Chapter 9Chapter 9

HIGH MIDDLE AGESHIGH MIDDLE AGES

Royal PowerRoyal Power

Kings head of societyKings head of societyLimited power – relied on vassals for military Limited power – relied on vassals for military

power power Church & nobles had just as much powerChurch & nobles had just as much power

Each collected their own taxesEach collected their own taxesEach had own courtsEach had own courtsEach had own armyEach had own army

Kings centralize powerKings centralize power

Royal courtsRoyal courts Government bureaucracy – Government bureaucracy – hired middle-class hired middle-class

workersworkers Taxes – merchants paid for protectionTaxes – merchants paid for protection Built armies – used tax money to hire Built armies – used tax money to hire

mercenariesmercenaries Strengthened ties to middle classStrengthened ties to middle class

Protected roadsProtected roads Reduced tollsReduced tolls Freed them from feudal obligationsFreed them from feudal obligations

Royal power in EnglandRoyal power in England

Edward the ConfessorEdward the Confessor – died without an – died without an heirheir

HaroldHarold of Wessex of Wessex & & WilliamWilliam, , Duke of Duke of NormandyNormandy claimed the crown claimed the crown

1066 Battle of 1066 Battle of HastingsHastings William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror

William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror

Grants land to Church & Norman lords Grants land to Church & Norman lords Kept large amount for himself Kept large amount for himself

All vassals had to swear allegiance to All vassals had to swear allegiance to WilliamWilliam

Domesday BookDomesday Book

A complete census – listed everything of A complete census – listed everything of value in Englandvalue in England

Other Kings of EnglandOther Kings of England

Henry I – created the – created the Royal Exchequer Replaced nobles with paid officialsReplaced nobles with paid officialsNobles pay taxes with money not military Nobles pay taxes with money not military

serviceservice

Other Kings of EnglandOther Kings of England

Henry II- one of England’s great kingsMade royal law the law of the landCreated royal judges – circuit court systemDecisions became English Common LawThe law the same for everyoneCreated the grand jury system & trial jury

Thomas BecketThomas Becket

Archbishop of CanterburyArchbishop of CanterburyHenry II wanted to try clergy in royal courtsHenry II wanted to try clergy in royal courts1170 Becket murdered 1170 Becket murdered Created power struggle between Created power struggle between

monarchs of England & churchmonarchs of England & church

King John

Fourth son of Henry II and EleanorFourth son of Henry II and Eleanor Very greedy, cruel, untrustworthy, & incompetent Very greedy, cruel, untrustworthy, & incompetent

warriorwarrior Loses most of England’s land in France to Loses most of England’s land in France to

Philip II Philip II Becomes known as John SoftswordBecomes known as John Softsword

Dispute with Pope Innocent III - John Dispute with Pope Innocent III - John excommunicatedexcommunicated Forced England to become a papal fief – pay annual Forced England to become a papal fief – pay annual

fee to popefee to pope

Magna Carta – Great Charter

1215 John at Runnymede forced to sign by 1215 John at Runnymede forced to sign by group of noblesgroup of nobles Limited king’s powerLimited king’s power No imprisonment without judge by peersNo imprisonment without judge by peers Right to face accuserRight to face accuser King must obey lawsKing must obey laws No taxation without consentNo taxation without consent

Become the bases for the U.S. ConstitutionBecome the bases for the U.S. Constitution

The Great CouncilThe Great Council

By 1200s evolves into ParliamentBy 1200s evolves into Parliament1295 – 1295 – Edward I summons Parliament – summons Parliament –

wanted money for wars in Francewanted money for wars in FranceModel Parliament – sets up framework – sets up framework

for English legislaturefor English legislatureHouse of LordsHouse of Commons“Power of the Purse” England now a limited monarchy

FranceFrance

Early French kings – very little powerEarly French kings – very little power 987- 987- Hugh Capet – Count of Paris was – Count of Paris was

elected king– start of absolute monarchy in elected king– start of absolute monarchy in France France CapetiansCapetians ruled for next 300 years ruled for next 300 years

Slowly Capet & his heirs increased powerSlowly Capet & his heirs increased powerWon support of ChurchWon support of ChurchPlayed nobles against each otherPlayed nobles against each otherBuilt effective bureaucracyBuilt effective bureaucracyGained support of middle classGained support of middle class

Philip II – Philip Augustus– Philip Augustus

Paid government workers – all middle Paid government workers – all middle classclass

Created new national taxesCreated new national taxesOrganized standing armyOrganized standing armyUsed trickery, war & diplomacy to increase Used trickery, war & diplomacy to increase

landslands

Louis IX

Declared a saint by Catholic ChurchDeclared a saint by Catholic ChurchA model monarchA model monarch

