other material that measures 4 x 4 x 8 feet, or 128 ft3.

Crown – The part of a single tree bearing live branches and leaves.

Crown closure – The point at which crown perimeters within a canopy touch.

Crown cover – The ground area covered by the crowns of trees or woody vegetation as delimited by the vertical projections of crown perimeter, and commonly expressed as a percent of total ground area. Crown cover measures the extent to which the crowns of trees are nearing general contact with each other.

Crown Fire – A fire that spreads through the tops of trees. Generally, fire spread rate for a crown fire is faster than for the supporting surface fire.

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) – An Executive Office of the President of the United States; CEQ members are appointed by the President. CEQ recommends national policies to promote the improvement of the quality of the environment.

Cumulative Effects – Effects on the environment that result from past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions that collectively become significant over time.

Decommission – Removal of a road from the Forest Transportation Road System. This may include demolition, dismantling, removal, and obliteration. Decommissioning is done to travel ways that are no longer needed for resource management.

Desired future condition (DFC) – Description of land and resource conditions if all long-term goals are achieved.

Detrimental Soil Disturbance – A reduction in a soils capacity to perform its biologic, hydrologic, and/or ecological functions. Typically caused by compaction, displacement, erosion, or nutrient loss.

Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) – The diameter of a tree measured at 4.5 feet above the ground on the uphill side of the tree.

Direct Effects – Results of an action occurring when and where that action takes place.

Direct Employment – Employment in the economic sectors directly affected by a proposed action or alternatives. The primary economic sectors directly affected by the proposed action or alternatives include forest resources and wood products.

Disc trencher – a machine designed for mechanical site preparation. It provides continuous rows of planting spots; it consists of scarifying steel discs equipped with teeth.

Displacement – Movement of soil due to pressure applied from mechanical equipment. Can remove or disturb the duff layer or cause ruts to form.



Distance Zone – Areas of the landscape determined by a specified distance from the observer. The distance zone is used as a frame of reference in which to discuss landscape characteristics. The three distance zones are: background (3 to 5 miles to infinity from the viewer); middleground (¼ to 3 to 5 miles from the viewer; and foreground (0 to ¼ mile from the observer).

Duff – The topsoil layer consisting of partly and well-decomposed plant organic matter.

Easement – The public acquisition, by purchase or donation, of certain rights on private lands.

Ecological Classification System (ECS) – A Forest Service and interagency classification system based on hierarchical levels of classification. Eight levels progress from hundreds of thousands of square miles to less than 100 acres. Includes Land Type Association (LTA), Ecological Land Type (ELT), and Land Type Phase (LTP) levels.

Ecological Land Type (ELT) – A classification level in the Ecological Classification System. Each ELT represents an area of land with a distinct combination of natural, physical, chemical, and biological properties that cause it to respond in a predictable and relatively uniform manner to the application of given management practices. In a relatively undisturbed state and/or at a given stage of plant succession, an ELT is usually occupied by a predictable and relatively uniform plant community. The sizes of ELTs generally range from ten to a few hundred acres.

Economic Efficiency − Economic efficiency is a term used to describe how well inputs are used to achieve outputs when all inputs and all outputs are identified and valued. Because some outputs and effects cannot be adequately valued, true quantitative measures of economic efficiency often cannot be obtained Also: The competence of a business or the worth of a process, piece of equipment, or machine as judged by output per unit cost of the resources used.

Edge Effect or Edge Habitat – Effects or distinct habitat types that occur near the edge of a patch. These effects can include increased predation, nest parasitism, and physical changes in microclimate, light availability, and wind that can result in a different vegetation composition compared to interior forest. Edge effects can extend 400 feet or more into forest patches.

Effectiveness Monitoring – A systematic process of collecting information to ensure that implemented mitigation measures perform as expected in minimizing adverse effects.

Endangered species – An official designation given by the US Fish and Wildlife Service that is applied to any species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.

Endangered Species Act – The purpose of this 1973 law is to conserve the ecosystems upon which endangered and threatened species depend, and to conserve and recover listed species.

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) – A statement of environmental effects required for major federal actions under Section 102 of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and released to the public and other agencies for comment and review. It must follow the requirement of NEPA, the Council on Environmental Quality guidelines, and directives of the agency responsible for the project proposal.

Environmental Justice – The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people within the affected area in the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws regardless of race, color, national origin, or income.



Erosion – Detachment of soil particles under the influence of water and/or wind.

Even-aged –Timber management actions that result in the creation of stands of trees in which the trees are essentially the same age. Clearcut, shelterwood, or seed-tree harvest methods produce even-aged stands.

Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) –Passed in 1976, this law provides a “multiple-use” framework for managing America's public lands that focuses on the needs of present and future generations.

Federal Register – The Federal Register is the daily publication for environmentally-related rules, proposed rules, and notices of Federal Agencies.

Financial Efficiency – Financial efficiency is a term used to describe how well public resource inputs are used to achieve outputs when all inputs and outputs are identified and valued.

