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Chapter 7STATES OF
CONSCIOUSNESS
What does the film say about four characteristics of Consciousness? Its Personal Its Changing Its Selective Its Continuous
AN OCCURRENCE AT OWL CREEK BRIDGE
WAKING CONSCIOUSNESS
Psychology began as the study of consciousness Scientifically diffi cult to
study Psychologists turned to
studying behavior By 1950’s it becomes known
as the Science of Behavior
Advances in technology Made possible to relate
brain activity to various mental states Waking, sleeping, and
dreaming
THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN PSYCHOLOGY
Conscious information processingEnables us to exert voluntary control and to communicate our mental states to others Slow and limited capacity
Beneath the surfaceFaster subconscious processing is taking place.
Example: First meeting someone
CONTRAST CONSCIOUSNESS AND SUBCONSCIOUS INFORMATION
PROCESSING
Nearly everyone has day dreams or waking fantasies Young adults spend
more time daydreaming Also admit to more sexual
fantasies
Most daydreams involve familiar details Can also be adaptive
Prepare for future events Substitute for impulsive
behavior
DAYDREAMS AND FANTASIES
SLEEP AND DREAMS
Varying periods of time cause psychological fluctuations in our biological rhythms Annual cycle
People experience seasonal variations in appetite, sleep length, and moods
Menstrual Cycle in Females Causes fluctuation in mood
Male 24 Hr. Cycle Varying alertness, body
temp, and hormone secretion
BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS
Our daily schedule or waking and sleep is based on a biological clock called then circadian rhythm
Each nights sleep has its own rhythmFrom Stage 1 to Stage 4 and back up REM sleep (Stage 5)
CYCLICAL NATURE OF SLEEP
STAGES OF SLEEP
10-15 percent of adults complain about insomnia
Other disorders Narcolepsy
Periodic, overwhelming sleepiness
Sleep Apnea Intermittently stop
breathing during sleep Night Terrors
Extreme paranoia or terror in Stage 1
Sleepwalking Name says it all
SLEEP DISORDERS
Most are ordinary events that relate to everyday experiences
Freud Dreams manifest content
is censored latent contentNew ideas about
dreams Help process and fix
information in our memory Serve a physiological
function Neural activates areas of
the brain that processes visual images
DREAMS
HYPNOSIS
A social interaction in which the hypnotist suggests to a subject that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will occur
Afterward subjects may experience posthypnotic amnesia
WHAT IS IT?
Subjects under hypnosis Reliving childhood
experiences (age regression)
Recall Although hypnotist beliefs
may interfere Temporarily therapeutic
(posthypnotic suggestion) Pain Relief
Explained through dissociation
**Can not be made to do things against their will
BEHAVIOR OF HYPNOTIZED PEOPLE
Not altered state argument Hypnosis is a by-product of
normal social and cognitive processes Behaviors produced can be done
without hypnosis Acting the role
Is an altered state argument Subjects carry out behaviors
on cue Pain relief and hallucenations
Ernest Hilgard: a hidden observer explains a subjects awareness of experiences that go unreported during hypnosis
HYPNOSIS AN ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS?
DRUGS AND CONSCIOUSNESS
DRUG DEPENDENCE
Psychoactive DrugsChemicals that change perceptions and moods Continued use creates
tolerance Cessation can produce
effects of withdrawal Pain of withdraw
indicates physical dependence
Psychological Dependence can occur especially with stress relieving drugs
Medical drugs, like pain killers, are powerfully addictive
Addictions can only be overcome through treatment
Addiction can extend to a large spectrum of pleasure seeking behaviors Overeating, excerise,
sex, surfing the net
THREE MYTHS OF DRUG ADDICTION
Depressants act by depressing neural functioningOffer pleasures but at the cost of impaired memory, self-awareness, and other physical consequences
Depressants:Alcholol, barbituates, opiates (vicodin)
DRUG TYPES: DEPRESSANTS
Stimulants act by stimulating neural functioningAct at the synapses by influencing the brains neurotransmitters
StimulantsNicotine, Caffeine, cocaine, meth, any amphetamine
DRUG TYPES: STIMULANTS
Hallucinogens distort the user’s judgment of time and can alter sensations and perceptions
Hallucinogens Marijuana (THC), LSD,
Peyote, mushrooms Ecstasy: Both a
stimulant and hallucinogen
DRUG TYPES: HALLUCINOGENS
NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCE
1/3 of those who survive a brush with death recall a near-death experience Out-of-body sensations,
visions of tunnels, bright lights, feelings of love, joy, peace
Dualists Believe mind and body are
distinct entitiesMonists
Believe these are hallucinations and just the brain under stress