Chapter 9 What You Need to Know About Pesticides

Chapter 9 What You Need to Know About

Pesticides

A publication of the Louisville Water Company

Wellhead Protection Plan, Phase III Source Reduction Grant # X9-96479407-0

Chapter 9 What You Need to Know About Pesticides

Are you interested in pest management in your home or garden? Do you know people who need

help or advice on managing or preventing pest problems?

Sooner or later, were all pestered by pests. Whether it is mice in the garage or weeds in the garden, pests can be annoying and bothersome. At the same time, many of us are concerned that the pesticides we use to control pests can be a problem, too. How can pests be controlled safely? When and how should pesticides be used? This guide is designed to help you to answer some of these questions. The questions have no single right answer, but you should be able to make a more informed decision about the use of pesticides in your home and garden. Today, you can choose from many different options as you plan your strategy for controlling pests. Sometimes a non-chemical method of control is as effective and convenient as a chemical alternative. For many pests, total elimination is almost impossible, but it is possible to control them. Knowing your options is the key to pest control. Methods available to you, the homeowner, include pest prevention, non-chemical pest controls, and chemical pesticides. The most effective strategy for controlling pests may be to combine methods in an approach known as Integrated Pest Management, (IPM), that emphasizes preventing pest damage. In IPM, information about pests and available pest control methods is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means and with the least possible hazard to people, the environment, and property.

With this guide, you should be able to make informed decisions about:

Different kinds of pesticides that are available for use; Steps to take to control pests in and around your home and

garden; Alternatives to chemical pesticides that are available,

including pest prevention and non-chemical pest controls; Indentify some common garden pests, and the methods

available for their control; Use, store, and dispose of pesticides safely; Reduce your exposure when others use pesticides; Choose a pest control company; and What to do if someone is poisoned by a pesticide.

Ladybugs are a natural predator of aphids and other insect pests.

Chapter 9 Page 1 What You Need to Know About Pesticides


General Information What is a pesticide? A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances used to prevent, destroy, repel, mitigate, or regulate the growth of any form of life designated as a pest. Pests can be insects, mice and other animals, weeds, fungi, or microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Some examples of pests are termites causing damage to homes, dandelions in the lawn, and fleas on our dogs and cats. Pesticides are also used to kill organisms that cause disease. Most pesticides contain chemicals that can be harmful to people, animals, and the environment. For this reason, the Office of Pesticide Programs of the Environmental Protection Agency, (EPA), regulates pesticides in the United States to protect public health and the environment. Here are some of the pesticide products we use in our homes:

Insect sprays and baits, Mosquito sprays, Rat, mice, or ant poisons, and Flea and tick sprays, powders, and collars.

Did you know that these common products are also considered to be pesticides? Cleaning products to disinfect floors, Cleaning products used to remove the mildew on bathroom tiles, Household plant sprays, Lawn and garden products to kill insects and weeds, and Some swimming pool chemicals.

What are some of the types of pesticides used in and around our homes? Pesticides are classified by the organism that it kills or controls, by the method it uses to control a pest, or by the composition of the materials used. Table 1 below describes various pesticide classifications. Use it as a Pesticide Glossary of Terms. These types of pesticides will be discussed later in the guide.

Table 1 Pesticide Types and Classifications

Type of Pesticide Purpose, Method, or Composition Algicide Controls algae in swimming pools, water tanks, decorative ponds, and other

water bodies. Antibiotics Used to control bacteriological diseases in plants and animals. Anticoagulants Used to control vertebrate pests by causing them to bleed to death. Antifouling Agent Kills or repels organisms that attach to underwater surfaces, such as boat

bottoms. Antimicrobial Kills microorganisms, (bacteria and viruses). Attractant Traps containing a pesticide and food to lure insects or rodents inside.

However, food is not a pesticide even though it certainly attracts pests like ants at a picnic.

Bactericide In agriculture, used to protect plants from bacterial diseases. Biochemical Pesticide Naturally occurring substance that controls pests by non-toxic mechanisms.

Includes insect sex pheromones that interfere with mating. Biopesticide Also known as biological pesticides. These are pesticides derived from

natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals.


Table 1, (continued) Pesticide Types and Classifications

Type of Pesticide Purpose, Method, or Composition Botanical Pesticide Derived from plants. Relatively short-lived in the environment, acts quickly

on insects, but may be very toxic in the short-term. Broad Spectrum Kills various types of insects, plants, or animals. Used when several

different kinds of pests are a problem, but m ay also kill beneficial species. Carbamate Pesticide Affects the nervous system of animals or insects, but may be reversible if

ingested by accident. Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Interferes with the development and molting of immature insects causing

their death. Defoliant Causes the leaves of a plant to fall off. Desiccant Draws moisture, (liquids), from an organism, causing it to dry out and die. Device A mechanical tool used to control pests. Disinfectant and Sanitizer Kills or inactivates disease-producing microorganisms, (such as bacteria), on

inanimate objects.. Eradicants Fungicide that kills the disease once it appears on the plant, and works much

like an antibiotic works on a disease in humans. Fumigant Produces a gas vapor intended to destroy pests in the house or in the ground. Fungicide Kills fungi, (including blights, mildews, molds, and rusts). Growth Regulator Increases or decreases, or changes, the normal growth or reproduction of a

plant, animal, or an insect. Herbicide Kills weeds or other plants, either selectively or generally. Horticulture Oils Highly refined petroleum oils that are manufactured specifically to control

plant pests, or some plants. They degrade rapidly through evaporation, and have very low toxicity to humans and wildlife when used properly.

Inert Dust Used as a desiccant; has a low toxicity. Insect Growth Inhibitor Interferes with normal growth hormones in insects to prevent immature

insects from developing into reproducing adults. Insecticidal Soap Specially formulated soap that contains potassium or sodium salts. Very safe

method of control, but soap must coat the pest. Insecticide Kills insects and other arthropods, (animals covered with a hard exoskeleton

that have a segmented body, and have appendages on at least one segment). Microbial Pesticide Pesticide consists of a microorganism, (bacterium, fungus, virus, or

protozoan), that is the active ingredient. Mineral Pesticide Derived from minerals, such as diatomaceous earth, copper dust, or sulfur. Minimum Risk Pesticide Any pesticide that is exempt from FIFRA, (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,

and Rodenticide Act). See Appendix I for a complete listing of the active ingredients that are on this list.

Miticide or Acaracide Kills spider-like animals called mites that feed on plants and animals. Microbial Pesticide Microorganisms that kill or inhibit pests, including insects or other

microorganisms. Sometimes microorganisms get rid of pests simply by growing larger in numbers, using up the pests food supply, and invading the pests environment.

Molluscicide Kills snails and slugs.



Type of Pesticide Purpose, Method, or Composition Narrow Spectrum Kills a select group of pests, or a single pest. Nematicide Kills nematodes, (microscopic, worm-like organisms that feed on plant roots). Non-selective Herbicide Toxic to all plants. Organochlorine Insecticide

Chemical type of pesticide, most of which have been removed from the market due to their health and environmental effects, (DDT and chlordane).

Organophosphate Pesticide

Most are insecticides that affect the nervous system. Some are very poisonous, but are usually not persistent in the environment.

Ovicide Kills eggs of insects and mites. Petroleum Oils See Horticulture Oils, above. Pheromone Biochemicals used to disrupt the mating behavior of insects. Plant-incorporated Protectants

Pesticidal substances that the plant produces from genetic material that has been added to the plant.

Protectant Prevents plants from getting a fungal disease, or animals from getting certain types of disease or infestations, and works much like a vaccine prevents diseases in humans.

Pyrethroid Pesticide Synthetic version of naturally occurring Pyrethrum. Some are toxic to the nervous system of humans and animals. Used for insects.