Fire Adapted Ecosystem – An ecosystem with the ability to survive and regenerate in a fire-prone environment.

Fire Control Line – a constructed or natural barrier used to control a fire.

Fire Intensity – The heat released per unit of time for each unit of length of the leading fire edge.

Fire Regime – The fire pattern across the landscape, characterized by occurrence interval and relative intensity.

Fire Risk Index – A ranking of a mixture of species composition and age into groups of relative fire risk.

Floodplain – Any normally dry land area that is susceptible to being inundated by water from any natural source. This area is usually low land adjacent to a river, stream, watercourse, ocean, or lake.

Forest Patch – A group of forest stands of similarly-aged forest that may be made up of different forest cover types.

Fragmentation – Breaking up of contiguous forested areas into progressively smaller patches of different ages and/or forest types with an increasing degree of isolation from each other.

Fuel – All dead and living material that will burn.

Fuel break – Any natural or constructed barrier used to segregate, stop, and control the spread of fire, or to provide a control line from which to work.

Fuel load – The oven-dry weight of fuel per unit area, usually measured in tons per acre. Fuel includes all dead and living material that will burn.

Fuel Management – The practice of evaluating, planning, and treating wildland fuel to reduce flammability and to reduce its resistance to control through mechanical, chemical, biological, or manual means, including prescribed fire.

Fuel reduction – Action taken to decrease the buildup of fuels that could support wildfires. Reduction techniques include prescribed burns, and mechanical and hand tool treatments.



Fuel Treatment – The manipulation of wildland fuel, such as lopping, chipping, crushing, piling and burning, or removal, for the purpose of reducing its flammability or resistance to control.

Geographic Information System (GIS) – A computerized method used for inventory and analysis, which can layer large volumes of spatial data, or maps, to identify how landscape features interrelate.

Glacial Till – An unconsolidated and unsorted glacial deposit of rocks, sand, silt, and other glacial debris.

Habitat – The natural environment of a plant or animal. In wildlife management, the major components of habitat are considered to be food, water, cover, and living space.

Hardwood – All broad-leaved trees, including “soft” hardwoods, such as birch and aspen.

Harvest Unit – A unit consisting of one or more stands that would receive similar treatments concurrently.

Heritage Resource – A district, site, building, structure, or object that contains evidence of past human activities.

Historic Property – A district, site, building, structure, or object significant in American history, architecture, engineering, archeology, or culture, which meets the requirements for National Register of Historic Places eligibility.

Horizontal Diversity – the distribution and abundance of different plant and animal communities of different stages of plant succession across an area of land; the greater the numbers of communities in a given area, the higher the degree of horizontal diversity.

IMPLAN – A computer-based system used by the Forest Service to construct non-survey input-output models to assess the regional effects of changes in expenditure and employment.

Implementation monitoring – A systematic process of collecting information to assess whether the project was implemented as designed, and whether or not project implementation complies with the Forest Plan.

Indirect Effects – Results of an action that occur later in time, or further removed in distance, from where the action took place.

Indirect Employment – Employment in economic sectors that provide direct and indirect inputs to the directly affected sectors.

Intensity (fire) – The heat released per unit of time for each unit of length of the leading fire edge.

Interdisciplinary Planning Team – A group of individuals with different training assembled to perform a task. The team is assembled out of recognition that no one scientific discipline is sufficiently broad enough to adequately solve the problem.

Interior Forest – A large contiguous forest with a closed or partially open canopy of relatively mature trees, minimally influenced by adjacent cover types or edge habitat.

Intermittent stream – A stream that flows only at certain times of the year when it receives water from rainfall or run-off from some surface source, such as melting snow.



Invasive species – Organisms, usually non-native, that spread rapidly and occupy a location, inhibiting or crowding out the native species.

Inversion – An atmospheric condition that occurs when the temperature of a layer of the atmosphere increases with height. The air below this layer is held in place and not allowed to rise through it and mix with the air above.

Key Habitat – The habitat type known or suspected to be the current limiting factor or of greatest management concern for a species or species group in the vicinity of the project area. Key habitat typically includes breeding habitat if the species is known to breed in northern Minnesota, but may include foraging or roosting habitat. Key habitat is used for analysis of the potential effects of the different alternatives on wildlife species.

Key issues – Controversial issues regarding a project’s proposed activities. These issues may be connected to proposed activities that have the potential to result in a significant effect to the environment if the activities are implemented. Key issues are identified through the scoping process and are used to develop alternatives.

Lacustrine – Wetlands and deepwater habitats lacking woody or persistent emergent vegetation, either covering more than 20 acres or with water deeper than 6.6 feet.

Ladder Fuels – Combustible material such as live and dead foliage, branches, and lichens that provide a vertical ladder, allowing fire to climb into the crowns of trees with relative ease.

Landing – A cleared area in the forest to which logs are brought and loaded onto trucks for transportation.

Landscape Character – Particular attributes, qualities, and traits of a landscape that give it an image and make it identifiable or unique.

