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CHAPTER 5

IHRAM

PREPARATIONS

& PROHIBITIONS

& ADAB ADAB-

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CHAPTER 5: IHRAM

1. WHAT IS (SACRED STATE) OF IHRAM IHRAM in Arabic means “to render unlawful/forbidden”. IHRAM in the rites of hajj means to invoke the intention for the Hajj and Umrah.

It is named thus because one who has invoked the intention for the Hajj and Umrah is haram (forbidden) from doing several acts which are originally permissible (halal), even harus (possible), but become forbidden once such intention has been invoked.

Much as with the Takbiratul Ihram (proclaiming the sacred state) in the solat, that is, a proclamation that renders something as forbidden, because after the proclamation, several acts which are encouraged to be performed before the proclamation, become forbidden subsequently. 2. ACTS TO BE UNDERTAKEN PRIOR TO ENTERING THE STATE OF IHRAM

2.1 PERSONAL CLEANSING

It is indeed good if before the ihram is invoked, several sunnah acts are performed as exemplified by the Prophet (s.a.w) such as the following:

� Cutting the fingernails � Trimming the moustache � Pulling out the armpit’s hairs � Shaving the pubic hair

It is evident that these acts are performed in our daily lives, what more if one is about to present oneself to Allah in undertaking the Hajj and Umrah. This is based on the hadith by Abu Hurairah r.a.:

�������� ������ � � ����� �������� ����� : ��������� ��� !"#�$: ���� %�&'�� �() �*� �+,�&-�� . �/�0��1�� 23���� �4��, �5���� �6� �7 8�, � �*�

���9��:�;�.

“The Prophet has said: “There are five natural acts: cutting the pubic hair, circumcision, trimming the moustache, pulling out the armpit’s hairs, cutting the fingernails”

(Hadith: Jemaah)

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For men, shaving the beard and moustache is an act which is forbidden by the Prophet (s.a.w), as stated by him:

�� ��2��9�� ���<�� 1�#�� �=����� �$ �/�0��=�1�� ��=�� >���� ��8��.

“Fault you the Unbelieving community: Grow your beard and lengthen your moustache”.

(Hadith: Bukhari and Muslim)

It is good if the Prophet’s (s.a.w) teaching can be obeyed. Hence men should not shave the beard and moustache, but keep it neat and tidy for both are Allah’s special creation specifically for His male creatures and which are not found in women.

2.2 SUNNAH BATH BEFORE IHRAM

The intention is: “I perform the sunnah ihram bath because of Allah” to be invoked in the heart. The jurists, from all the four schools without exception, rule it as a sunnah muakkadah (highly recommended) act for everyone who wishes to invoke the ihram, whether they be men or women who are in haidh (menstruation) or nifas (lochia- post natal discharge). This is based on the hadith from Ibnu Umar r.a.:

�� =�$�6 �6��0�@ ��A���� �B��� >*� �6��0�@ ��A�� �C �D�,E�&F 4�@ �G��2D�� ��� .�G�H�

“Among the acts considered sunnah is the bath preceding the ihram and upon entering Makkah”. (Related by Bazzar & Dar Quthni, as also Hakim who confirmed its authenticity)

Also from Ibnu Abbas r.a. that the Prophet (s.a.w) said:

��I���< �J ����� �#�� � �K%�&'�� �B�� 8�'�� �C �D�,E�&' �L�M� �8���� �N��D��2&��� �4�O �� &�P ���I��' ��,�> �Q�&����) �R=���' �S ��I�&-�@

“Women who are in nifas and haidh, should bathe and then undertake the ihram and perform all the hajj rituals except the tawaf (circumambulating the Kaaba) and do not perform these until she is pure”.

