Chapter 5Word formation

Etymology

•The word etymology is derived from the Greek etumos which means real or true. The ending -logy suggests the study/science of something, as in biology or geology.

•Etymology is the study of the origins and history of words.

Etymology

• tele- (long distance), micro- (small), -phone (speak), and -scope (look) are from Ancient Greek. telephone, telescope, microphone, and microscope.

• A hippopotamus is a river horse from the Greek hippos(horse) and potamos (river).

• The word provide derives from the Latin, pro- (meaning “before”) and videre (meaning “to see”).

COINAGE

• Definition: the invention of totally new terms.

• Description:• One of the least common processes of word formation in

English• The most typical sources: invented trade names for commercial products general terms new words

• Ex: aspirin, nylon, vaseline, zipper

• Ex: granola, kleenex, teflon, xerox

• Ex: google, ebay

COINAGE

• Eponyms: the new words based on the name of a person or a place

• Ex: sandwich (from the eighteenth-century Earl of Sandwich who first insisted on having his bread and meat together while gambling)

• Ex: jeans (from the Italian city of Genoa where the type of cloth was first made)

• Ex: Fahrenheit (from the German, Gabriel Fahrenheit), volt (from the Italy, Alessandro Volta).

1. Loanwords or Borrowing words are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language(incorporated, without translation)

2. A calque /ˈkælk/ or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (not equivalent, translated)

FROMBORROWED BY

EN.CALQUE

WORDS TRANSLATED INTO EN.

Arabic bazaarالقشة التي قصمت ظهر البعير

alqassha alathee qassamat dhahra al baeer

Straw that broke the camel's back

Chinese dim sum, tea 走狗; pinyin: zǒu gǒu Running dog

French deja-vu, chattel point de vue Point of view

Dutch landscape, sketch koekje Cookie

Germankindergarten, hamburger

Lehnwort Loanword

Latin paper requiescat in pace Rest in Peace

Spanish adobe, alligator el momento de la verdad Moment of truth

Pre-history

• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC

Roman

43AD-410AD

• Roman

Gemanic

410-1066

• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia

Medieval

1068-1485

• Norman• Parliament

1485-1603: Tudor

• Tudor

• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor

2. Restricted c Germanic period, viz: trading contract, Roman Empire

Eg: Measurement, Commodities/Trade, Contruction/War, etc

pund 'pound' straet 'street'

mil 'mile' weall 'wall'

win 'wine' cirice 'church'

ceas 'cheese'

1. Latin via Celtic: Romanisation/ Christianisation of the Celts

Eg: Placename elements, etc

castra "-caster, - chester" => Lancaster, Manchester

vicus "wic" => Eastwick

Thames, Avon

Brocc 'badger'

Cumb 'combe, valley'

Pre-history

• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC

Roman

43AD-410AD

• Roman

Gemanic

410-1066

• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia

Medieval

1068-1485

• Norman• Parliament

1485-1603: Tudor

• Tudor

• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor

1. Scandinavian

Function words(ProN, Aux.)

they - them - theirare

Closed classes Preposition: "till"

Core vocabulary N: "birth, dirt, leg, skin.." V: "die, get, give, take"

(Syntax): Preposition stranding

"the question I was talking about"

Place name suffixes: -by, -thorpe, -gate

2. Latin: After 1350 - "aureate diction“ - for stylistic reasons

Pre-history

• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC

Roman

43AD-410AD

• Roman

Gemanic

410-1066

• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia

Medieval

1068-1485

• Norman• Parliament

1485-1603: Tudor

• Tudor

• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor

3. French

Administration

"government, parliament, state, nation, tax"

Law and gov. "justice, court, prison, crime"

Church"religion, service, saint, prayer"

Military "battle, castle, tower, war"

Lifestyle

"fashion, dress, costume" "art, music, poem""beef, mutton, pork, veal"

Nobility:

baron, baroness; count, countess; duke, duchess; marquis, marquess;

