Chapter 5 Section 2Chapter 5 Section 2

Part 2Part 2The Second Industrial The Second Industrial

RevolutionRevolution

WORKERS AND THE SECOND WORKERS AND THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Machines run by Machines run by unskilledunskilled workers workers took the place of many skilled took the place of many skilled craftspeoplecraftspeople

Unskilled workers received Unskilled workers received low paylow pay and needed little and needed little trainingtraining

SpecializationSpecialization is when workers is when workers repeat a single step in the repeat a single step in the production line over and overproduction line over and over

Specialization caused Specialization caused factory costs factory costs to drop and production to rise to drop and production to rise

Workers often worked Workers often worked 1212 to to 1616 hour days, hour days, sixsix days a weekdays a week

Workers had no paid Workers had no paid vacationsvacations, , no no sicksick leave, and no work leave, and no work compensationcompensation for workplace injuries for workplace injuries

By 1900, By 1900, 1 1 in in 6 6 children ages children ages 10 to 15 years of age held a job 10 to 15 years of age held a job outside the homeoutside the home

Because workers could be replaced Because workers could be replaced easily, few complained for fear of easily, few complained for fear of losing their joblosing their job

WHY UNIONS WERE FORMEDWHY UNIONS WERE FORMED Loss of jobs for Loss of jobs for skilledskilled workers workers LowLow pay for unskilled workers pay for unskilled workers DangerousDangerous working conditions – working conditions –

Workers used more machines and Workers used more machines and were pushed to were pushed to work fasterwork faster to keep to keep up with themup with them

UNION TACTICSUNION TACTICS Using a method called Using a method called

collective bargainingcollective bargaining, negotiating , negotiating as a group, labor unions as a group, labor unions improved their chances of improved their chances of successsuccess

At first, unions preferred At first, unions preferred boycottsboycotts and and negotiation to strikesnegotiation to strikes

StrikesStrikes eventually eventually became the most became the most common tacticcommon tactic

MAJOR STRIKES AND WORKERSMAJOR STRIKES AND WORKERS Strikes led to conflicts Strikes led to conflicts

between business owners between business owners and workers resulting in and workers resulting in violence, arrests, and deathsviolence, arrests, and deaths

Government Government supportsupport for big business for big business and strike and strike defeatsdefeats set the labor set the labor movement back for several years movement back for several years

UNION SETBACKS UNION SETBACKS Some businesses forced employees Some businesses forced employees

to sign to sign documentsdocuments saying they would saying they would not join unionsnot join unions

Businesses Businesses blacklistedblacklisted troublemakers troublemakers

Union kept on organizing but Union kept on organizing but the late 1800s remained an the late 1800s remained an era of big businessera of big business

PATENTSPATENTS It is an exclusive right to make or sell It is an exclusive right to make or sell

an an inventioninvention which encourages which encourages inventors to come up with new inventors to come up with new ideas and machines ideas and machines

INVENTIONS CHANGE INVENTIONS CHANGE PEOPLE’S LIVESPEOPLE’S LIVES

Inventions changed the way people:Inventions changed the way people:

– WorkedWorked

– TraveledTraveled

– LivesLives

ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION ADVANCES IN TRANSPORTATION StreetcarsStreetcars

– Horse-drawn passenger vehicles Horse-drawn passenger vehicles were the were the earliest mass transitearliest mass transit

– In cities with steep hills, In cities with steep hills, cable carscable cars were built which latched onto a were built which latched onto a moving cable underground moving cable underground by 1900, they were powered by by 1900, they were powered by

overhead overhead electricalelectrical wires wires

SubwaysSubways– BostonBoston opened the first opened the first

underground subway in 1897 and underground subway in 1897 and the New York subway opened in the New York subway opened in 19041904

AutomobileAutomobile– In 1893 Charles and Frank In 1893 Charles and Frank DuryeaDuryea

built the first practical American built the first practical American motormotor

– The early automobiles were for the The early automobiles were for the wealthywealthy few who could afford them few who could afford them

AirplanesAirplanes– On December 17, 1903, Orville and On December 17, 1903, Orville and

Wilbur Wilbur WrightWright flew their tiny flew their tiny airplane at Kitty Hawk, NCairplane at Kitty Hawk, NC

ADVANCES IN COMMUNICATIONADVANCES IN COMMUNICATION TelegraphTelegraph

– In 1837, In 1837, Samuel MorseSamuel Morse patented patented the telegraph which sent messages the telegraph which sent messages instantly over wires with electricity instantly over wires with electricity and became the fastest way to and became the fastest way to send messages until the late 1800ssend messages until the late 1800s

TelephoneTelephone– Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell patented patented

the first device that transmitted the first device that transmitted voices by electricityvoices by electricity

– By 1900 there were more than By 1900 there were more than 1 million1 million telephones in offices telephones in offices and householdsand households

TypewriterTypewriter– Christopher Latham SholesChristopher Latham Sholes

developed the first practical developed the first practical writing machine in 1867writing machine in 1867

– Sholes later improved it by designing the Sholes later improved it by designing the keyboardkeyboard that is still standard today that is still standard today

– The typewriter could produce legible The typewriter could produce legible documents very quickly and business documents very quickly and business began hiring women as typists opening began hiring women as typists opening up up new job opportunitiesnew job opportunities for for many American womenmany American women

THOMAS EDISONTHOMAS EDISON Invented the Invented the electric light bulbelectric light bulb Installed a lighting system powered Installed a lighting system powered

by his own electric by his own electric power plantpower plant Invented the Invented the phonographphonograph Invented a motion picture Invented a motion picture

cameracamera and projector and projector He would hold more He would hold more

than than 10001000 patents patents