(Hadith: Ahmad, Abu Daud and Tirmidzi, saying it to be “good”)

If, for some reason, one is unable to bathe, then he should perform the (wudhu’) ablution. It is better to bathe as well as perform the ablution. For those who

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invoke the ihram in the airplane, it is better if he takes the sunnah ihram bath at home before his departure. But it is not obligatory on him to invoke the intention and don the ihram garment before arriving at the miqat (location before which one needs to invoke the intention for hajj/’umrah). 2.2.1 THE VIRTUES OF CLEANSING AND SUNNAH BATH BEFOR IHRAM

One who performs the hajj and ‘umrah is he who has come to answer Allah’s call. He comes to surrender himself to Allah, like a corpse which is cleansed and bathed before being buried. Similarly, the hajj pilgrim too cleanse himself to be presented before Allah.

However, Allah does not just look at our outer appearances, but more importantly, at the cleansing of the inner soul, as the Prophet (s.a.w) had said:

����O ���T��&F � � ���H���� ��H����= �@� ��<�0�=�� ����O ���T��&F�S � � �4�O ��H����#��@�� ��H�) =���&�.

“Verily, Allah does not look at your appearance and your wealth, but Allah looks at your heart and your deeds”.

Therefore, among the preparations which are important before the ihram, the heart should be cleansed of all sins and diseases of the heart, and of the mazmumah (despised) traits, by increasing the seeking of forgiveness from Allah. Feel how shameful we are, coming to present ourselves before Allah with outwardly beautiful clothing but a heart still mired in filth. 2.3 DONNING OF THE IHRAM (SACRED GARMENT)

Before one invokes the intention for the hajj or ‘umrah, he should first don the ihram garment. 2.3.1 THE IHRAM FOR MEN

a. Sarung Garment (for lower half of the body)

There is no specific way to wear the garment, the only obligation is it should cover the aurat (parts of the body which should not be exposed) and does not cover the ankles, as stated by the Prophet (s.a.w):

�0����� ��9 ���&�U �H�� �Q8�' � �◌

“(A man’s clothing) which reaches below the ankle, (then the person donning it) will be in hell”. (Hadith: Bukhari)

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Be mindful too to ensure the ihram garment does not sag down a little to expose the navel, because the Prophet had said:

!��0=�� �G�� <2����� ����2D�� ���&) �� “What is between the navel and the knees is the aurat”.

(Hadith: Nasai)

b. Body Garment

Both the shoulders should always be covered too because although a man’s body is not aurat, it is makruh (discouraged, though permissible) to have it exposed before women. Hence do not expose the right shoulder except when performing the tawaf (circumambulation of the Ka’bah), which is to be followed by the sa’i subsequently (walking/jogging to and fro between the two hillocks, Safa and Marwa adjacent to Makkah’s Al Haram Mosque).

All sewn-up clothes should be disrobed, such as the shirt, singlet, underwear, songkok (head-dress), turban which is sewn up like the shirt, socks and shoes. He should wear two sets of garment which are not sewn up (both ends of which are not stitched together). One set should cover the lower aurat, and another to cover the body. This is based on the hadith from Ibnu Abbas r.a.:

��� ������ � ����� ���������� ��� ����� ������ !"#�$ %� ��&�' �(

)�*�'% +�,-� ��� �./����� �.��0�� “The Prophet (s.a.w) departed from Madinah after he had combed his hair and applied the perfume as well as donned a sarung garment and another garment covering over himself and his companions”.

(Hadith: Bukhari)

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View the inset pictures following this to see how the ihram garment is worn for men.

------------------------------------------------------------ HOW TO DON THE IHRAM GARMENT

Wrap the ihram garment around the body, making the two ends meet, and pull it to the right, with the left hand holding it in position at the right ribs.

Fold the ihram garment to the left, with the right hand holding it up at the left ribs.

Fold the ihram garment to the right.

Roll down the ihram garment downwards till just above the navel.

Put on your belt Wrap the belt with the ihram and make it neat

Wrap-rest the second ihram garment over both shoulders.