Words inage, -ance/-ence, -ant/-ent, -ity, -ment, -tion, con-, de-, andpre-

Pre-history

• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC

Roman

43AD-410AD

• Roman

Gemanic

410-1066

• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia

Medieval

1068-1485

• Norman• Parliament

1485-1603: Tudor

• Tudor

• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor

1. Latin and Greek: Classical loans for mainly 2 reasons

- Style: 15th c: Aureate diction 16th c: Inkhorn Controversy

- Technical vocabulary English used in science & scholarship

instead of Latin Technical vocabulary missing in

English Words borrowed from Latin or formed

on Latin

Greek bound morphemes: -ism, -ize

Latinambiguous, biceps, emotion, gladiator, identical, ratio, vacuum, zone

Greekanarchy, analysis, anathema, anonymous, archetype, autograph

Pre-history

• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC

Roman

43AD-410AD

• Roman

Gemanic

410-1066

• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia

Medieval

1068-1485

• Norman• Parliament

1485-1603: Tudor

• Tudor

• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor

2. French Less important than in last period Most frequent source of loans from any

living language Different sematic fields from last period

loans

Eg: Music, Architecture, High culture, War and Military, etc

Music aria, opera, solo

Architecture Balcony

High cultureballet, cabernet, cachet, chaise longue, champagne,

War and Military

bastion, brigade, battalion, cavalry, grenade, infantry,

Other

clique, denim, garage, jean(s), shock, ghetto, motto, admire, barbarian, compute

French Canadian

chowder

Pre-history

• Neolithic 3000BC• Celts 700BC

Roman

43AD-410AD

• Roman

Gemanic

410-1066

• Angle Saxon, • Vikings – Scandinavia

Medieval

1068-1485

• Norman• Parliament

1485-1603: Tudor

• Tudor

• 17th: Stuarts• 18th: Hanoverians• 19th: Victorian Britain• 20th: Windsor

3. Spanish/Portuguese: Discoveries, exotic phenomena

Eg: cannibal, cigar, pagoda, potato, tomato, mosquito, mustang

4. Dutch, Flemish: Discoveries, exotic phenomena

Shipping, naval terms

15th : buoy, deck, hoist16th : dock, yacht

Warbeleaguer, holster, freebooter, furlough, onslaught

Cloth industry

bale, cambric, duck (fabric), fuller's earth, mart,

Art easel, etching, landscape, sketch

Food and drink

booze, brandy(wine), cookie, cranberry, crullers, gin, hops,

Geology cobalt, quartz

Misc. waltz, noodle

Scandinavian fjord, maelstrom, ombudsman, ski, slalom, smorgasbord

Russian apparatchik, borscht, czar/tsar, glasnost, icon, perestroika, vodka

Sanskrit avatar, karma, mahatma, swastika, yoga

Hindi shampoo, thug, kedgeree, jamboree, jungle, loot, maharaja, nabob, pajamas

Dravidian curry, mango, teak, pariah

Persian (Farsi) check, checkmate, chess

Arabic mosque, myrrh, salaam, sirocco, sultan, vizier, bazaar, caravan

Italian balcony, bronze, gallery, graffiti, mask, mascara

African languagesbanana (via Portuguese), banjo, boogie-woogie, chigger, goober, zebra, zombie, gorilla

American Indian languages

avocado, cacao, cannibal, canoe, chipmunk, chocolate, chili, hammock,

Chinese chop suey, chow mein, dim sum, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchee

Malay ketchup, amok

Japanese geisha, hara kiri, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai,

Pacific Islands bamboo, gingham, rattan, taboo, tattoo, ukulele, boondocks

Australia boomerang, budgerigar, didgeridoo, kangaroo (and many more in

Total of loanwords from the 25 most prolific input in OED3(About 600,000 words)

COMPOUND NOUNS

• Words can be combined to form compound nouns.

• These are very common, and new combinations are invented almost daily.