Landscape Ecosystem (LE) – The land and vegetation systems that occur naturally on the landscape. Landscape Ecosystem units were specifically developed for assessing and analyzing ecosystems in Northern Minnesota.

Landtype Association (LTA) – A level in the Ecological Classification System hierarchy that addresses broad land areas and ranges in size from 10,000 to 25,000 acres. These units typically have similarities in geologic processes, bedrock types, soil complexes, stream types, lakes, wetlands, and vegetative communities.

Legacy patch – An area within a harvest unit that is excluded from the harvest; this area is representative of the site and is not disturbed with regard to soil compaction, litter, removal, and alteration of hydrology. The purpose of a legacy patch is to maintain a source area for recolonization, gene pool maintenance, and establishment of microhabitats for organisms that can persist in small patches of mature forest.

Legal Closure – An administrative order restricting either the location, timing, or type of use in a specific area.

Lop-and-Scatter – To remove the upward-extending branches from tops of felled trees in order to keep slash low to the ground; this practice is used to improve aesthetics, increase the rate of decomposition, lower the fire hazard, or pre-treat the area prior to burning.



Lynx Analysis Unit (LAU) – Areas approximating the size of the annual home range of a female Canada lynx, used as a means of tracking and evaluating cumulative effects on the lynx.

Lynx Conservation Assessment and Strategy (LCAS) – A document developed to provide a consistent and effective approach to conserve Canada lynx on federal lands in the lower 48 States.

Maintenance Level 1 Roads – Roads that are intermittently closed to vehicular traffic for periods exceeding one year, but receive basic maintenance during closed periods because they will be needed again for future management activities.

Management Area (MA) – Portions of a landscape with similar management objectives and a common management prescription. Management areas emphasize one of the nine possible goals or “desired future conditions” of the land as described in the Regional Planning Guide (1983). Specific direction for each management area is described through management practices, standards, and guidelines.

Management Indicator Habitats (MIH) – Habitats that represent a wide variety of native species, including the majority of Management Indicator Species and Regional Forester Sensitive Species that are part of that habitat.

Management Indicator Species (MIS) – Native wildlife species of the Superior National Forest selected to represent the community types and habitats that may be affected by management activities.

Marshes – Wetlands dominated by grasses and grass-like plants, including sedges and rushes.

Mature Tree or Stand – A tree or stand that has attained full development, particularly in height, and is in full seed production.

Mesic – Sites or habitats characterized by intermediate moisture conditions, neither decidedly wet nor dry.

Million board feet (MMBF) – The amount of wood contained in one million unfinished boards, each measuring one inch thick, 12 inches long, and 12 inches wide.

Mitigation – Action taken for the purpose of eliminating, reducing, or minimizing negative impacts of management activities on the environment.

Mixed Layer – The depth of atmosphere over which vigorous mixing occurs.

Mixing Height – The maximum height of the mixed layer of the lower atmosphere.

Monitoring –A systematic process of collecting information to evaluate changes in actions, conditions, and relationships over time and space relative to a pre-determined standard or expected norm.

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) – The periodic evaluation of management activities to determine how well objectives are met, and how closely management standards and guidelines have been applied.

Multiplier Effect – Effect of inflows or outflows from a local economy that result in changes by a multiple of the original change. The more locally produced goods and services affected, the larger the multiplier effect.



National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) – Public law that outlines specific procedures for integrating environmental considerations into agency planning. Congress passed NEPA in 1969 to encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between people and their environment. One of the major tenets of NEPA is its emphasis on public disclosure of possible environmental effects of any major action on public land. The Act requires a statement of possible environmental effects to be released to the public and other agencies for review and comment.

National Forest Management Act (NFMA) – Public law of 1976 that provides for planning and management of National Forests and requires the preparation of forest plans.

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 – Established federal government policy and programs on historic preservation, including the creation of the National Register of Historic Places through which the policy is implemented.

National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) – A list, maintained by the Keeper of the Register at the National Park Service, of properties that have been evaluated and found to meet one of several specific criteria of significance listed at 36 CFR 60.4.

Natural Disturbances – Disruption of existing conditions by wind, fire, flooding, drought, insects, and disease at a scale from one tree to hundreds of thousands of acres.

Natural Regeneration –A plant or plant community established through a naturally-occurring process such as seeding, sprouting, or suckering.

Natural Seeding – The production and distribution of seed by trees existing in a stand.

Neotropical Migratory Birds – Bird species that winter regularly south of the Tropic of Cancer.

Net Stumpage Value – Revenue received from selling stumpage at the mill minus the production cost to produce the stumpage (Includes: logging, road construction, yarding, and the transportation of logs from the stump to the mill).

New Road Construction – Activity that results in the addition of forest classified or temporary road miles (36 CFR 212.1).

No-action alternative – A management option that proposes that current management practices remain unchanged. The analysis of this alternative is required for federal actions under the National Environmental Policy Act.