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This is how the ihram garment is donned throughout the duration. -------------------------------------------------------------

2.3.2 THE IHRAM FOR WOMEN

Women who are in ihram may don whatever clothing permitted by Islam for them. There are only two additional rulings concerning the ihram, that is:

� Forbidden to cover the face � Forbidden to wear gloves

. ��F�W����%�� �"����&'�� �G� �� 8�#�� ���@��#�� �X�%�,��&' �S��

)2�%3( “And do not cover the face of woman who are in ihram and do not wear the

two gloves”. (Hadith: Bukhari – Fathul Bari 4/52)

However, a woman may cover her face if she places something on her head such that when the scarf is lowered, it does not touch the face. And it is not obligatory on her to fidyah (pay a penalty charge). In fact, it becomes obligatory to cover her face when in front of a ajnabi man (A man to whom one is legally permissible to marry), if an allegation of misdeed is feared, as stated by Siti Aishah r.a.:

� � �� =���0 �Y� �� 8�-�� .����) G�- �2��#�F �4��� <2��� �4��< ����� ������ � � �������� ����� ��I�&)���� �Z ��-� �7 >�O Q�� �7�� ����) ���A��> ��A�[�9 . \]�� �� 8�

�̂ ��� ��1�< ��- ��W��� �Z ��A�[�9 .��I�I Z��

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“While we were in ihram with the Prophet (s.a.w), convoys (of pilgrims) passed by before us. When they approached near us, we would each lower our jilbab (exterior veils) over our face and once they have passed by, we would then unveil it.” (Hadith: Ibnu Majah and Abu Daud, with a (hasan) narrative chain)

2.3.3 FEATURES OF APPROPRIATE DRESSING FOR MUSLIM WOMEN Women’s dressing, according to Islam, is the same whether in ihram or otherwise. There is no specific dressing as such. It would suffice if the following Muslim women’s dressing features are fulfilled:

1. It is obligatory to cover the aurat – the whole body except the face and

palms (there are some ulamas’ opinions which state that both the face and palms are aurat – when in front of an ajnabi man who is legally marriageable. This is based on the following authoritative argument:

The Prophet (s.a.w) one day entered the home of his wife, Aishah r.a. He suddenly found Aishah’s elder sister, Asma, beside her and dressed in thin clothes which revealed the colour of her skin. The Prophet then turned his face away as he said:

4�@ �_�� ̀ �F �a�9 �L �8�#�� \QE���&) ��A�O ���@��#�� �4�O �N� �# ��@ ��F.���I Z���� �����< ����O �0��b�@�� .� �c�d �� � �c�d �S�O !N ��b ��I &� � e��2&F

“O Asma, verily, women who have attained puberty cannot be seen anything of her (body) except this and this (while pointing to his palm and face)”. (Hadith: Abu Daud)

If the woman is with her family or with the womenfolk in the room, then it is alright if she unveils her hair or clothes because a woman’s aurat within the family and among women is between the navel and the knees, even while in ihram. She will not be penalised if she is undressed while alone in the bathroom. It is only makruh (undesirable).

2. Among the women’s aurat is the feet. Ensure that she wears foot-covering

when in front of an ajnabi man. If, with a single layer of foot-covering, her skin colour can still be seen, then she should wear more than a layer, or a thicker one.

3. It is good if the woman use buttons at her sleeve’s end, so that when she

raises her hand, waves at the Hajar Aswad, or others, then her sleeve would not droop down to reveal her aurat. Or have her put on a wrist band.

4. The woman’s dress should not reveal her body shape. In other words, do not wear tight clothes or thin ones which shows off the skin’s colour, and the shape of her groin, breast, arms, thighs and others. It is good if she wears a

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low-draping scarf so as to help cover her chest region, as decreed by Allah thus:

�Z ����� ���d���#�5�) ��)��K���� ���I�) =�&

“That they should draw their veils over their bosoms”. (An Nur 24:31)

5. They should avoid dressing which resembles men’s clothes because such an

act will be met with Allah’s damnation. The Prophet (s.a.w) said:

��� �� �I���1�,�#���� . ����Z�����) �N��D���� ��� �]��I�&��1�,�#�� � � ���U�� �N��D�����) ����Z����.