Pyrethrum Made from the ground flowers of a certain type of chrysanthemum, (for insects).

Repellent Repels pests, including insects, (such as mosquitoes), animals, and birds. Residual Pesticide Pesticides that last for longer periods of time. Good for areas where

insects are a constant problem and where the pesticide will not be an environmental or health hazard, (example: termite control in wooden structures).

Restricted Use Pesticide Chemical that is harmful to humans, wildlife, or the environment that are placed on a Restricted Use List by the US EPA or the KY Dept. of Agriculture. Only Certified Applicators may purchase, store, distribute, use, or dispose of this product.

Rodenticide Control mice and other rodents. Chemicals that control other mammals, birds, and fish are also grouped as Rodenticides by regulatory agencies.

Rotenone Made from the ground roots of a tropical plant. This is a contact and stomach poison and is highly toxic to fish, (for insects).

Ryania Extracted from a tropical shrub, it is a contact and stomach poison. May not be available in the future.

Sabadilla Extract of the seeds of a plant from the lily family and is a contact and stomach poison, (for insects).

Selective Herbicide Kills some plants with little or no injury to other plants. Short-term Pesticide A pesticide that lasts only a few days or hours. Very good in situations

where the insects do not return or where long-term exposure could injure desirable plants, animals, and insects.


Type of Pesticide Purpose, Method, or Composition Synthetic Chemical Pesticide

Produced by humans. May be toxic to humans and wildlife.

Systemic Pesticide This type of pesticide is fed, absorbed, or injected into a plant or animal to be protected. When the insect feeds on this plant or animal, it ingests the systemic chemical and is killed.

More Information about Pesticides Some of the pesticides listed in Table 1 warrant further discussion to further define or inform the homeowner about the method, composition, or type of pesticide, and are discussed below. Additional references, web pages, or other information is listed at the end of this chapter. This chapter serves as the reference listing of all the chapters in this guide that discuss pesticides or pests. Biopesticides These are pesticides derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. For example, canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal applications and are considered to be biopesticides. Biopesticides fall into three major classes: microbial pesticides, plant pesticides, and biochemical pesticides. There are several advantages to using biopesticides effectively. However, the user needs to know a great deal about managing pests. Biopesticides are usually inherently less harmful than conventional pesticides. They generally affect only the target pest and closely related organisms. Conventional pesticides are usually broad spectrum pesticides that may kill insects as well as birds or mammals. Biopesticides are usually effective in small quantities and often decompose quickly, which results in lower exposures and largely avoids the pollution problems caused by conventional pesticides. When used as a component of Integrated Pest Management, (IPM), programs, biopesticides can greatly decrease the use of conventional pesticides.

Microbial Pesticides These pesticides consist of a microorganism, (e.g. a bacterium, fungus, virus, or protozoan), as the active ingredient. Microbial pesticides can control many different kinds of pests, although each separate active ingredient is relatively specific for its target pest. For example, specific fungi can control certain weeds, other fungi kill specific insects. The most widely used microbial pesticides are subspecies and strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, (Bt). Each strain of this bacterium produces a different mix of proteins and specifically kills one or only a few related species of insect larvae.

A microscopic look at Bacillus thuringiensis.

Whereas Bts control moth larvae found on plants, other are specific for the larvae of flies and mosquitoes. The target insect species are determined by whether the particular Bt produces a protein that can bind to a larval gut receptor, thereby causing the insect larvae to starve.


Microbial pesticides are applied as sprays, dusts, or granules just as conventional pesticides are. Microbials may kill insects a little more slowly than do conventional pesticides. Because Bt does not reproduce and persist in the environment, it must be applied at regular intervals, much like synthetic insecticides.

Plant Pesticides Plant pesticides are that a plant produces after it has been genetialtered. For example, scientists can tagene, and introduce it into the plants own genematerial. The plant then produces the same substance as the Bt bacterium. Both the proteand the genetic material are subject to regulation by the US EPA, but the plant itself is not regulated.

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How Bt modified corn kills the European Corn orer. While preventing crop losses, therenvironmental and human health concerns

Biochemical The pesticides are noccurring substances that control penon-toxic mechanisms. Conventional pesticides are, in contrast, genesynthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate the pest. Biochemical pesticides include such insect sex pheromones that interfere with mwell as various scented plant extrattract insect pests to traps. Biocheproducts also include hormonesgrowth regulators and enzymes. Insect growth regulators, (IGRs), aretoxic. They di

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insect between juvenile hormones, (tharegulates development), and the hormonthat regulates emergence into adulthoocausing abnormal pupation or adult development. IGRs kill isolated populations for a period of monthsyears, but may fail if new individuals jthe population.

al Pesticides

The life cycle of the mosquito. Many biochemical pesticides for mosquitoes attract the male mosquitoesraps, preventing them from mating to produce offspr

These pesticides are denthetic chemical pesticides or m ore

rived from plants; some, such as nicotine, are as toxic as many sy so. Remember, all pesticides are poisonous to some form of

. life. Organic gardeners like botanicals because they are relatively short-lived and act quickly on insectsIf residual action is needed, botanical pesticides do not provide adequate protection.


Pyrethrum products are made from the ground-up flowers of a specific species of chrysanthemum. Pyrethrins are toxins extracted from the chrysanthemum flowers. They decompose rapidly when exposed to light, air and moisture. Pests may be paralyzed temporarily when hit with the spray. Other chemicals combined with pyrethrum may block the insects ability to recover, but some of these are toxic. Be sure to follow instructions exactly.

The plant Chrysanthemum cineariaefolium yields pyrethrum.

Ryania is extracted from a tropical shrub and is a contact and stomach poison. It does not harm beneficial mites, lacewings, lady beetles, or parasitic wasps. It is usually applied as a dust and is most effective in hot, dry weather. Rain will wash it off the plant. Sabadilla is extracted from seeds of a plant of the lily family, and is also a contact and stomach poison. It has little effect on common beneficial insects and is relatively non-toxic to humans and other mammals. Sabadilla is most effective against leafhoppers and true bugs. It breaks down rapidly in sunlight and air, lasting about only one day. Rotenone is made for the ground roots of a tropical plant. The pesticide acts as a contact or stomach poison, and is available as a dust or a spray. It is highly toxic to fishdo not use in areas where it may get into waterways, and is moderately toxic to humans and most animals. It is not toxic to honey bees, but will kill some beneficial insects. The pesticide lasts about one week, and then loses effectiveness.

Broad Spectrum Pesticides Insecticides vary in the numbers of different kids of insects that they kill. Some insecticides only kill a few kinds of insects. Many insecticides are general purpose or wide range killers. The broad spectrum pesticides are used when several different kinds of insects are a problem. Once chemical can kill them all. No broad spectrum insecticide kills all insects; each varies as to the kinds of insects it controls. Be careful when choosing a broad spectrum pesticide, because you may kill beneficial insects as well as the pests.

Horticultural Oils These are highly refined petroleum oils that are manufactured specifically to control plant pests. They degrade rapidly through evaporation, and have a very low toxicity to humans and wildlife when used properly. Horticultural oils, when applied in the summer or when plants are dormant, have gained wide acceptance in pest management programs. They are relatively safe for the plants and the environment, and they control many insect and mite pests. They are also relatively non-toxic to the applicator and leave no toxic residue.

Horticultural Oils work by interfering with respiration and membrane function of the insects, causing suffocation, and also disrupt the feeding activities of certain insects and mites. Complete coverage of the infested parts of the plant is essential. The oils are most effective against eggs, immature forms, and soft-bodied adults.

Female white peach scale insect with armor removed to show body, (white arrow), and eggs, (pink arrows).

Horticultural Oils can safely be used to control these pests.