Non-Attainment Area – A geographic area designated by the EPA as not in compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

Non-native Invasive Species (NNIS) – Non-native species are any species that occupy an ecosystem outside its historical range. Invasive species are any species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Non-native invasive species are those species that spread from their original native habitat, to one that is not their native habitat. NNIS explode in population because they are not in their original ecosystem where they were kept in check by many factors, such as parasites and predation. Frequently these species are aggressive and difficult to manage. NNIS differ from noxious weeds in that NNIS can be animals or plants, and they are strictly non-native species.



Northern Superior Uplands (NSU) Ecological Section -- An ecological unit defined by glacial deposits, topography, distribution of plants and regional climate.

Notice of Intent (NOI) – An announcement released in accordance with NEPA regulations that an Environmental Impact Statement will be prepared. An NOI must be published in the Federal Congressional Register and is intended to solicit public comment about a proposed action.

Noxious weeds – Any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage to crops (including nursery stock or plant products), livestock, poultry, or other interests of agriculture, irrigation, navigation, the natural resources of the United States, the public health, or the environment.

Nutrient Cycling – Circulation or exchange of elements such as nitrogen and carbon between non-living and living portions of the environment. Includes all mineral and nutrient cycles involving mammals and vegetation.

Nutrients – Substances needed to sustain life; often limited in supply. Within the context of this Draft EIS, important nutrients for the aquatic ecosystem are compounds containing phosphorus and nitrogen.

Obliterate – The action needed to close an unneeded road and return land to a more natural state.

Obliteration – Returning a road or trail alignment to production, meaning that the road or trail will no longer be used or planned for future use as a travel way and will be stabilized. Obliteration blocks the road or trail and over time removes the impression that the road or trail is to be used as a travel way. This term is synonymous to “decommission”.

Old Forest – An age class older than the mature age class

Old-growth – Old growth forests are forests that have developed relatively free of stand replacement disturbances over a long period of time. Old-growth consists of late successional stages of naturally-occurring forests dominated by long-lived species, and containing large trees and tree fall gaps. Old-growth stands has multiple canopy layers, high levels of structural diversity, and a high frequency of snags and downed logs of various sizes and stages of decay. The minimum age for old-growth is 120 years for all species except white spruce (90 years) and black spruce (80 years).

Objective Maintenance Level (OML) – The intended level of maintenance to be received by each classified road. OMLs range from OML1 to OML5.

Off-road vehicle (OHV) – motorized, recreational vehicle capable of cross-country travel on natural terrain, such as a four-wheel drive trucks and ATVs that have an engine displacement of more than 800 cubic centimeters and total dry weight of more than 900 pounds. Also see Forest Plan for complete description.

ORV – Off-road vehicles are motorized, recreational vehicles capable of cross-country travel on natural terrain, such as four-wheel drive trucks and ATVs that have an engine displacement of more than 800 cubic centimeters and total dry weight of more than 900 pounds. Also see Forest Plan for complete description.

Overmature tree or stand – A tree or stand that has attained full development, particularly in height, and is declining in vigor, health, and soundness.

Overstory – The upper canopy layer; the plants below comprise the understory.



Palustrine – Wetlands dominated by trees, shrubs, or persistent emergent vegetation, or with open water covering less than 20 acres or shallower than 6.6 feet.

Partial Cut – A harvesting system that leaves at least 30 ft2 and up to 80 ft2 basal area. This harvest method facilitates reaching desired stand conditions in terms of structure and age while at the same time producing timber volume. Partial cuts with a smaller retention are like shelterwood systems, while partial cuts with more retention are considered multiple-aged management. Partial cuts can be used with all forest types. (Note: Partial cut prescriptions for the Echo Trail Area Project were designed to leave approximately 30 ft2 basal area.)

Patch – A group of forest stands of similarly-aged forest that may be made up of different forest cover types.

Perennial Plant – A plant having a life span of more than two years.

Perennial stream – A stream that maintains water in its channel throughout the year.

Permit – A special use authorization that provides permission without conveying an interest in the land, to occupy and use NFS land or facilities for specified purposes and is both revocable and terminable.

PM2.5 – Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter. Usually referred to as “fine particulate matter.” PM2.5 may be inhaled deep into the lungs and is therefore of concern from a human-health standpoint. It is also the leading cause of visibility impairment.

Prescribed Fire or Prescribed Burn – The intentional use of fire to accomplish specific resource objectives under prescribed conditions and circumstances. Prescribed fire is used to prepare sites for natural regeneration of trees, reduce fuels, or control unwanted vegetation.

Prescribed Burn Plan (PBP) – A specific operational plan for a prescribed fire that has a set minimum number of elements that must be addressed. All prescribed fire actions are developed from resource management objectives carried forward from land management plans.

Pole-sized – A tree of a size between a sapling and a mature tree, often categorized as 1 to 6 inches diameter at breast height (dbh).