“Allah damns women who resembles men and men who resembles women”. (Hadith: Bukhari and Muslim)

This relates, for example, to wearing pants, shirts and others which reveal the body’s shape.

--------------------------------------------------------------

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PLEASE VIEW THE INSET PICTURE FOR CLARIFICATION

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Islam had never prohibited women from ornamenting themselves so long as they do not transgress the norms of conduct and taboos outlined by Islam. Allah has decreed:

“O children of Adam: verily have We bestowed clothes upon you to conceal your private regions, as with the decorative clothes too. But the clothes of piety is better”.

The scarf used must be

long and not transparent,

as well as cover the chest

region.

Skirt, gown, or pants

must drape down low

right to the ankle.

Socks/stockings

must be worn or

gloved on.

High-heeled shoes

must be made of

rubber so as not to

attract attention.

Blouse’s sleeve must

reach the wrist.

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2.3.4 INAPPROPRIATE DRESSING FOR MUSLIM WOMEN

Errors from Figure A The cloth used does not cover the ankles. According to the hadith from Tirmidzi and Nasai: Ummu Salamah r.a. had asked: “O Prophet, what should women do to lower the level of their clothes?” The Prophet (s.a.w) replied: “Women should lengthen it by the span of the outstretched thumb and middle finger (jengkal) and do not shorten it”.

A

B Errors from Figure B The scarf does not cover the chest region. According to Allah’s decree in Surah An-Nur, verse 31: “That they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty”. Socks/stockings are not used/gloved on. The dress is too tight and reveals the body’s shape.

Errors from Figure C The scarf does not cover the chest region. The blouse’s sleeve is too short. Socks/stockings are not used. The skirt is too short.

C

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Errors from Figure D The dress reveals the body’s shape. Excessive use of cosmetics such as lipstick, facial powder and others. Allah’s decree in Surah Al-Araf, verse 31: “O Children of Adam! Wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place of prayer: eat and drink: but do not be excessive, for God loveth not those who are excessive”. The blouse’s sleeve is too short. Socks/stockings are not used.

D

Errors from Figure E The dress reveals the body’s shape. Excessive use of cosmetics such as lipstick, facial powder and others. Allah’s decree in Surah Al-Araf, verse 31: “O Children of Adam! Wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place of prayer: eat and drink: but do not be excessive, for God loveth not those who are excessive”.

E

Errors from Figure F The blouse’s sleeve is too short. Socks/stockings are not used. The skirt cloth has a central split The blouse is too short.

F

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2.3.5 THE IHRAM FOR MENSTRUATING WOMEN IHRAM FOR HAJJ

When a woman who is menstruating or in nifas ( lochia- post-natal dicharge), wishes to be in ihram, such as when going to Makkah for the hajj, whether from the country of residence or Madinah, she should perform as hajj pilgrims would. She is only prohibited from performing the tawaf at Baitullah (Allah’s Abode).

It is necessary for her to cleanse herself, such as cutting the fingernail, pulling out the armpit’s hairs, shaving the pubic hair, and taking the sunnah ihram bath, as well as donning the ihram garment, but not performing the ihram solat. Upon arriving at the miqat (be it on the plane or at Bir Ali Madinah), it is obligatory to invoke the intention: hajj or hajj and ‘umrah. Upon arriving at Makkah, she does not perform the welcoming circumambulation (qudum tawaf). Then she performs everything that hajj pilgrims do, such as going to Mina, wuquf (gathering en masse) at Arafah, overnighting in Muzdalifah and hurling stones at Jamrah, as well as cutting the hair. When she has become pure, however, she should take the ritual bath of major ceremonial cleansing (major hadath).

Once cleansed:

a. Before wuquf : if there is opportunity, perform the tawaf qudum (arrival circumambulation (qudum tawaf) and the hajj Sa’i. b. After wuquf : do not qadha (perform belatedly) the qudum tawaf, perform the hajj tawaf and Sa’i only.