Aphids, scales, mealy bugs, leafhoppers, whiteflies, mites, and eggs of almost all species are readily killed. Read the label carefully to determine which types of trees and plants may be safely sprayed to avoid damaging the plant. Insect Growth Regulators These pesticides mimic the action of an insects naturally occurring juvenile hormone. They prevent immature insects from completing development into normal reproductive adults of the species. The effects of IGRs on insects include abnormal molting, twisted wings, loss of mating behavior, and sometimes death to embryos or eggs. IGRs attach a growth process only found in insects, thus, there is a great margin of safety for humans and other vertebrates. IGRs act slowly, since they do not kill the insect until it molts into an adult. Also, IGRs may kill beneficial insects as well as the pest. Insect Repellents Repellents are generally useful against mosquitoes, flies, fleas, and ticks, but should be used with care. When needed, apply to pants, cuffs, socks, shirtsleeves, or hat brims, but avoid direct contact with skin. More information is available about safe pesticide use is included within this chapter.

Insecticidal Soaps These are specially formulated soaps that contain potassium or sodium salts or certain fatty acids. They have become popular because of their low toxicity to humans, pets, and many beneficial insects. Because they are one of the safest choices available for controlling pests in the garden or on ornamental plants, they have become used widely by homeowners. Insecticidal soaps work only on contact, so the spray solution must coat the pest.

Many brands of insecticidal soap are available.

Once the spray has dried, an insect will not be harmed by walking over the residue. For example, spraying only the upper leaf surface will leave whiteflies alive and healthy because they usually feed on the undersurfaces of leaves. Spray only when and where an infestation appears, not as a preventative measure. Symptoms such as leaf or shoot distortion, sooty mold, and holes in leaves require further investigation to determine the cause and extent of the infestation. Once you find a pest, treat only affected plants or spots. Watch for photo-toxicity, an adverse plant reaction, or injury from the soap treatment. Symptoms on foliage include yellow or brown spotting, burned tips, and yellow or brown scorching on leaf edges. Soap spray may also cause marking on certain fruit varieties. Avoid plant injury by not treating plants that are under stress. Make sure plants, including trees, are well-watered before spraying. Newly planted ornamentals, transplants, and unrooted or newly rooted cuttings are under stress and should not be sprayed until they are well established. Conifers are particularly susceptible when under drought stress. Also, avoid treating sensitive plants. The plants listed below are particularly sensitive to insecticidal soap treatment: Horsechestnut Mountain Ash Japanese Maple Gardenia Bleeding Heart Sweet Pea Maidenhair Fern Crown of Thorns Lantana Nasturtium Easter Lily Certain varieties of azalea, begonia, camellia, fuchsia, geranium, and impatiens may be sensitive. If in doubt, test a small part of the plant first. If the plant is sensitive, phototoxic symptoms will appear within forty eight, (48), hours. Do not apply is the temperature is above 900 F or if the plant is in full sun. The best time to apply insecticidal soap is early morning.


Mineral Pesticides These pesticides include copper dust and sulfur. Sulfur controls plant disease organisms that cause black spot, scab, rust, powdery mildew, brown rot, and others. A Bordeaux mixture is the product of a reaction between copper sulfate and line. The mixture is sprayed to form a protective membranous covering over plant parts. It controls pathogens that cause anthracnose, downy mildew, cankers, and other diseases.

Diatomaceous earth is a dust made from fossilized shells of tiny aquatic organisms. The particles pierce the exoskeletons of soft-bodied insects, causing them to desiccate.

Sulfur has been used as a mineral insecticide for over 3,000 years. It is used to control mildews,

certain rusts, leaf blights, and fruit rots.

The dust is non-selective, killing both harmful and beneficial insects. It loses its effectiveness if it gets wet, and another application is necessary. Minimum Risk Pesticides The US EPA has identified some pesticides as minimum-risk pesticides, and these products are exempted from FIFRA, (the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act). Individual States may add to this list, based on the criteria below:

Each product containing the list must bear a label identifying the name and percentage weight of each active ingredient an the name of each inert ingredient;

The product must not bear claims either to control or mitigate microorganisms that pose a threat to human health, including, but not limited to, disease-transmitting bacteria or viruses, or claims to control insects or rodents carrying specific diseases, including, but not limited to, ticks that carry Lyme Disease; and

The product must not include any false or misleading labeling statements. Products containing the ingredients shown on the list, (See Appendix I for the Minimum Risk List.), are exempt from the requirements of FIFRA, provided they meet the criteria above.

Narrow Spectrum Pesticides While many insecticides are broad spectrum, killing a wide variety of animals by attacking a system common to all, (such as the nervous system), another group of insecticides may be more useful to the homeowner. Narrow spectrum pesticides kill only a specific type of pests. For example, chitin inhibitors only affect animals with chitin in their exoskeleton. Growth regulators are even more specific, because they only affect a species that have a particular hormone. Pheromones are the most restrictive because they react with only one species or one sex of a single species. Sometimes, the narrow spectrum pesticides are the best choice, because they may not kill beneficial insects as well as the pest.

If pesticide use is warranted, be sure to know which type of pesticide you need to use, as well as how to apply it effectively.

When in doubt, ask the advice of your County Cooperative Extension Agent, your local nursery, or other Certified Pesticide Applicator. Be sure to ask for the least

toxic product available.


Pheromones These are naturally produced chemicals used by animals to communicate with each other. There are three basic types of pheromones. Aggregate pheromones attract many individual together, for example, a site where food is plentiful. Sex pheromones are used by one sex of a species to attract a mate. Trail pheromones are deposited by walking insects, such as ants, so that others can follow. Synthetic pheromones produced in laboratories mimic these natural chemicals. Because they do not kill the insect, they are often not considered to be pesticides. Short-term vs. Long-term Residual Insecticides vary in how long they last as a killing agent. Some break down almost immediately into non-toxic by-products. Glyphosate, which is suggested for use by the US EPA, is a herbicide with a short-term residual. These short-term chemicals are very good in situations where insects or other pests do not return, or where long-term exposure could injure non-target plants or animals. For example, short-term insecticides are often used in homes and dwellings where people and domestic animals may be exposed. Other insecticides remain active killers for a fairly long period of time. The long-term residual pesticides are very useful when the insects are a constant problem and where they will not be an environmental/health hazard. For example, long-term residual insecticides are often used for fly control in livestock buildings or for termite control in wooden structures. Synthetic Chemical Pesticides Synthetic chemicals are those made by humans. They have helped to increase the quality and diversity of food available to us and to improve human health by controlling diseases. Many synthetic pesticides have been developed since the discovery of DDT in the 1940s. These include pesticides such as malathion, carbaryl, and the synthetic pyrethroids; fungicides such as chlorothalonil and mancozeb; and herbicides such as 2,4D and glyphosate. In some chases, synthetic chemical pesticides may be the best choice for your pest problem, but avoid exposing people, pets, and other plants and organisms. Be especially careful not to expose people with respiratory problems, asthma, allergies, or heart problems, as well as very old or very young people or pets.

Benefits of synthetic chemical pesticides include their quick action, ease of application, and immediate effectiveness. They are often only a temporary solution, however, and repeated applications may be needed. Some cover a very broad spectrum and kill beneficial as well as harmful insects. If pesticides are used indoors, the air may bear residues long after the application.

Used properly and in conjunction with other preventative and non-chemical methods, pesticides can help combat pests. Remember that technique and timing of applications are as important as the pesticide used. Read and follow all label directions.

Malathion insecticide spray may kill beneficial insects as well as the

harmful insects.

Some, (not all), synthetic chemicals are discussed within this guide. Label information, safety instructions, and potential effects of pesticide poisoning are also included within this chapter.