Purpose and need – Specifies the project objectives and the reasons they are needed. Explains who wants to do what, where they want to do it, and when. The purpose and need for a project is arrived at by examining the differences between the existing condition and the desired future condition.

Range – The geographic area over which a species is known or believed to occur.

Range of Natural Variability (RNV) – The variation of physical and biological conditions within an area due to natural processes with all of the elements present and functioning.

Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) – A framework of stratifying and defining classes of outdoor recreation environments, activities, and experience opportunities. The settings, activities, and opportunities for obtaining experiences have been arranged along a continuum or spectrum divided into six classes: primitive, semi-primitive, non-motorized, semi-primitive motorized, roaded natural, rural, and urban.



Recreational Motor Vehicles (RMVs) – All-terrain vehicles (ATVs), snowmobiles, motorcycles, flotation-type ATVs, and other motor vehicles used for recreation.

Reforestation – the reestablishment of forest cover either naturally or artificially.

Regional Forester Sensitive Species (RFSS) – A native animal species identified by the Regional Forester for which population viability is a concern on the Superior National Forest. Such concern may be prompted by a significant current or predicted downward trend, either in population numbers, or the availability of habitat capable of supporting the existing distribution of the species.

Release – Removal of competing vegetation to allow desired tree species to grow.

Research Natural Area (RNA) – An area within a National Forest that has been designated to be permanently protected and maintained in a natural condition.

Reserve Trees – Individual trees or groups of trees retained in a stand after a harvest for the purpose of providing seed, stand structure, habitat, or for aesthetic considerations.

Restoration – The process of returning ecosystem or habitats to their original structure and species composition. The word “restoration” was used interchangeably with “conversion” in this EIS.

Rhizome – A modified stem that grows below ground, commonly stores food materials, and produces roots, scale leaves, and suckers irregularly along its length.

Riparian Area – The area of direct interaction between terrestrial and aquatic environments. Riversides and lakeshores are typical riparian zones.

Riprap – Rocks, pieces of used concrete, or other material of various sizes placed firmly or loosely on river banks to prevent scouring by the river, or on slopes or road cuts to prevent erosion.

Riverine – Relating to rivers and streams.

Road Density – The number of miles of road per square mile in a land area..

Road Reconstruction – Activity that results in improvement or realignment of an existing classified road.

Roadless Area – An area inventoried in a National Forest that meets specific criteria. Some of the criteria include: 1) is approximately 2,500 acres, or if smaller, is contiguous to a designated wilderness or primitive area, or lies east of the 100th Meridian, and therefore, under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Wilderness Act; and 2) can include up to ½ miles of improved Forest Service road per 1,000 acres; and 3) has been inventoried for further study as a possible inclusion in the Wilderness Preservation System.

Record of Decision (ROD) – A document, associated with but separate from an EIS, that publicly and officially discloses the responsible official’s decision regarding which alternative assessed in the EIS will be implemented. The responsible official for the Virginia Forest Management Project is the Laurentian District Ranger.

Scenery Management System (SMS) – A tool developed by the USDA Forest Service for inventory, analysis, and management of scenery.



Scenic Attractiveness – The scenic importance of a landscape based on human perceptions of the intrinsic beauty of landform, rockform, waterform, and vegetation pattern. It is classified as: A – Distinctive, B – Typical or Common, and C – Undistinguished.

Scenic Class – A product of the inventory phase of the Scenery Management System. Scenic Classes describe the importance or value of a particular landscape or portion of that landscape. Scenic classes are determined and mapped by combining the three classes of scenic attractiveness with the distance zones and concern levels of landscape visibility. Generally, Scenic Class 1 and 2 areas have high public aesthetic value, Scenic Class 3, 4, and 5 areas have moderate public aesthetic value, and Scenic Class 6 and 7 areas have low public aesthetic value.

Scoping – The on-going process used to determine public opinion, receive comments and suggestions, and determine issues during the environmental analysis process. Scoping involves gathering information through public meetings, telephone conversations, or correspondence.

Seasonal Road – Constructed for dry weather use, normally constructed with native or pit run borrow. These roads are normally closed during spring breakup or periods of wet weather. Use may also occur during the winter. Roads may be classified or temporary.

Section 106 of the NHPA – Requires federal agencies, prior to taking action to implement an undertaking, to take into account the effects of their undertaking on historic properties and afford the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) a reasonable opportunity to comment regarding such an undertaking.

Sediment – Solid material, both mineral and organic, that is in suspension and being transported from its site of origin by the forces of air, water, gravity, or ice.

Sensitive Receptors – Sites usually defined as locations where human populations tend to concentrate and where smoke could affect the health of those populations or significantly affect visibility that may be detrimental to either their health or their enjoyment of scenic qualities of the landscape.

Sensitive species – Plant and animal species for which population viability is a concern; the designation of “sensitive species” is given by the Regional Forester.

Seral – A plant and animal community that is in a transitional stage of succession, being either short or long term. If left alone, the seral stage will pass, and another plant and animal community will replace it.