First part: type ofpurpose

Second part: what or who

Compound noun

Police Man Policeman

Boy Friend Boyfriend

Fish Tank Water tank

Dining Table Dining-table

The elements in a compound noun involve very diverse parts of speech

Compound elements Examples

Noun + Noun Bedroom, water tank, printer cartridge

Noun + Verb Rainfall, haircut, train-spotting

Noun + Adverb Hanger-on, passer-by

Verb + Noun Washing machine, driving license

Verb + Adverb Take-off, drawback, lookout

Adverb + Noun Onlooker, bystander

Adjective + verb Dry-cleaning, public speaking

Adjective + Noun Greenhouse, software

Adjective + Verb Output, input

Pronunciation

Stress is important in pronunciation, as it distinguishes between a compound noun and an adjective with a noun. In compound nouns, the stress usually falls on the first element.

Example:

• a ‘greenhouse = place where we grow plants (Compound noun)

• a green ‘house = house painted green (adjective and noun)

• a ‘bluebird = type of bird (compound noun)

• a blue ‘bird = any bird with blue feathers (adjective and noun)

Blending

Group : 04

Student 1 : Nguyen Thanh Quang

Student 2 : Tieu Phuong Quynh

Student 3: Nguyen Thi Thuy Huong

19By Thanh Quang + Phuong Quynh

Definition of blending

Definition:

Blending is the combination of two separateforms to produce a single new term. (Yule,2010)

Example:television+ broadcast = telecast

20By Thanh Quang +Phương Quỳnh

Types of BlendingFrom morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending.

21By Thanh Quang+ Phuong Quynh

1.head+tailautomobile

broiled

suicide

roasted

autocide

broasted

2.head+headcommunication

situation

satellite

comedy

comsat

sitcom

3.head+wordmedical

automobile

care

camp

medicare

autocamp

4.word+tailwork

book

welfare

automobile

workfare

bookmobile

Practice

By Thanh Quang+ Phuong Quynh

simultaneous + broadcast →spoon + fork →cybernetic + organism →international + network →modulator + demodulator →global + English →

simulcast sporkcyborg

internetmodemGlobish

Definition: Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the original word.There are many ways to clip a word, we can easily divide these ways into 4 types:

Group 5 – Trương Lê Hùng Phong, Nguyễn Lâm Lan Phương, Phạm Thị Huyền Sâm, Phạm Ngụy Mi Rê.

Final clipping (apocope)Initial clipping (apheresis)Medial clipping (syncope)Complex clipping

CLIPPING

1. Final clipping (apocope):

E.g: gas (gasoline), gym (gymnastics), exam (examination), Tom (Thomas).

2. Initial clipping (apheresis):

E.g: phone (telephone), chute (parachute), roach (cockroach).

3. Medial clipping (syncope):

E.g: maths (mathematics), specs (spectacles), ma’am (madam).

4. Complex clipping:

E.g: flu (influenza), fridge (refrigerator), sci-fi (scientific fiction), sitcom

(situation comedy), jammies (pyjamas), Liz (Elizabeth).

Hypocorism: a long word is reduced to a single syllable, then –y or –ie is added to the end.

Ex: Jammies (pyjamas), brekky (breakfast), Kattie (Katherine), Tommy (Thomas).

6. Backformation

• Backformation: is the formation of new words (neologism) that

are similar to the ones already in existence in the language.

• In other words, it is the process of creating new forms by

removing affixes from the existing words.

• Note: When a backformation becomes established in the

language, we can only tell that it is a backformation if we know

the etymology (origins, history) of the words.

• Reference: http://www.etymonline.com/: to track the history of

words used

Backformation

A word of one type (usually

noun) is reduced to another

word of another type (usually

verb).

E.g. Procession => process

Obligation => obligate

Sightseeing => sightsee

Diagnosis => diagnose

Surrealism => surreal

Decadence => decadent

Diplomatic => diplomat

Sedative => sedate

Nouns ending in -er (or

something close in sound), we

can make verbs.

E.g.

Spectator => spectate

Typewriter => typewrite

Kidnapper => kidnap

Beggar => beg

Burglar => burgle

Headhunter => headhunt

Froofreader => proofread

Conversion

Creation of a word from an existing word with a different grammatical function

The guard alerted (verb) the general to the attack (noun).

The enemy attacked (verb) before an alert (noun) could be sounded.