Noble, Generous, Devoted to justiceNoble, Generous, Devoted to justicePersecuted heretics & JewsPersecuted heretics & JewsFought against MuslimsFought against MuslimsEnded serfdomEnded serfdomExpanded royal courtsExpanded royal courts

Philip IV

Clashed with Pope Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII Boniface VIII over taxing of over taxing of the clergy in France—Boniface VIII issued the clergy in France—Boniface VIII issued UnamUnam Sanctum,Sanctum, a papal bull a papal bull

Sent troops to capture the pope (Sent troops to capture the pope (AnagniAnagni)) Pope escaped but was badly beaten & died shortlyPope escaped but was badly beaten & died shortly

Gained support of the people through the Gained support of the people through the Estates General

Persecuted the Persecuted the Order of the Knights Templar Order of the Knights Templar – – October 13, 1307 – Friday the 13October 13, 1307 – Friday the 13 thth

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

936 – 936 – Otto I took the title of king of took the title of king of GermanyGermany

Close to Church – appointed Close to Church – appointed bishops & abbots to high bishops & abbots to high government jobsgovernment jobs

Gained the right of Gained the right of lay investiturelay investiture Defeated the Magyar – Battle of Defeated the Magyar – Battle of

LechfieldLechfield Pope crowned him emperor of the Pope crowned him emperor of the

RomansRomans

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

Holy Roman Emperor could have been Holy Roman Emperor could have been strongest monarchy in Europestrongest monarchy in EuropeClaimed authority over most of central & Claimed authority over most of central &

eastern Europe, parts of Italy & Franceeastern Europe, parts of Italy & FranceControl really in the hands of the kings Control really in the hands of the kings

vassals vassals Emperor needed to control noblesEmperor needed to control noblesElected position weakened emperorElected position weakened emperor

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

Emperors thought they were protectors of Emperors thought they were protectors of Italy & popeItaly & pope

Constantly interfering in Italian affairsConstantly interfering in Italian affairsWanted to control rich cities of northern ItalyWanted to control rich cities of northern Italy

Results: conflict between emperors & Results: conflict between emperors & popes over popes over lay investiture – appointing of church officials by a lay person (someone outside the Church)

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

Gregory VII – 1073 – issue erupted– 1073 – issue eruptedWanted the Church to be independent of Wanted the Church to be independent of

secular rulerssecular rulersSaid only the pope could appoint & install Said only the pope could appoint & install

bishopsbishopsHoly Roman Emperor Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV refused to refused to

agreeagree1076 Pope excommunicates Henry IV1076 Pope excommunicates Henry IV

Henry IV forced to beg forgivenessHenry IV forced to beg forgiveness

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

1122- issue settled with the 1122- issue settled with the Concordat of Worms Church sole power to elect & invest bishopsEmperor had the right to invest them with their

fief

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

Frederick I – Frederick – Frederick BarbarossaBarbarossa ( (RedRed BeardBeard) tried & failed to gain control of Italy) tried & failed to gain control of ItalyDefeated by the Lombard LeagueDefeated by the Lombard League

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire

Frederick II – also tried to control Italy– also tried to control ItalySpent most of his time in ItalySpent most of his time in ItalyResult: nobles within Holy Roman Empire Result: nobles within Holy Roman Empire

grew independent & Germany will remain grew independent & Germany will remain fragmented (united in mid 1800s)fragmented (united in mid 1800s)

Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

Pope Innocent III – Pope in 1198– Pope in 1198Claimed supremacy over all rulersClaimed supremacy over all rulersClashed with all the powerful rulers of his dayClashed with all the powerful rulers of his day

With help of Philip II of France launched a With help of Philip II of France launched a crusade against the crusade against the AlbigensiansAlbigensians of of southern France – tens of thousands killedsouthern France – tens of thousands killed

After his death the power of the popes After his death the power of the popes starts to declinestarts to decline

The CrusadesThe Crusades

Byzantine Emperor – Byzantine Emperor – Alexius I Alexius I asked pope asked pope Urban II Urban II for helpfor help Seljuk Turks – new converts to Seljuk Turks – new converts to

IslamIslam

1095 – 1095 – Council of Clermont - - Called for Christian knight to Called for Christian knight to reclaim reclaim Holy LandHoly Land, lands , lands associated with the life of Jesusassociated with the life of Jesus