Shelterwood Harvest – A method used to regenerate even-aged stands. A portion of the existing trees are removed to encourage the establishment of a new age class beneath the shelter of the residual trees.

Shipstead-Newton-Nolan Act – A law to conserve the natural beauty of shorelines in northern Minnesota for recreational use.

Site Index – A measure of site class based upon the height of the dominant trees in a stand at an arbitrarily chosen age.

Site Preparation – The general term for removing unwanted vegetation, slash, roots, and stones from a site before reforestation.



Skid – Haul logs by sliding from stumps to a collection point.

Slash – The residue left on the ground after timber cutting or after a storm, fire, or other event. Slash includes unused logs, uprooted stumps, broken or uprooted stems, branches, bark, etc.

Snag – A standing dead or dying tree.

Softwoods – Conifers.

Soil nutrients – Components in the soil that are necessary for plant growth such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other micronutrients.

Soil productivity – The ability of a soil to provide nutrients, water, and structure for plant growth.

Soil Quality – The inherent capacity of a specific soil, as determined by its inherent physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, to perform its biologic, hydrologic, and ecological functions.

Spatial data/spatial patterns – information about the location and shape of geographic features, and the relationships between them.

Special Management Complex (SMC) – A grouping of forest stands, wetlands, bogs, lakes, and streams in patches of 300 to 5,000 or more acres that include features that are uncommon on the landscape (old-growth, rare natural resources, etc.).

Special Use Permit (SUP) – Authorization, without conveying an interest in land, to occupy and use National Forest System land or facilities for specific purposes, and is both revocable and terminable.

Stand – A contiguous area of vegetation that is similar in species, age, and condition.

State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) – The state agency responsible for overseeing the management and protection of heritage resources in compliance with the NHPA.

Subsection – A classification unit based on the National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units.

Succession – The natural replacement, in time, of one plant community with another. It includes changes in species, structure, and community processes, and is reasonably predictable.

Surface Fire – A fire that burns only in surface fuels, such as litter, down woody material, and small vegetation.

Swamps – Wetlands dominated by woody plants, including trees and shrubs.

Temporary Road – A road that is authorized for short-term use and is not intended to be part of the forest transportation system.

Thinning – A treatment intended to enhance forest health and improve tree growth by reducing the number of trees in a stand.

Threatened species – An official designation, given by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, which is applied to any species that is likely to become endangered throughout all or a significant portion of its range within the foreseeable future.



Threatened, Endangered, and Sensitive Species (TES) – Federally listed threatened and endangered animals and Region 9 Forester’s Sensitive Species. Endangered Species are those plant or animal species listed by the Secretary of the Interior as being in danger of extinction within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range, per the ESA. Threatened Species are those that are likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future.

Till – An unconsolidated and unsorted glacial deposit of rocks, sand, silt, and other glacial debris.

Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) – Actions to improve growing conditions for trees in a stand by elimination or suppression of the less desirable vegetation.

Trail – A linear travelway for purpose of travel by vehicles 50 inches in width or less, pack animals, or people.

Tree Species Diversity – the percentage of total number of individual trees by species.

Twenty-five Percent Fund Rule – Twenty-five percent of USDA Forest Service revenues from timber receipts are returned to the States to be allocated to counties in which National Forest System land is located. These funds are used to help pay for school services and road maintenance.

Two-age – a stand composed of two distinct age classes that are separated in age by more than 20 percent of rotation.

Two-aged Harvest – A treatment designed to maintain and regenerate a stand that has two age classes.

Unclassified Road – A road on NFS land that is not needed for, and not managed as, part of the forest transportation system. These roads will either be decommissioned or converted to a trail.

Underburn – A prescribed fire that consumes surface fuels but not trees and shrubs.

Understory – The tree, shrub, and other plant species growing within the shade provided by a tree canopy.

Undertaking – Any project, activity, or program that can result in changes in the character or use of historic properties, if any such historic properties are located within an area of potential effects and if the activity is under the direct or indirect jurisdiction of federal agency or licensed or assisted by a federal agency.

Unit Cards – Detailed descriptions of each timber harvest unit, and the road, recreation, and fuel treatment projects.

Vegetation Composition – the mix of tree species present on a site or landscape, or population and the species’ relative abundance.

Vertical Diversity – the diversity in a stand that results from the different layers or tiers of vegetation.

Viability Indicator Species (VIS) – Federally listed species, selected Region 9 Forester’s Sensitive Species, and other species of special concern.

Viable Population – The number of individuals of a species sufficient to ensure long-term existence in natural, self-sustaining populations adequately distributed throughout their range.



Viewshed – The area visible from a particular location.

Visual Quality Objectives (VQO) – Objectives describing the degree of acceptable alteration on the natural landscape. One of the following five VQOs is assigned to an area based upon its variety class and sensitivity level: preservation, retention, partial retention, modification, or maximum modification.

Water bar –a shallow channel or raised barrier of soil or other material laid diagonally across the surface of a road or trail in order to lead water off the road and prevent soil erosion.