Public drinking water supplies, like the Louisville Water Company, are required to test for Synthetic Organic Chemicals, (SOCs), by the US EPA. Many of these chemicals are pesticides. Pesticides can enter the groundwater or the surface water, and can contaminate the water supply. For this reason, as well as human and animal health concerns, it is imperative for homeowners to use pesticides safely.


Follow the directions on the label. Use pesticides with low residuals, when

possible. Use as little of the product as possible to

do the job.

Be A Good Neighbor!

Pesticide Formulations

Did you know? Homeowners use 10 times the amount of pesticides and fertilizers, per acre, than

farmers! Be careful with the chemicals you use on your lawns and flower beds. Try to

use products with low residual rates, (products that degrade into harmless

substances quickly), and follow the directions on the label.

Dusts Dusts are formulated for use as dusters. They are ready to use and can not be mixed with water for spraying. The concentration of the active ingredient in such pesticides rarely exceeds 5 to 10 percent. Dusts are most effective when applied when the air is still and the new foliage is covered with dew or moisture. Sprays Several formulations are packaged for use as sprays. Some of the more common sprays are wettable powders, (WP), flowable formulations, (F), and emulsified concentrates, (EC), or emulsions, sprayable oils, (S), and oil-based sprays.

Wettable Powder, (WP), contains an active ingredient, a wetting agent, and an inert material. It must be diluted and sprayed as a water suspension. If your sprayer does not have an agitator, the mixture should be shaken periodically to keep the powder from settling out. Do not use a wettable powder as a dust, as the concentration of the active ingredient will be too high, (40 to 50 percent), and may harm you, your children, pets, or wildlife. It is also wasteful and costly. Wettable powders, mixed with water, adhere to plants longer than dusts, but not as long as emulsified concentrates.

Flowable Formulations contain fine particles of the active ingredient suspended in a flowable liquid or paste. It must be diluted with water. Such formulations resemble wettable powders in their other properties. Be sure to follow directions for mixing exactly, and shake occasionally during use.

Emulsified Concentrates contain an active ingredient, a solvent, and an emulsifier. Upon dilution with water, these ingredients form an emulsion. Emulsion sprays require less agitation than do suspensions formed by flowables and wettable powders. Caution is stressed because the solvents may cause or contribute to plant injury.

Horticulture Spray Oils primarily control scales, mites, and aphids. They are recommended as dormant sprays, (applied early in spring before buds open). They are mixed with water before spraying. An insecticide, ethion, is sometimes formulated with oil. Oil plus ethion is often more effective for scale insect control than oil alone. Oil-based Sprays contain an active ingredient dissolved in a solvent ready for use. It can not be mixed with water. The concentration of pesticides is usually low. Oil-base sprays should not be sprayed directly on plants or animals. Thermal foggers use a special oil-insecticide formulation.

Pressurized Cans or Aerosols Pressurized cans or aerosols are self-contained and require no additional equipment or dilution for use. There are important safety considerations. Regardless of the safety of the active ingredient to humans, certain propellants may be hazardous.

Do not leave pressurized cans on a stove or radiator, in direct sunlight, or in the trunk or glove compartment of a car. Temperatures of 120o F or above may cause explosions. Do not puncture cans. Do not use near open flames. Never inhale sprays or discharge an aerosol toward the face of people of animals. To dispose of pressurized cans, exhaust all gas through the release valve and place cans in the household trashcan. There are two basic types of pressurized cans or aerosols:

Space sprays, or true aerosols, dispense a fog or spray of fine droplets that float in the air. They kill flying insects such as flies and mosquitoes.

Surface or residual sprays dispense large droplets that fall from the air rapidly. They form a surface deposit to control crawling insects.

Granules -- Granules can be applied by lawn drop spreaders and seeders or from a self-contained shaker package. Fertilizers and some pesticides are formulated in this manner. Granules are much like dusts, except that the particles are larger and more uniform in size. Fertilizer/pesticide combinations are available as granules or as a fine powder for application with a lawn spreader. They should be used only for the purpose specified on the label. These combinations are NOT recommended in this guide. Wildlife often mistake the granules as seeds, and can become severely ill or die as a result of eating the granules. In addition, despite the convenience, it is very difficult to spread the granules evenly over the turf, which may injure surrounding plants.

Multipurpose Mixtures Many multipurpose mixtures, (MP) mixtures, are on the market. Most are designed for use on plants. Some multipurpose mixtures are formulated especially for a particular crop such as roses or tomatoes. Prepared multipurpose mixtures often eliminate the need for keeping other pesticides on hand and are more likely to be used up in one season; thus the long-term storage problems are eliminated. Severe outbreaks of hard-to-manage insects or diseases, however, may require selective pesticide treatment. When using a multi-purpose mixture for plant protection, spray at regular intervals throughout the growing season. Purchase a prepared mixture for a specific plant group or prepare your own mixture as


per the directions. Prepare only what you will use at one spraying. Home-prepared mixtures should not be stored. Use only wettable powder concentrates in preparing multi-purpose mixtures. Shake the spray mixture frequently to keep the powder in suspension. Apply with a compressed-air or hand-pump sprayer, (slide pump or other type).

Home Remedies Numerous commonly available products such as vegetable cooking oils, soap, and baking soda have properties that act as pesticides, as do concoctions made from plant extracts such as mint, citrus peel, and marigolds. Both state and federal regulatory agencies prohibit their use on a commercial basis, even though they are environmentally safe and inexpensive. A few home remedies may be listed within this guidebook, but they, or any other pesticide listed within this guide, are not endorsed by the Louisville Water Company or the Louisville Metro Government. In addition, the use of home remedies, or any product or procedure is not recommended nor endorsed for use either expressed or implied. Neither the Louisville Water Company nor the Louisville Metro Government employees, nor its agents, is responsible for any damage or injury to a person or property arising from the use of this information. This guidebook is intended solely for general informational purposes.

Baking soda, garlic cloves, and citrus acid are three home

remedies often used as pesticides.

Pesticide Control Legislation

All pesticides are regulated by state and federal laws to protect the user and consumer. Pesticides that are highly toxic, persist in the environment, (long-term residual pesticides), or pose some other significant threat to humans or wildlife are placed on a restricted-use list by the EPA or state agency. The KY Dept. of Agriculture can add chemical or other pesticides to the restricted use list in Kentucky.

The Restricted Use Pesticides, (RUPs), must be clearly labeled and may be purchased and used only by Certified Applicators. If you have questions about the status of a pesticide, consult your Jefferson County Cooperative Extension, (502-569-2344), or the Division of Environmental Services, KY Dept. of Agriculture, (502-573-0282).

Poison or Toxic labels must be clearly placed on all RUPs.

No restricted use pesticides are recommended for consumer use within this guide, and can not be purchased by the homeowner for use in their home. If a restricted use pesticide is mentioned, it is only so that the homeowner is aware of its availability through a Certified Applicator, or as a warning to the homeowner who may have an older container of the pesticide as a Do Not Use Product. RSUs must have a Material Safety Data Sheet, (MSDS), available for the consumer, which is either the Certified Applicator or the person purchasing their services and materials.


If you are using a lawn care company or other company to apply pesticides in your home or on your lawn, you can, by law, request a copy of the Material Safety Data Sheet, (MSDS). The MSDS will explain the toxicity and long term effects of the use of the chemical in the pesticide, as well as requirements for safe storage, use, and disposal of the active chemical ingredient in the pesticide. The MSDS will also explain steps to take if the pesticide is accidentally ingested. Commercial applicators of pesticides, as well as private applicators that use RUPs, must be certified. Certification exams are given throughout the state, as well as educational and training sessions. If you have any questions concerning the certification process, please consult your County Extension Agent, or the KY Dept. of Agriculture, (see phone numbers listed above).