The CrusadesThe Crusades

Reason to join Crusades:Reason to join Crusades:Religious zealReligious zealLure of land & wealthLure of land & wealthAdventure/escape from troubles at homeAdventure/escape from troubles at homeThose who fought & died received salvationThose who fought & died received salvationChurch protected family & property while Church protected family & property while

awayawayDebtors had debts forgiven & criminals Debtors had debts forgiven & criminals

relieved of punishmentrelieved of punishment

The CrusadesThe Crusades

Pope Urban II reasons:Pope Urban II reasons:Thought it would increase church power & Thought it would increase church power &

prestigeprestigeUnite the 2 branches of the Christian churchUnite the 2 branches of the Christian churchReduce feudal warfare in EuropeReduce feudal warfare in EuropeLands in Middle East provide outlet for Lands in Middle East provide outlet for

Europe’s growing populationEurope’s growing population

The CrusadesThe Crusades

1095- 1095- Peasant Crusade – – Peter the Hermit

Convinced the poor they were going to heaven

In Asia Minor – massacred by the Turks

The First CrusadeThe First Crusade

The CrusadesThe Crusades

The First Crusade – 1096-1099 – only – 1096-1099 – only successful crusade—successful crusade—goalgoal was to free the was to free the Holy LandHoly Land

Captured Antioch and JerusalemCaptured Antioch and JerusalemCreated 4 small Crusader statesCreated 4 small Crusader states

The CrusadesThe Crusades

The Second Crusade – 1147- started – 1147- started after Muslims recaptured Edessa and after Muslims recaptured Edessa and were threatening Jerusalem – poor were threatening Jerusalem – poor planning & division among the nobles planning & division among the nobles caused it to failcaused it to fail

The CrusadesThe Crusades

Third Crusade – 1189-1199– 1189-1199SaladinSaladin, leader of Seljuk Turks captured , leader of Seljuk Turks captured

Jerusalem Jerusalem Known as the Known as the Crusade of the Three Crusade of the Three

KingsKings – – Frederick I, Philip II & Richard the Lion Hearted (Richard I)Frederick I – Barbarossa – drowns on the wayFrederick I – Barbarossa – drowns on the wayPhilip II of France gets mad at Richard the Philip II of France gets mad at Richard the

Lion Hearted & goes homeLion Hearted & goes home

The CrusadesThe Crusades

Richard fails to capture Jerusalem but Richard fails to capture Jerusalem but forces a truce which allowed Christians to forces a truce which allowed Christians to visit Jerusalem visit Jerusalem

The CrusadesThe Crusades

Fourth Crusade Fourth Crusade – 1202 – called by Pope – 1202 – called by Pope Innocent IIIInnocent III

Crusaders attack the Christian city of Crusaders attack the Christian city of ZaraZaraAll excommunicatedAll excommunicated

1204 attacked Constantinople (far as 1204 attacked Constantinople (far as Crusade went)Crusade went)Seriously weakened the Byzantine EmpireSeriously weakened the Byzantine Empire

The CrusadesThe Crusades

1212- 1212- Children’s Crusade – 20,000 kids– 20,000 kidsAll sold into slavery in North AfricaAll sold into slavery in North Africa

Results & Impact of the CrusadesResults & Impact of the Crusades

Crusades were unsuccessful in reclaiming the Crusades were unsuccessful in reclaiming the Holy Land but they had a big impact on Western Holy Land but they had a big impact on Western EuropeEuropeLeft a bitter legacy & religious hatredLeft a bitter legacy & religious hatred Increased trade and travel between Near Increased trade and travel between Near

East & EuropeEast & EuropePower of Roman Catholic Church decreasedPower of Roman Catholic Church decreased Increased power of the monarchsIncreased power of the monarchs

New taxesNew taxesDeath of many feudal lordsDeath of many feudal lords

Results & Impact of the CrusadesResults & Impact of the Crusades

Encouraged the growth of money economyEncouraged the growth of money economyEurope gained wider view of the worldEurope gained wider view of the worldNew weapons & military tacticsNew weapons & military tactics

Crossbow, catapults, carrier pigeons & possibly Crossbow, catapults, carrier pigeons & possibly the use of gunpowderthe use of gunpowder

Status of women changed – controlled land Status of women changed – controlled land while husbands were awaywhile husbands were away

SpainSpain

The Muslims had conquered most of The Muslims had conquered most of Spain in the 700sSpain in the 700s

Spain became a center of Islamic Spain became a center of Islamic civilization civilization Scholars preserved Greek & Roman textsScholars preserved Greek & Roman texts

Spanish ReconquistaSpanish Reconquista

1100s & 1200s Spanish knights launched 1100s & 1200s Spanish knights launched their own crusade known as the their own crusade known as the Reconquista or the or the Reconquest