Water Yield – The quantity of water expressed either as a continuous rate of flow or as a volume per unit of time. Total runoff.

Watershed – An area that, because of topographic slope, contributes water to a specified surface water drainage system, such as a stream or river.

Weighted Average – A method of averaging a series of quantities that takes into account the relative importance of each quantity’s contribution to the average.

Wetlands – Areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.

White pine blister rust – A fungal disease that forms cankers on stems and branches of white pine.

Whole-tree logging – A harvesting method that involves cutting and dragging whole trees with crowns intact to a landing area, where the crowns of the trees are then cut off.

Wild and Scenic River System – Rivers with outstanding scenic, recreational, geological, fish and wildlife, historic, cultural, or other similar values designated by Congress under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 for preservation of their free-flowing condition.

Wildfire – An unwanted wildland fire.

Wildland Fire – Any non-structure fire, other than prescribed fire, that occurs in the wildland.

Winter Roads – Constructed to lie lightly on the land to reduce ground disturbance, and utilize snow and ice as part of the road surface. They are used only during frozen roadbed conditions, and are closed other times of the year. Winter roads may be classified or temporary roads.

Woody Debris – Large pieces of wood in stream channels or on the ground, including logs, pieces of logs, and large chunks of wood; provides streambed stability and/or habitat complexity. Also called coarse woody debris or down woody debris.



4.6 INDEX Air Quality, 3-3, 3-180 Alaska National Interest Lands

Conservation Act (ANILCA), 1-11, 2-7, 3-219, 3-223

All-terrain Vehicles, 1-18, 2-18, 3-8, 3-9, 3-89, 3-91, 3-93, 3-96, 3-98, 3-105, 3-109, 3-112, 3-114, 3-118, 3-119, 3-128, 3-137, 3-166, 3-167, 3-168, 3-190, 3-214

Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW), 1-3, 1-7, 1-16, 1-17, 1-18, 2-4, 2-14, 2-16, 2-18, 2-23, 2-25, 3-13, 3-14, 3-16, 3-18, 3-19, 3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-55, 3-61, 3-65, 3-80, 3-89, 3-91, 3-93, 3-94, 3-95, 3-96, 3-97, 3-98, 3-101, 3-102, 3-103, 3-105, 3-106, 3-107, 3-108, 3-109, 3-110, 3-112, 3-113, 3-115, 3-116, 3-117, 3-118, 3-120, 3-128, 3-127, 3-173, 3-181, 3-189, 3-215, 3-216, 3-221

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), 1-17, 1-19, 2-11

Decision to be Made, 1-15 Economics, 1-19, 3-1, 3-201

Benefit/Cost Ratio, 3-202 Financial Efficiency, 3-204, 3-205

Ecological Land Types (ELTs), 2-5, 2-24, 3-151, 3-152, 3-153, 3-155, 3-157, 3-158, 3-159, 3-160, 3-179, 3-189

Employment, 3-207 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),

1-21, 2-1, 3-180, 3-194 Federal Register, 1-1, 1-8, 1-16, 3-123 Fire

Air Quality, 3-180 Condition Class, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-19,

2-1, 3-1, 3-97, 3-99, 3-175 to 3-183 Forest Plan, 1-1, 1-5, 1-7, 1-8, 1-18, 2-2, 2-7,

2-8, 2-15, 2-18, 2-21, 3-5, 3-37, 3-40, 3-81, 3-123, 3-124, 3-127, 3-163, 3-165, 3-168, 3-172, 3-173, 3-210, 3-211, 3-218

Gravel Pits, 1-2, 2-9, 3-4, 3-5, 3-73, 3-77, 3-209

Issues, 1-2, 1-14, 1-17, 1-19, 2-2, 2-5, 2-18, 3-37, 3-40, 3-41, 3-42, 3-44, 3-46, 3-49, 3-50, 3-63, 3-89

Kawishiwi District, 1-1, 1-15, 3-96 LaCroix District, 1-1, 1-15 Lake County, 1-3, 1-16, 1-20, 3-5, 3-13,

3-182, 3-183 Land and Resource Management Plan, 1-1,

1-5, 1-7, 1-8, 1-18, 2-2, 2-7, 2-8, 2-15, 2-18, 2-21, 3-5, 3-37, 3-40, 3-81, 3-123, 3-124, 3-127, 3-163, 3-165, 3-168, 3-172, 3-173, 3-210, 3-211, 3-218

Land Ownership, 1-3, 1-5, 3-18, 3-31, 3-55, 3-64, 3-85, 3-88, 3-126, 3-183

Landscape Ecosystems (LEs), 1-5, 1-6, 1-9, 1-11, 1-17, 1-21, 2-7, 2-10, 2-13, 2-14, 2-15, 2-21, 2-22, 2-25, 3-11, 3-12, 3-18, 3-19, 3-20, 3-21, 3-23, 3-24, 3-25, 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3-31, 3-33, 3-39, 3-40, 3-41, 3-53, 3-54, 3-55, 3-57, 3-58, 3-59, 3-69, 3-71, 3-74, 3-75, 3-138, 3-157, 3-211