To check the certification of an applicator

If you are not sure if a person or a company is a Certified Operator, you may contact the KY Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Branch, (see phone number listed above), and ask if that person or company is a Certified Applicator. If you wish to report a person or business that you know is not a Certified Applicator that is applying pesticides or other chemicals to either your property or another property, you may contact the Agricultural Branch, which regulates pesticide use in the state. They have the authority to impose fines on businesses and/or individuals who neglect to follow federal and state laws concerning the proper storage, containment, sale, distribution, application, record keeping, or disposal of pesticides.

However, if a company is using chemicals that are listed as a Minimum Risk Pesticide, (MRP), which is exempt from regulation, (see Appendix 1), you may contact the Agricultural Branch of the KY Dept. of Agriculture for more information about the current laws that are in effect about applicators and certification for use of MRPs.

What is Pesticide Registration?

The process of registering a pesticide is a scientific, legal, and administrative procedure through which the US EPA examines the ingredients of the pesticide. The EPA also looks at the particular crop or site on which the pesticide is to be used, the amount, frequency, and timing of its use, and storage/disposal practices. In evaluating the registration application, the EPA assesses a wide variety of potential human health and environmental effects associated with the use of this product. The producer of the pesticide must provide data from tests done according to EPA guidelines. (Side Panel: Endrin is now a Restricted Use Pesticide.)

The tests performed by the producer of the pesticide evaluates whether a pesticide has the potential to cause adverse effects on humans, wildlife, fish, and plants, including endangered species and non-target organisms. The tests also evaluate the possible contamination of surface water and groundwater from leaching, run-off, and spray drift. Potential human risks range from short-term toxicity to long-term effects, such as cancer and reproductive system disorders. The EPA must also approve the language that appears on each pesticide label. A pesticide product can only be used according to the directions on the label that accompanies the pesticide at the time of sale.


Federal Pesticide Laws The US EPA regulates pesticides under a broad authority granted in two major statutes, where were amended by the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996.

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, (FIFRA) requires all pesticides sold or distributed in the United States, (include imported pesticides), to be registered by the US EPA. EPA can authorize the limited use of unregistered pesticides or pesticides registered for other uses to address emergencies and special local needs.

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, (FFDCA) Requires EPA to set pesticide tolerances for all pesticides used in or on food. A tolerance is the maximum permissible level for pesticide residuals allowed in or on commodities from human food or animal feed.

Under the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, which amended both FIFRA and FFDCA, the EPA must find that a pesticide poses a reasonable certainty of no harm before that pesticide can be registered for use on food or feed. Several factors must be addressed before a tolerance can be established, including:

The aggregate, non-occupational exposure from the pesticide, (such as exposure through diet, from using the pesticides in and around the home, and from drinking water);

The cumulative effects from exposure to different pesticides that produce similar effects on the human body;

Whether there is an increased susceptibility to infants

and children, or other sensitive sub-populations, from exposure to the pesticide; and

Remember that some food is imported from foreign countries that may not have

regulations designed to protect human health. Always wash fruits and vegetables

carefully before eating. Whether the pesticide produces an effect in humans

similar to an effect produced by a naturally-occurring estrogen or produces other endocrine-disruption effects.

Types of Registration Under FIFRA Federal Registration Action EPA can register pesticides for use throughout the US. Some pesticides are registered by EPA for more limited use in certain states. In addition, States, Tribes, and Territories can place further restrictions on pesticides, or other EPA-registered products used or sold within their own jurisdiction.

Experimental Use Permits, (EUPs) The EPA can allow manufacturers to field test pesticides under development. Manufacturers of conventional pesticides are required to obtain EUPs before testing new pesticides if they conduct experimental field tests on 10 acres or more of land or one acre or more of water. Biopesticides also require EUPs when used in experimental settings. Emergency Exemption The EPA can allow State and Federal agencies to permit the use of a pesticide in a specific geographic area for a limited time if emergency pest conditions exist. Usually this arises when growers and others encounter a pest problem on a site for which there is no registered pesticide available, or for which there is a registered product that would be effective but is not yet approved for use on that particular site. Also, exemptions can be made for public health and quarantine reasons.


State-Specific Registrations The States can register a new pesticide product for any use, or a federally-registered product for an additional use, as long as there is a demonstrated special local need, and a tolerance, exemption from a tolerance, or other clearance under FFDCA. The EPA can disapprove a States special local need registration.

The EPAs registration program places high priority on registering pesticides that are safer than pesticides currently on the market, those with public health benefits, and pesticides that are of particular economic importance to producers.

What substances are not regulated as pesticides?

The definition of a pesticide is quite broad, but it does have some exclusions:

Drugs used to control diseases of humans or animals, (such as livestock and pets), are not considered pesticides, such as drugs regulated by the Food and Drug Administration;

Fertilizers, nutrients, and other substances used to promote plant survival and health are not considered plant growth regulators, and are not considered to be pesticides;

Biological control agents, except for certain microorganisms, are exempted from regulation by the EPA, (includes beneficial predators such as birds or ladybugs that eat insect pests); and

Products that contain low risk ingredients, (MRPs), are not regulated by the EPA, but still may be regulated by the KY Dept. of Agriculture. The Praying Mantis is a beneficial

insect that eats pests.

Are all pesticides dangerous? Not all pesticides are dangerous or hazardous to humans. For example, a pesticide known as milky spore, which is actually a kind of bacteria, is not dangerous to humans, animals, or beneficial insects. It is a Selective Insecticide, because it kills only certain types of beetles. It kills Japanese Beetles, Oriental Beetles, Rose Chafers, and certain May and June Beetles. In general, because pesticides are supposed to prevent, destroy, or repel pests they can also be dangerous to humans, animals, or the environment. The signal word on the label will tell you how dangerous a pesticide is to humans. In addition to signal words, the danger or hazard to humans depends on your exposure to the pesticide, and how the pesticide is used. It is very important to use pesticides properly, which means according to the label. Doing so reduces the chances of causing health problems for you, your children, your pets, and wildlife, and damage to the environment. Misusing a pesticide can cause problems. Pesticides are misused when you do not follow the label instructions. Some examples of misuse are:

Using a pesticide for pests that are not listed on the label, (for example, using an ant killer on a possible mosquito infestation);

Using more of a pesticide or making it stronger than it says on the label, (for example, mixing a concentrated pesticide with more than the recommended amount of pesticide with water); and

Using a pesticide in a location that is not on the label, (for example, if a pesticide says For Outdoor Use Only, do not use it inside the home).


Regulated Pest Control Devices

Although pest control devices are not required to be registered with EPA, some other regulatory requirements do apply to these devices. Some common examples of such pest control devices that are subject to other regulatory requirements are:

Ultraviolet light systems, certain water and air filters, or ultrasonic devices that make claims that the device kills, inactivates, entraps , or suppresses growth of bacteria, fungi, or viruses;

High frequency sound generators, carbide cannons, foils, and rotating devices that make claims about repelling pests, such as birds and insects;

Black-light, (ultraviolet light), traps, fly traps, (without an attractant substance other than food), electronic and heat screens, fly ribbons, glueboards, and fly paper that make claims about killing or entrapping insects; and

The use of an under-sink ultraviolet light water filter may

remove specific types of bacteria from drinking water.

Mole thumpers, sound repellents, foils, and rotating devices that make claims about repelling certain mammals.

Devices are subject to certain labeling requirements. Labels for devices must meet certain requirements to make sure they are not misbranded. The requirements dealing with misbranding are established by the FIFRA, and include, but are not limited to:

Devices may not bear any statements that are false or misleading; and The pesticide establishment number of the devices producer must appear on the label and on

the outer container or wrapper if it cannot be seen because of packaging. Any facility producing a device must be registered with EPA, have an establishment number and meet certain reporting requirements.