By 1250 Muslims held only kingdom of By 1250 Muslims held only kingdom of GranadaGranada

Spanish ReconquistaSpanish Reconquista

Central Spain – Kingdom of AragonCentral Spain – Kingdom of AragonNortheast Spain – Kingdom of CastileNortheast Spain – Kingdom of Castile1469 – 1469 – Queen Isabella of Castile married of Castile married

Ferdinand of Aragon of AragonUnites SpainUnites SpainThey use the common people to get power They use the common people to get power

from noblesfrom nobles1492 capture last Muslim city of Granada1492 capture last Muslim city of Granada

SpainSpain

United Spain both politically & religiouslyUnited Spain both politically & religiouslyEnded the policy of religious toleration of Ended the policy of religious toleration of

Muslims & JewsMuslims & JewsCaused economic problems Caused economic problems Revived the Revived the Inquisition, special Church

Court

Medieval EducationMedieval Education

Universities – many created by the ChurchUniversities – many created by the ChurchMost students trained for high positions in the Most students trained for high positions in the

ChurchChurchTook courses in all areas- Math, Science, Took courses in all areas- Math, Science,

Language, etc.Language, etc.Universities were similar to guildsUniversities were similar to guilds

Medieval EducationMedieval Education

Student life at these universities hardStudent life at these universities hardLong hours sitting on hard benches in Long hours sitting on hard benches in

unheated roomsunheated roomsBooks scarce & expensiveBooks scarce & expensiveStudent day from 5AM till 5PMStudent day from 5AM till 5PMNo regular classroomsNo regular classroomsTook 3 to 5 years to complete the workTook 3 to 5 years to complete the work

Medieval MedicineMedieval Medicine

Some had read HippocratesSome had read HippocratesMost used folk medicine (herbal remedies)Most used folk medicine (herbal remedies)Believed illness caused by the devil or evil Believed illness caused by the devil or evil

spiritsspirits

Conflict in LearningConflict in Learning

Debate between faith & reason- Debate between faith & reason- ScholasticismScholasticism – – used reason & logic to used reason & logic to support Christian beliefssupport Christian beliefs

Thomas Aquinas – – Summa TheologicaMan’s ability to reason was a gift from GodMan’s ability to reason was a gift from God

Medieval LiteratureMedieval Literature

1100s & 1200s – new style – writing in the 1100s & 1200s – new style – writing in the vernacular – – everyday language of peopleeveryday language of people

Commoners liked Commoners liked fables—short, humorous poems that fables—short, humorous poems that poked fun at nobles, clergy etc.poked fun at nobles, clergy etc.

Chansons de geste Chansons de geste (nobility)(nobility) Song of Roland – France– France El Cid – Spain– Spain Siegfried – German– German Beowulf –England–England

Medieval LiteratureMedieval Literature

DanteDante- Italian poet – - Italian poet – The Divine ComedyThe Divine Comedy

Medieval LiteratureMedieval Literature

Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer – English – The – English – The Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales

Medieval ArchitectureMedieval Architecture

Cathedrals ( finest examples of Medieval Cathedrals ( finest examples of Medieval art and architecture)art and architecture)– starting in 1100s – – starting in 1100s – towns competed for the besttowns competed for the best

Projects could take 30 years or more to Projects could take 30 years or more to completecomplete

Helped educate the people through the Helped educate the people through the use of sculptures and stained glass use of sculptures and stained glass windows of biblical sceneswindows of biblical scenes

Medieval ArchitectureMedieval Architecture

Two styles:Two styles:Romanesque – influenced by Romans – – influenced by Romans –

arches, domed roof, columns, slits for arches, domed roof, columns, slits for windows, few statueswindows, few statues

GothicGothic – very tall & airy, – very tall & airy, flying buttressflying buttress, many , many windows (stained glass), lots of statueswindows (stained glass), lots of statues

Black Death

Also known as the Also known as the Bubonic PlagueBubonic PlagueBetween 1347 & 1351 – kills 19 to 38 Between 1347 & 1351 – kills 19 to 38

million or 1/3 of Europe’s populationmillion or 1/3 of Europe’s population

BLACK DEATHBLACK DEATH

Originated out of Asia and followed the Originated out of Asia and followed the trade routestrade routes

Reached the Black Sea city of Reached the Black Sea city of CaffaCaffa in the in the CrimeaCrimea

Italian merchants brought plague to Sicily Italian merchants brought plague to Sicily then to Italian mainlandthen to Italian mainland

Carried by Carried by fleasfleas who lived on who lived on ratsrats

BLACK DEATHBLACK DEATH

Reactions to plague varied among the Reactions to plague varied among the peoplepeople