Dry Mesic Red & White Pine LE, 1-11, 2-25, 3-21, 3-71, 3-75, 3-186, 3-187

Jack Pine/Black Spruce LE, 1-3, 1-9, 1-11, 1-13, 2-6, 2-10, 2-15, 2-18, 2-20, 3-3, 3-12, 3-15, 3-20, 3-21, 3-22, 3-24, 3-25, 3-28, 3-31, 3-32, 3-43, 3-45, 3-48, 3-50, 3-51, 3-54, 3-55, 3-56,3- 71, 3-74, 3-76, 3-83,3- 86, 3-139, 3-140, 3-157, 3-179

Lowland Conifer LE, 1-5, 1-9, 1-11, 2-10, 2-13, 2-22, 2-25, 3-12, 3-18, 3-21, 3-24, 3-25, 3-27, 3-29, 3-31, 3-41, 3-54, 3-55, 3-59, 3-69, 3-175

Management Areas (MAs), 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-12, 1-18, 1-21, 2-6, 2-7, 2-9, 2-15, 2-16, 2-17, 2-26, 3-12, 3-19, 3-101, 3-102, 3-106, 3-111, 3-112, 3-116, 3-117, 3-124, 3-125, 3-131, 3-132, 3-138, 3-144, 3-211

Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1-16, 3-18, 3-55, 3-119, 3-172, 3-223, 3-224, 3-225

Minnesota Forest Resources Council, 2-2, 3-19, 3-24, 3-155


Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), 1-16, 3-, 3-91, 3-92

Mitigations, 2-2, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-151, 3-157, 3-159, 3-160

Monitoring, 1-2, 1-12, 2-2, 3-90, 3-96, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA),

1-5, 1-17, 2-1, 2-3, 2-11, 3-17, 3-194 National Forest Management Act, 2-13, 3-2,

3-37, 3-67, 3-78, 3-127, 3-194, 3-202, 3-211

National Historic Preservation Act, 3-194, 3-195

Notice of Intent, 1-1, 1-16, 2-1 Off-highway Vehicles, 2-18, 2-23, 2-25, 3-83,

3-84, 3-86, 3-87, 3-89, 3-90, 3-93, 3-98, 3-119, 3-120, 3-190

Public Involvement, 1-15, 1-16 Purpose and Need, 1-2, 1-9, 1-12, 1-15, 2-1,

2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-15, 2-18, 2-20, 2-22, 3-132, 3-137, 3-144, 3-219

Responsible Officials, 1-1, 1-8, 1-12, 1-15, 1-16, 2-1, 2-2, 2-6, 2-7, 2-12, 3-8, 3-124, 3-205

Roads Decommissioning, 2-12, 2-17 Temporary, 1-14, 1-15, 2-9, 3-5, 3-8,

3-47, 3-98, 3-159 Unclassified, 2-9, 2-11, 2-12, 3-129, 3-214

Scoping, 1-12, 1-13, 1-15, 1-16, 2-1, 2-5, 2-12, 3-119

Soil Compaction, 3-152, 3-156 Disturbance, 3-156 Erosion, 3-4 Productivity, 3-3

Snowmobiles, 1-3, 3-95, 3-101, 3-103, 3-140 Special Use Authorization, 1-20, 1-21, 2-4,

2-7, 2-9, 2-22, 3-220 St. Louis County, 1-3, 1-10, 1-16, 1-20, 3-5,

3-6, 3-7, 3-13, 3-18, 3-26, 3-30, 3-40, 3-55, 3-107, m3-113, 3-119, 3-120, 3-215, 3-219, 3-220

Stream Crossings, 3-163, 3-167 State Historic Preservation Office, 3-194,

3-195, 3-197 Transportation System, 1-10, 1-11, 1-20,

1-21, 2-3, 2-9, 2-11, 2-12, 3-8, 3-20, 3-101, 3-102, 3-105, 3-106, 3-107, 3-109, 3-110, 3-111, 3-112, 3-114, 3-115, 3-116, 3-118, 3-129, 3-168, 3-213, 3-216, 3-218, 3-223

Tribal Communities, 1-16, 1-19, 3-1, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-194, 3-195, 3-197, 3-204, 3-210

Unit Cards, 1-2 US Fish and Wildlife Service, 3-81, 3-225 Vegetation,

Age, 1- 9, 1-11, 2-10, 3-11, 3-20, 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3-30, 3-31

Composition, 3-12, 3-18, 3-20, 3-21, 3-24, 3-25

Reforestation, 3-15, 3-199 Regeneration, 2-9, 3-2 Tree Species Diversity, 3-12, 3-20, 3-21,

3-31, 3-33 Water Quality, 3-3 Watersheds, 3-3 Wetlands, 3-4, 3-160, 3-161




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