1) Noun VerbEmail – to emailBottle – to bottleShip – to shipName – to nameHost – to host

2) Verb NounTo alert – alertTo attack – attackTo call – callTo cover – coverTo hope – hope

For example:

Other Conversions

Verb Adjective (to stand-up stand-up)

Adjective Verb (dirty to dirty, empty to empty)

Preposition Noun (up, down the ups and downs of life)

Conjunction Noun ( if, and, but no ifs, ands, or buts )

Interjection Noun (ho ho ho I love the ho ho hos of Christmastime)

Note: Some words can shift substantially in meaning when they

change category through conversions. Ex: to doctor & a doctor

AcronymsILOASOW

Initial Letters Of A Set Of Words

More examples

• FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation

• CIA: Central Intelligence Agency

• MIA: Missing In Action

• CPU: Central Processing Unit

• IM(H)O: In My (Humble) Opinion

• POTUS: President Of The United States

• TBA: To Be Announced

• USP: Unique Selling Point

• MSRP: Manufacturers’ Suggested Retail Price

• JIT: Just In Time

• ROI: Return On Investment

• OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer

DERIVATIONDerivation is accomplished by means of a large number of small “bits” of theEnglish language which are not usually given separate listings in dictionaries.These small bits are generally described as affixes.Affixes involve prefixes, suffixes and infixes.:Prefixes: the affixes to be added to the beginning of the word (e.g: un-; mis-;dis;…)Ex: mislead, unbelievable, dislikeSuffixes: the affixes to be added to the end of the word (e.g: -less; - lish; - ness;…)Ex: happiness, joyful, carelessNote:English words formed by this derivational process have either prefixes or bothEx: Disrespectful has both a prefix and a suffix.

Foolishness has two suffixes.

DERIVATION

Infixes are the affixes to be added to the inside of the word. Infixes express emotions ofspeaker. (e.g: -fuckin- ; -bloody-; goddam-;…)

Ex: unfuckinbelievable; singabloodypore

Infixes are special versions in English but they were found much in Kamhmu, a languagespoken in South East Asia.

Ex: mean verb Noun mean

“ to drill” see srnee “a drill”

“to chisel” toh trnoo “a chisel”

“to eat hiip hrniip “ a spoon”

with spoon”

=> The infix –rn- is added to the verbs to form corresponding noun.

Borrowing

- The taking over of words from other languages

- The English language has adopted a vast number of words from other languages

A special type of borrowing is described as the process whereby acompound word or expression is created by literal translation of eachof the elements of a compound word or expression in anotherlanguage

Examples:

marriage of convenience from French is a calque of mariage de convenance

gratte-ciel (scrape-sky) from French, wolkenkrabber (cloud scraper) from Dutch are calques for the English skyscraper

Superman is a calque of the German Übermensch

Loan-translation or calque

Compounding

•The process of joining two separate words to produce a single word

•A very productive process in English

Compounding

Compound nouns

football, blackboard, software, haircut, sunset, fire-fly, software, fast food

Compound adjectives

handmade, well-known, blood-sucking, big-belly, secondhand, uptown, absent-minded, full-moon, part- time, last-minute, full-length

Conversion

A change in the function of a word is generally known as conversion.

Conversion

Nouns become verbs ( or verbs become nouns): wish, rain, fly, kiss, and love, etc. oEx: Don’t go out in the rain. / It started to rain.

Phrasal verbs (to hand out, to look out ) become nouns (a handout, a lookout)

One complex verb combination (want to be) becomes a new noun. oEx: He isn’t in the group, he’s just a wannabe.

Conversion

Adjectives becomes verbs or nouns: clean, clear and light, etc.

Verbs (sit down, stand up) also become adjectives oEx: Sit down, please. / a sit-down protest.

Compound nouns become adjectives: a ball-park figure / to ball park an estimate of the cost.

Compound nouns become verbs: snowball, wallpaper, network. oEx: All computer user are connected on a network. /

Conferences are a good place to network.

Acronyms

Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a group of words and pronounced as new single words or pronounced separately.

Initialisms (sometimes called alphabetisms) are formed from the initial letters of a string of words and are pronounced as a sequence of letters.