Unregulated Pest Control Devices

Examples of unregulated pest control devices include: Devices whose effectiveness depends more upon the performance

of the person using the device than on the performance of the device itself; and

Devices which operate to entrap vertebrate animals, except glueboards.

Products generally falling under this category include rat and mouse traps, fly swatters, tillage equipment for weed control, and fish traps.

A mouse trap is an effective non-chemical control for mice

and small rodents.


Introduction to Integrated Pest Management Plants, insects, molds, mildew, rodents, bacteria, and other organisms are a natural part of the environment. They can benefit people in many ways. BUT, they can also be pests.

Apartments and houses are often hosts to common pests such as cockroaches, fleas, termites, ants, mice, rats, mold, or mildew;

Weeds, hornworms, aphids, and grubs can be a nuisance outdoors when they get into your lawn, flowers, yard, vegetable garden, or fruit or shade trees; and

Pests can be a health hazard to you, your family, or your pets.

Whether used to control insects, rodents, weeds, microbes, or fungi, pesticides have important benefits. They help farmers provide an affordable and plentiful food supply. Pesticides are also used in other settings such as our homes, offices, and schools to control pests as common as the cockroach, termites, and mice.

Pesticides do pose risks to human health and the environment when people do not follow directions on product labels or use products irresponsibly. For example, some people might use pesticides when they are not really needed, apply too much, or apply or dispose of them in a manner that could contaminate water or harm wildlife. Even alternative or organic pesticides can have these unintended consequences if used incorrectly.

Integrated Pest Management, (IPM), is an approach to pest control that offers a means to reduce the risk from, and in some cases, the amount of, chemical pesticides needed.

In many cases, there are steps that pesticide users can take BEFORE they have a pest problem to PREVENT the need for pesticides. When a pest problem, such as an insect infestation is identified, pesticide users often have a choice among differing solutions to their pest problems. These pest control strategies present different levels of risk to human health and the environment.

What is IPM?

Integrated Pest Management, (IPM), is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices. IPM programs are current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment. IPM takes advantage of all appropriate pest management options including, but not limited to, the judicious use of pesticides. In contrast, organic food production applies many of the same concepts as IPM, but limits the use of pesticides to those that are produced from natural sources, as opposed to synthetic chemicals.

Removing sources of water can help

prevent pest invasions.


How do IPM programs work? IPM is not a single pest control method, but, rather, a series of pest management evaluations, decisions, and controls. In practicing IPM, follow these four steps:

1. Set Action Thresholds Before taking any pest control action, IPM first sets an action threshold, a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken. Sighting a single pest does not always mean that pest control is needed. The level at which pests either become a threat to human or pet health, yard and garden health, or a threat to the family economics is critical to guide pest control decisions.

2. Monitor and Identify Pests Not all insects, weeds, and other living organisms require control. Many organisms are innocuous, and some are even beneficial. IPM programs work to monitor pests and identify them accurately, so that appropriate control decisions can be made in conjunction with action thresholds. This monitoring and identification removes the possibility that pesticides will be used when they are not really needed, or that the wrong kind of pesticide will be used.

3. Prevention As a first line of pest control, IPM programs work to manage the lawn or indoor space to prevent pests from becoming a threat. Outside, this may mean using cultural methods, such as selecting pest-resistant varieties of plants and planting pest-free rootstock. These control methods can be very effective and cost-efficient, and presents little or no risk to the environment.

4. Control Once monitoring, identification, and action thresholds indicate that pest control is required, and preventative methods are no longer effective or available, IPM programs then evaluate the proper control method both for effectiveness and risk. Effective, less risky pest control methods are chose first, including highly targeting chemicals, such as pheromones to disrupt pest mating, or mechanical control, such as trapping or weeding. If further monitoring, identifications, and action thresholds indicate that less risky controls are not working, then additional pest control methods would be employed, such as targeted spraying of pesticides. Broadcast spraying of non-specific pesticides is a last resort.

More information about Integrated Pest Management will be discussed later in this guide.

Using Pesticides Safely Pesticide Safety Tips Although pesticides can be useful, they also can be dangerous if used carelessly or are not stored properly. Here are some important tips for safer pest control: General Safety

1. The most effective way to reduce risks posed by pesticides is to use non-chemical control methods to reduce or eliminate pest problems. Around the home, such measures include removing sources of food and water, (such as leaky pipes), and destroying breeding sites and shelters, such as little and plant debris.

2. Use Cultural Controls where possible. (See Cultural Control.)

3. If you decide that you must use pesticides, always READ THE LABEL FIRST! Follow the directions to the letter, including all precautions and restrictions.

An accumulation of plant debris can be a breeding ground for outdoor pests.


4. Dont use products for pests that are not indicated on the label. Make sure you are using the right pesticide for the job.

5. Dont use more pesticide that directed by the label. Twice the amount will not do twice the job.

6. Use Ready-to-Use products when possible, to avoid accidents

while mixing.

7. If using a commercial applicator or lawn service, ask for information about potential risks and safety precautions to take. See more information in our Choosing a Lawn Care Service section.

8. Dont buy more pesticides than you need. If you have any leftover pesticides, check with your local government and use a household hazardous waste disposal program, if you can. If no community program exists, follow label directions and any state or local regulations regarding disposal.

9. Keep pesticides separate from other items in the shopping cart, and make sure they are wrapped in a separate bag at the checkout stand.

10. Transport pesticides in the trunk of your car instead of the backseat to avoid contaminating the car interior in case of breakage.

11. Keep the telephone number of your Poison Control Center near your telephone: 1-800-222-1222. 12. Teach children that Pesticides Are Poisonous! Pesticides are something they should never touch! 13. NEVER transfer pesticides to other containers especially those that children may associate with

food, such as soft drink or milk bottles.

14. Alert others to the potential hazards of pesticides -- especially care givers and grandparents.

15. Use protective measures when handling pesticides as directed by the label, such as wearing impermeable gloves, long pants, and long-sleeved shirts. Change clothes and wash any exposed skin immediately after applying pesticides. See our section on Laundering clothing with pesticide residue for safe laundry techniques.

16. Pay attention to Signal Words on the label. (See About the Label.) These words tell you about the toxicity of the pesticide you are applying.

17. Do not eat, drink, smoke, or chew gum while handling pesticides.

18. NEVER pour leftover pesticides into an abandoned well. The pesticide enters the groundwater directly, and can easily contaminate drinking water supplies.

19. Dispose of leftover pesticides by following the instructions on the label. Never pour a pesticide into a septic system, unless directed to do so by the label.

20. Never mix pesticides contaminated clothing with your regular laundry and wash the contaminated clothing promptly. Open well casing


21. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling pesticides and before eating. 22. Avoid wearing soft contact lenses when dealing with pesticides. Soft contact lenses may absorb

vapors from the air and hold them against your eyes. Indoor Safety

23. NEVER use outdoor chemicals indoors! Outdoor pesticides are designed with higher residuals, (time when the pesticide is active), that cause increased exposure time and dose when used indoors.

24. Before applying a pesticide, (indoors or outdoors), remove children, their toys, clothing, and pets from the area and keep them away until the pesticide has dried or as recommended by the label.

25. Turn off indoor air circulation systems before applying a pesticide. Resume only after the pesticide has dried or as recommended by the label.

Always dispose of pesticides according to the labels instructions. If you can, use a household hazardous waste disposal site and follow their directions for

preparing the pesticide for disposal.

22. Remove or cover food, including pet foods, during applications. Make sure to cover small animal cages or fish tanks prior to spraying.

23. Always store pesticides away from childrens reach, in a locked cabinet or garden shed. Child-proof safety latches also may be installed on cabinets and can be purchased as local hardware stores and other retail outlets.