FlagellantsFlagellants were groups of men and were groups of men and women who wandered from town to town women who wandered from town to town flogging themselves—caused mass flogging themselves—caused mass hysteriahysteria

Some believed the end of the world was at Some believed the end of the world was at hand—orgies of drinking and sexhand—orgies of drinking and sex

Effects of the plagueEffects of the plague

Tore society apartTore society apartWhole towns & villages disappearedWhole towns & villages disappearedPeople turn to witchcraft & magic for People turn to witchcraft & magic for

protectionprotectionChristians blamed Jews- forced to flee into Christians blamed Jews- forced to flee into

eastern Europeeastern Europe

Effects of the plagueEffects of the plague

Decline in population = labor shortageDecline in population = labor shortageSerfdom disappears as the manor Serfdom disappears as the manor

economy is destroyedeconomy is destroyedTrade declinesTrade declinesWorkers demand higher wagesWorkers demand higher wages

Church TroublesChurch Troubles

Monarchs opposed Church’s political Monarchs opposed Church’s political powerpower

Monarchs could not tax church landMonarchs could not tax church landChurch’s were getting involved in politicsChurch’s were getting involved in politics

Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity

Philip IV Philip IV of France in dispute with Pope of France in dispute with Pope Boniface VIII Boniface VIII over taxing clergyover taxing clergy

Led to the “Led to the “Crime of AnagniCrime of Anagni” attempt to ” attempt to kidnap the popekidnap the pope

Boniface never recovered and died shortly Boniface never recovered and died shortly thereafterthereafter

Eventually Philip will get a Frenchman Eventually Philip will get a Frenchman elected as pope in 1305—elected as pope in 1305—Clement VClement V

BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITYBABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY

Clement V moved papacy to Clement V moved papacy to AvignonAvignonPeriod when popes lived in Avignon is Period when popes lived in Avignon is

called the called the Babylonian Captivity Babylonian Captivity (1305-(1305-1377)1377)

Popes believed to be under the influence Popes believed to be under the influence of French monarchyof French monarchy

Led to the decline in papal prestigeLed to the decline in papal prestige

Great Schism

1378 – Pope 1378 – Pope Gregory XI Gregory XI died while died while visiting Romevisiting Rome

College of Cardinals elected Pope College of Cardinals elected Pope UrbanUrban VIVI (Italian) (Italian)

13 French Cardinals then elect another – 13 French Cardinals then elect another – Pope Pope Clement VIIClement VII

GREAT SCHISMGREAT SCHISM

Period when there were two or more Period when there were two or more popes claiming to be the head of RCC is popes claiming to be the head of RCC is called the called the Great SchismGreat Schism

Great Schism eventually ended with the Great Schism eventually ended with the election of election of Martin VMartin V

Rome once again was home to the popeRome once again was home to the pope

Church ReformersChurch Reformers

John Wycliffe John Wycliffe – English – English theologian- wanted to reform the theologian- wanted to reform the ChurchChurch Bible not pope final authority for Bible not pope final authority for

ChristiansChristians Jesus head of the Church not the Jesus head of the Church not the

popepope Priest/sacraments not necessary for Priest/sacraments not necessary for

salvationsalvation Clergy needed to practice povertyClergy needed to practice poverty Translated New Testament into Translated New Testament into

EnglishEnglish

Church ReformersChurch Reformers

Jan Hus Jan Hus – German – German Authority of Bible higher than Authority of Bible higher than

popepope Preach in common language Preach in common language

not Latinnot Latin

Arrested, tried for heresy & Arrested, tried for heresy & burned at the stake by burned at the stake by Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church

The Hundred Years War1339-1453

Between England & France – Between England & France – Edward III of England claimed the throne of France of England claimed the throne of France starting the warstarting the war

The Hundred Years War1339-1453

War had four major stages;War had four major stages;England invades France captures French king England invades France captures French king

& most of France& most of FranceFrench take back almost all the land they lostFrench take back almost all the land they lostEnglish invade again – English invade again – Henry V forced the forced the

French to sign humiliating treatyFrench to sign humiliating treatyFrench rally under French rally under Joan of Arc (remembered (remembered

for leading French forces to victories over for leading French forces to victories over English) English) Charles VII crowned king of Francecrowned king of France

NEW WEAPONSNEW WEAPONS

During the 100 Yrs. War new weapons During the 100 Yrs. War new weapons were used including the were used including the longbowlongbow and the and the cannoncannon

Cannon made castles outdated and the Cannon made castles outdated and the longbow ended the reign of knights as the longbow ended the reign of knights as the most feared fighting forcemost feared fighting force