This is in accordance with what the Prophet (s.a.w) had said to Siti Aishah who was then menstruating while performing the hajj with the Prophet:

��,�> �Q�&����) ��9 =���' �S�@ �� &�� 2f��8�� �Y�� ̀ �F �� ��U�� ����� �D�,E�&'.

“Perform everything that a hajj pilgrim does, except do not perform the tawaf at Baitullah, until you take the ritual bath of major cleansing (major hadas – after being pure.

(Hadith: Bukhari and Muslim) IHRAM FOR ‘UMRAH (On the Hajj) If she has intended for the ‘umrah, upon arriving in Makkah, she cannot perform

the ‘umrah tawaf until she is pure (that is, past her menstruation cycle). After being pure and having taken the hadas bath, perform the ‘umrah tawaf and sa’i, as well as cut her hair, thereby completing her ‘umrah. In the event her menstruation is prolonged until the time to perform the hajj, then she should perform the tahallul (desacralization) by cutting her hair and intending to withdraw from her ihram for ‘umrah. She should then pay the penalty (dam) for this and invoke the intention. (Refer to: Majmu’ Imam Nawawi 7/166)

It is necessary to remind that as long as she has not fulfilled the ‘umrah, she is still subject to the prohibitions of the ihram.

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IHRAM FOR ‘UMRAH (On the ‘umrah) If a woman wishes to perform the ‘umrah within a short period, then menstruates

without it ceasing within that period, it is not necessary to intend the ‘umrah, if she is unable to fulfil it. But if the menstruation is approaching its end, she has two choices: (i) not to ihram until she is pure (ii) she should intend the ihram for ‘umrah from the miqat, and remain in ihram until she is pure, then fulfil the ‘umrah acts.

2.3.6 VIRTUES OF THE IHRAM

It disregards social standing, position and haughtiness, such that each pilgrim

does not feel the differences among them. They are ( ٌة َواِحَدة a single ummah (أُم�(community of Muslims), indivisible and undifferentiated. All are equal before Allah, that which differentiates them is only taqwa (piety). Allah decreed:

� � �7��� ��H� �� <�@ �4O ��<��%&'�@ .)5�#67� 8��( “Verily the most noble among you by Allah’s side are those who are most

pious”. (Al Hujurat 49:13)

This will teach us to be humble.

Reminding us of the day of death, for all the wealth we possess will not be brought along, other than the stark white shroud. There! these are them all, dressed in white, coming in answer to the call, as a mark of total submission to Allah s.w.t (Most Exalted).

Hopefully this would bring forth the repentance that this is the dress we would each be garbed in upon returning to Allah. All the wealth, position, fame, all the world’s riches will not be brought along to the grave, except virtuous deeds only will be the companion. Remember then! We would all return to Allah with a single shroud, as in Allah’s decree:

.�4��6 =�U�&' ��<�@ �7�) ��#�< “Such as he created you in the beginning, so shall ye return”. (Al A’raf 7:29)

And so by our act of disrobing from our normal attire, we should actually discard too the robes of pride, arrogance, envious jealousy and other vices that has become our tangible and spiritual clothes all these while.

Educate our soul to be as clean as the white ihram garment so that the external reflects the internal.

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To unite the Muslim community, regardless of race, heritage, wealthy or poor – all are indeed the same.

Because of that, the ihram garment cannot bear any label or colour such as would differentiate one from other pilgrims and causing him to feel haughty.

It is hoped the womenfolk will always cover their aurat while in ihram, as a spiritual training to accustom them to such dress, and continue covering the aurat after returning later.

NOTE 1. It is sunnah for the men and women’s ihram garment to be white. 2. Both men and women may wear the wristwatch, ring, eye-wear (including the

string accessory), since all these are not prohibited by the Prophet (s.a.w).