24. Never place rodent or insect baits where small children or pets can get to them.

25. Air out the building adequately after a pesticide is applied indoors. Open doors and windows, and run overhead, whole-house, or window fans to exchange indoor air for outdoor air rapidly and completely.

The use of childproof locks can prevent a tragedy!

Outdoor Safety 26. Examine the area to be treated and the surrounding area. Are there plants or animals that could

be harmed by the pesticide? Dont spray if you can not guarantee they will not be injured. You are responsible for any damage that may occur.

27. If you have a banned granular pesticide stored, dispose of it property through a Household Hazardous Materials Disposal site, or according to the directions on the label. Do not use the pesticide!

28. Some pesticides are volatile in heat, vaporizing and rising off the treated surfaces, moving with breezes as an invisible cloud until, once cooled, they are deposited at a distant location. Pesticides should not be applied in very hot weather.


29. Dont spray outdoors on windy or rainy days. Take precautions to keep the pesticide from drifting or running off into the vegetable garden, pool, or neighbors yard.

30. If spraying outdoors, make sure than rainfall will not cause surface water drainage toward a pond or other water body.

31. If a close neighbor or someone else is applying pesticides outdoors near your home, you may want to stay indoors with your children and pets. Keep windows and exterior doors closed.

Be smart: do not use broad spectrum pesticides unless there is no other alternative. Use pesticides that are

specifically designed for the pest that needs to be controlled. Wear protective clothing, as directed by the

label. Dont spray on windy or rainy days to prevent drift.

32. Keep children, pets, toys, pet dishes, and other items out of downwind areas.

33. Calibrate all pesticide applicator equipment according to the manufacturers instructions before applying a pesticide.

34. Be a good neighbor. Request that your lawn company place a sign in your yard when any chemicals are applied to your lawn, including fertilizers, or, if you are applying the pesticide, place your own sign on your yard as a warning to neighbors.

About the Label Many household products contain pesticidal and toxic ingredients that can be harmful to humans, animals, or the environment. Even so, we use these products to clean or maintain our home. Or, they are useful because they control disease-causing organisms, insects, weeds, or other pests. The label is your guide to using products safely and effectively. Why read the labels? Consumer product labels contain valuable use instructions and precautions that can help you keep your family, pets, and the environment safe. By reading the label first, you can prevents accidents from occurring. Reading the label also saves money. Follow the guidelines on the amount of pesticide to use for the job. Youll save money and frustration. Buy the right amount for your needs. Buy only what you need and pass any leftovers on to someone else that can use it. Some products may not be good if stored for long periods of time. A larger size might not be a good value if you dont use it all. Use the right amount for the job. Labels indicate the correct amount to use. Using more than what is recommended is not better. It wastes the product and the money that you have spent. In some cases, using more than the recommended amount can hurt people, pets, and the environment. Look at the generic label below to understand the information conveyed. You have a legal responsibility. Did you know that pesticide labels are legal documents? If you dont read the label and follow its instructions carefully, you are at fault, and liable, when and if problems result.


Product Name Brand Name appears boldly on the label. It is the name by which the product is advertised. Common Name the same chemical may appear on the shelf under several brand names, but the common name, may be the same. For example, carbaryl is the common name for Sevin. Its chemical name, 1-haphthyl N-methylcarbamate, is too difficult to remember. Carbaryl is found in a variety of different pesticide products. Directions for Use This section tells you what the pesticide product controls, as well as where, how, and when to use the product. Often, the product manufacturer has included a booklet with the container. Some provide toll-free numbers for consumers to use to obtain additional information. Follow these instructions exactly, including the use of protective equipment, and the application process. Do not over apply the pesticide. This section will also describe whether the pesticide is for general or restricted use. Do you use a restricted use pesticide unless you are a certified pesticide applicator. According to FIFRA, a general use pesticide is one that, when applied according to its directions, will not generally cause unreasonable adverse reactions on the environment. Misuse Statement You will be warned on the label that if you fail to follow label directions exactly, you are violating federal law. Precautions This section describes the potential hazards to people or pets, and actions that you can take to reduce those hazards. It may also contain statements that provide information on how to protect children and pets. Example: wearing gloves, or safety glasses, covering fish tanks or bird cages, or removing children from the area.


Signal Words Look for Signal Words. These words show how toxic or hazardous a product can be. A symbol for toxicity, the skull and cross-bones, may be used to denote highly toxic materials. It will be accompanied by the words DANGER and POISON. Less toxic pesticides may be given the signal word WARNING if there is a specific hazard, such as severe skin or eye injury, or a particular danger to the environment. For these products, the word Poison or the skull and crossbones is not on the label. Pesticides with the signal word CAUTION are the least toxic to people and are generally less hazardous.

Table 2 Signal Words

Toxicity Warning

Warnings are based on the amount that is needed to kill 50% of a laboratory population of test animals, (mice, rats,

etc.), if taken orally.

Signal Word

Highly Toxic

DANGER or POISON is the strongest signal word. If a label has the word DANGER on it, you must be extremely careful when using the product, or you could get very sick, become injured, go blind, or even die. DANGER is also used on products that could explode if they get hot. A few drops to one teaspoon will kill an average person

Poison/ Danger

Moderately Toxic

WARNING is less strong than DANGER, but it still means that you could become ill or be seriously hurt. Warning is also used to identify products that can easily catch on fire. One teaspoon to one ounce will kill and average person

Warning

Slightly Toxic

CAUTION shows that the product could hurt you, but it is less harmful than other the products. CAUTION is used on products that could damage your skin, make you sick if you breathed the fumes, or cause injury if the product got into your eyes. Requires more than one ounce to kill an average person

Caution

Environmental Hazards This section tells you if the product is potentially harmful to wildlife, fish, or endangered plants or animals. It will also tell you if the product may adversely affect wetlands or water resources. The section may also include statements concerning toxicity to honeybees, and surface or groundwater contamination. The section provides additional information on what to do to avoid environmental damage.

Physical or Chemical Hazards This section notes hazards such as corrosivity, exclusivity, or flammability. For example, If the product is flammable, it should not be used near open flames.

Storage and Disposal The storage and disposal portion of the label tells how to best store and dispose of the product. It also tells you what to do with unused product, and the empty container.


First Aid The first aid portion of the label tells you what to do if someone accidentally swallows or breathes the pesticide, or gets it on their skin, or in their eyes. It will usually tell you what exposure requires medical attention, such as swallowing or inhaling the product or getting it in your eyes or on your skin. Labels may also contain Notes to Physicians, which provide doctors with special medical information.

Keep the number of the Poison Control Center near your telephone, and call for instructions before administering any medication to induce vomiting. It is a good idea to immediately flush eyes or skin areas with water, then call the Poison Control Center for additional information. It is also a good idea to take the pesticide label with you to the attending physician.