3. One who forgetfully or are ignorantly commit errors in this matter of attire, is not subject to fidyah h or penalty. For instance, he forgets or does not know the ruling on the discarding of his underwear. The Shafiite principle in this matter is: forgetfulness and ignorance is considered “uzur”, that is, a reason which absolves one from the responsibility of paying the fidyah h for a particular transgression, as long as it does not reduce something else. Forgetting to discard the underwear or using perfume because of ignorance of its prohibition, does not cause a reduction in something else. But if indeed it does so, then the fidyah h will be imposed, such as when he forgetfully or ignorantly cut his hair, since such an act has reduced his hair. But he shall not be considered as having sinned, as the Prophet had said:

.�4�� D������ �@����5�� ��,� �@ ��� �Y�9�0 “My followers shall be uplifted (not considered as having sinned) for having erred and forgetten”.

2.4 APPLICATION OF PERFUME

1. Be it on the body or the parting of hair as well as clothes, though traces of it will remain after the ihram later. As related by Aishah r.a.:

� � �� =���0 �X��h�@ �Q��< ����� �������� ������ � � ��� ��� >�* �◌ �Q�&����) �R=���F 4�@ �C��&� ���� �8���� �B�� 8�F 4�@ �C��&�

“I did apply the perfume on the Prophet (s.a.w) for the ihram before he invoked the intention and for his tahallul before he tawaf”. (Hadith: Bukhari and Muslim)

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2. Nevertheless, if the ihram garment bearing the perfume is disrobed from our body when we desire to visit the toilet or such other acts, if the fragrance still persists, it should not be re-worn, until the fragrance has first been removed. What is mentioned here (applying the perfume) refers to the men only.

For the women, they are prohibited from leaving the home in a fragrant condition, be it going to the hajj or the mosque. Said the Prophet:

!B =�&� � �I �8F�0 �� �7 �i��� j������U�&,� ��I�,�&) �� Q�Z���$ ���@�� � � �#2F�@.�G��-��W ���I�9

“Whoever woman who leaves the house in a fragrant condition so as to be scented by people, then such a woman is adulterous”.

(Hadith: Bukhari and Muslim)

Thus we prepare ourselves as perfectly as possible to present ourselves to Allah, and everything else that follows.

2.5. SUNNAH SOLAT OF IHRAM

After preparing everything as mentioned, it is sunnah for the pilgrim to perform the sunnah solat of ihram in 2 rakaat. The intention reads: “I perform 2 rakaat of sunnah solat of ihram because of Allah”.

It is sunnah to recite Surah Al Kafirun after the Fatihah in the first rakaat, and surah Al Ikhlas after the Fatihah in the second rakaat. From Ibnu Umar r.a. who said:

.���&,�U <�0 �G�� &���8�� e�c�) �Y�<��&F 2������ �4��<

“The Prophet (s.a.w) performed 2 rakaat of solat at Zulhulaifah”. (Hadith: Muslim)

After the solat, we should supplicate for all goodness here and in the hereafter. Among this is to beseech for the hajj process to be made easy and we be bestowed with the attribute of patience. The pilgrim who passes the miqat while in the airplane may perform the sunnah solat of ihram in the plane in the manner as taught in the lesson on performing the solat in the airplane.

2.5.1 WISDOM OF THE SUNNAH SOLAT OF IHRAM

It represents a covenant – a promise from a creature to his God, before presenting himself to Him. In his speech he expresses the promise to become a slave who is loyal to Allah, not to become a slave to other than Allah, not to be a slave to man, or whoever else except being a slave to Allah. In addition to that, he seeks for protection and strength from Allah to execute Allah’s commandment in the hajj and ‘umrah devotional act.

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This is strengthened further with his recitation of surah Al Kafirun asserting he will not worship that which is worshipped by the unbelievers. For him it is the Islamic way of life, and for the unbelievers, theirs.

This is clarified further by surah Al Ikhlas which espouses the concept of Allah’s Unity. Wealth, the world, rank and position, and all “material” forms are not God and we are not their slaves, but we are slaves unto Allah alone.

Imagine now yourself in stark white ihram garment and with this solat, you will undergo a process of “renewed rebirth” – a regeneration. Satan, which had defied Allah’s command, will not be able to dupe you again. With a sense of shame and humility, you will return to Allah s.w.t.

2.5.2 TIMES WHEN SUNNAH SOLAT OF IHRAM IS PROHIBITED

Because this solat is categorised as being part of the sunnah solat where the rationale succeeds the solat, it cannot be performed during the 5 prayer times mad forbidden from the sunnah solat. The five prayer times so prohibited against the sunnah solat where the rationale succeed the solat, are:

1. After Subuh solat until sunrise. 2. From sunrise until the sun rises completely, about 10 minutes after sunrise

(syuruk). 3. At Zawal, noontime when the sun is directly overhead, about 10 minutes

before the onset of Dzuhr. 4. After ‘Asr solat until sunset. 5. At sunset 10 minutes before Maghrib until the onset of Mahgrib. If we know that the solat for ihram will occur during the prohibited times, it is

good to perform it before departure. For instance, pilgrims who wish to perform the ‘umrah after the obligatory Subuh solat -- they proceed to Tana’im to invoke the intention for ‘umrah, and upon arriving there, the sun has not risen -- in this case, the sunnah solat for ihram cannot be performed at miqat(Tana’im). However, they can perform this two sunnah rakaat in one of two ways:

(a) Perform the sunnah solat for ihram after the obligatory Subuh solat in

Makkah (such as in Al Haram Mosque) because within the sacred precinct of Makkah, it is permitted to perform any solat without any prohibited prayer time, as will be argued later. However, one cannot invoke his intention for ‘umrah again until he arrives at the Miqat (Tana’im).

(b) Perform two sunnah rakaat of tahiyattul masjid (sunnah solat upon newly

arriving at a mosque) at Tana’im Mosque because the tahiyattul masjid solat can be performed at any time without restriction. The intention for ‘umrah is then invoked after the tahiyattul masjid solat.

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NOTE 1. These five prohibited prayer times apply to all places except the sacred

precinct of Makkah. As such, this applies to the cities of Madinah and Tana’im. 2. The solat that is prohibited during the forbidden prayer times is the

Sunnah Mutlaq Solat (which has no prescribed prayer time) and the sunnah solat where the rationale succeed the solat. The sunnah solat which is permitted for these prohibited prayer times is the sunnah solat where the rationale precede the solat.

2.5.3 DEFINITIONS OF SUNNAH SOLAT WHERE THE RATIONALE PRECEDE OR SUCCEED THE SOLAT

a. Sunnah solat where the rationale precede the solat

This solat is performed because the rationale for its performance already exists, such as when one enters a mosque and wish to perform the tahiyattul masjid solat.

Why is the tahiyattul masjid solat performed? The reason is to enter the mosque. Which occurs first, the solat or the rationale for it?

The answer: Certainly, it is the rationale, because he enters the mosque first and only then performs the solat. Hence this is called sunnah solat where the rationale precede the solat.

b. Sunnah solat where the rationale succeed the solat

This solat is performed because of a particular rationale which occurs after the solat. For instance, the sunnah solat for ihram. Which is performed first – the solat or the ihram?

The answer: Certainly, it is the solat, since after the solat will he then invoke the intention for ihram. Hence it is called sunnah solat where the rationale succeed the solat.

3. PROHIBITED ACTS WHILE IN IHRAM

When one has invoked the intention for Hajj or ‘umrah, he is already in ihram. He should then refrain from the following prohibitions. If he intentionally transgresses them, then he sins and it is obligatory to pay the penalty and repent. Merely being determined to pay the penalty does not absolve him from being a sinful transgressor. Al Imam Nawawi said in Mukt’asr Aidah page 57:

“Perhaps some members of the public who commit those prohibited acts may say “I pay the penalty”. Actually, it is not the penalty which permits committing the prohibited acts. Whosoever intentionally commits a prohibited act, then he has relegated his hajj from being regarded as a consummate hajj (mabrur).

There are 8 (eight) prohibitions for men and women who are in the hajj and ‘umrah ihram, from the instance of invoking the intention until he does the act of tahallul (desacralization).