Active Ingredients This section identifies active ingredients of the product. The active ingredient is the pesticide. The pesticide may be listed either by chemical name or common name. It must be listed as a percentage by weight or pounds per gallon of concentrate. A packaged pesticide, or a ready-to-use pesticide, consists of an active ingredient, (or ingredients), and inert ingredients. The active ingredient is the chemical responsible for the activity that the pesticide accomplishes. It must be listed on the label, along with its percentage by weight in the container. A product with a low concentration of the active ingredient is less hazardous to handle than one with a high concentration of the same active ingredient. Inert ingredients are not usually listed by name, but may include materials such as water or even flammable or toxic solvents such as Xylene. Inert ingredients are added to give bulk to the ready-to-use product available to homeowners, and to reduce the overall toxicity by diluting the active ingredient. They may also serve as solvents or carriers to spread the pesticide more evenly. Chemical fact sheets are available for all RUPs and many other chemical ingredients of pesticides. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for all RUPs, and may be requested from the seller or applicator by the homeowner. For more information about a specific pesticide ingredient, the homeowner may find a chemical fact sheet from the EPA on their website. Fact sheets are available for most active ingredients in pesticides from this web site. The web address is listed below:

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemical_fs.htmOther Inert Ingredients This may not be listed on all products, but the percentage of their content is required to be listed on the label. The listing of inert ingredients is the percentage of other ingredients in the pesticide product that are used to dilute the strength of the product or helps the product to work more effectively. Inert ingredients are currently placed into four categories by the EPA. They include:

1. Inert products of toxicological concern; 2. Potentially toxic inert products, (of high priority); 3. Inert products of unknown toxicity; and 4. Inert products of minimal concern.


http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/chemical_fs.htm


Warranty Statement This statement is intended to limit the manufacturing companys liability or to act as a disclaimer. Occasionally, it is a warranty for the product. Type of Formulation Pesticides come in different forms: liquids, wettable powders, dusts, etc. Each form is handled differently, and the label identifies the formulation. A listing of the formulation types is found below. These formulation types have been discussed previously in this chapter.

Table 3 Formulation Types

Abbr. Type Abbr. Type E or EC Emulsified Concentrate DF Dry flowable

F, L, or FL Flowable WDG Water Dispersible Granule ULV Ultra Low Volume WDL Water Dispersible Liquid

D Dust AF Aqueous Flowable B Bait AS Aqueous Suspension G Granular ES Emulsified Solution

P or PS Pellet MTF Multiple Temperature Formulation W or WP Wettable Powder OL Oil-soluble Liquid S or SP Soluble Powder SL Slurry

Name and Address of Manufacturer The law requires the manufacturer to identify itself by name and address. Some manufacturers provide a toll free number that the consumer may contact for more information. Wet Weight/Net Contents Statement The net contents tell you the amount of the product in the container. EPA Registration Number FIFRA requires all pesticides to be registered. This includes all pesticides used in and around homes, swimming pools, businesses, public buildings, and in agriculture. Before any registration is issued, the manufacturer must submit data to the Pesticide Registration Division of the EPA showing that the product, when used as directed;

1. Is effective against the pests listed on the label; 2. Will not injure humans, animals, crops, or damage the environment; and 3. Will not result in illegal residues on feed and food.

The EPA registration number is not a guarantee or endorsement of product effectiveness. EPA Establishment Number This is a number that identifies the particular facility where the final phase of production of the pesticide product took place.

Neighbor Notification Law According to the KY Dept. of Agriculture, the Neighbor Notification Law applies to Certified Applicators, such as commercial lawn services, golf courses, etc. that apply lawn chemicals and pesticides to large areas, (as opposed to spot treatments). In the State of Kentucky, if a property owner, (or lessee), wishes to be informed prior to the application of a pesticide, the homeowner may contact either the commercial applicator or commercial property owner and request notification. By law, the applicator must inform the

property owner at least twenty-four, (24), hours prior to application that a pesticide will be applied on the property. In Kentucky, for example, if you, the homeowner or lessee, wants to know when your neighbor applies lawn pesticides to their property, you may contact the company that applies the chemical to the lawn and request notification. If you live next to or near a golf course or other commercial or industrial property, you may request that the golf course, commercial, or industrial property manager notify you prior to the application of pesticides to their property. Other states may have similar laws.

Be a Good Neighbor!

As a good neighbor, you should request that your lawn company place a sign in your yard when any chemicals are applied to your lawn, including fertilizers, or, if they so desire, request that your lawn company notify your neighbors prior to any application of pesticides to your lawn. It will make it much easier for your lawn company to comply with regulations if you can provide them with the names and addresses of your neighbors who wish to be notified prior to application. Protect your children and your pets by keeping them off the lawn for at least twenty-four, (24), hours after the application. If possible, use plastic owls, rubber snakes, or other non-chemical repellents on your property to protect the wildlife. These and other non-chemical repellents will be discussed further later.

Realistic plastic owls may be used to repel birds.

Pesticide Exposure Even if you never use pesticides yourself, you can still be exposed to themat home, school, work, or playby being in treated areas, as a consumer of commodities that others have treated with pesticides, or through food, water, and air that may have been contaminated with pesticides.

First, how harmful a chemical is to you depends on your exposure to it. A simple way to think about exposure is how strong the product is and how long was your contact with the product.

Knowing your exposure is important to trying to find out if a chemical is causing health problems. Figuring out what your exposure was to a chemical can be tricky because sometimes it takes a long time after you come in contact with a chemical before you get sick. Or it can take repeated contact with a chemical before you get sick or have a reaction, like vomiting or developing a rash. Ask yourself these four questions:

1. How did you come into contact with the chemical? Did some spray from a glass cleaner get on your skin? Did you accidentally walk into a room where an insect bomb had been set off before the recommended time? Did walk through the grass after a chemical treatment? Did you get a lot of flea and tick shampoo on you when washing the dog?

2. How long were you in contact with the chemical? Did you work in the garden all day after the lawn chemical was applied, or just walk through by mistake? Did you sleep in a room that had just been painted? Did you forget to remove your clothing after applying a pesticide on the lawn?

3. How much of the chemical did you come into contact with? Was it a few drops of insect spray, or enough to make a large wet spot on your clothing? How much insect powder to kill ants did you get on your hands, a little on your finger or all over you hands? How much liquid cleaner spilled on your clothes, a little splash or half the bottle?

4. How strong or toxic is the chemical? What is the signal word on the label on the containerCaution, Warning, or Danger?


Whether you have a toxic effect from any chemical substance is dependent on the amount of chemical you are exposed to, or the dose. The dose is the amount of the chemical that your body absorbs and processes. The effect can vary according to your body weight, age, and overall health. Children are often more easily affected by chemicals than adults because they are younger and they usually weigh less than adults. Pets are more easily affected as well, because they are smaller. Even small doses of some chemical can cause an adverse reaction to children and pets.

Routes of Exposure Poisons may enter the bloodstream by three main routes. The can be ingested by swallowing, they can be inhaled, or they can be absorbed. If swallowed, the chemical may enter the bloodstream through the stomach or intestine walls, just as nutrients do. Chemicals that are suspended in the air as fine droplets or vapors can be inhaled and enter the bloodstream through the lungs. Chemicals can be absorbed through the skin and enter the bloodstream through blood vessels. Chemicals that are splashed in the eye may enter the bloodstream via blood vessels as well as irritating or damaging the eye.

The three main route of exposure.

Anyone handling or applying pesticides should protect themselves and others from all of these routes of exposure. Wear protective clothing and equipment listed under the Directions for Use on the label whenever you handle pesticides. Keep unprotected persons out of the area being treated. If you spill a pesticide on yourself, remove any contaminated clothing and place it into a plastic bag, and wash the skin with soap and water immediately. Do not eat, drink, smoke, or chew gum while handling pesticides.

When handling pesticides, always wear the protective clothing listed on the label. Long pants and long shirtsleeves are the minimal protection that should be worn when handling any pesticide. Even if not recommended, it is a good idea to wear safety glasses or goggles to minimize the risk of splashing the pesticide in your eyes.

The pesticide label may also recommend additional protection, such as a respirator or protective mask. Before purchasing the pesticide make sure that you have all of the recommended safety equipment needed for its safe application. Keep unprotected children and pets out of the area while applying the pesticide and away from treated areas.

Reducing the Risk of Exposure to Residual Pesticides To ensure a safe food supply, EPA regulates the safety of food by setting safety standards to limit the amount of pesticide residues that legally may remain in or on food or animal feed that is sold in the United States. Both domestic and imported foods are monitored by the Food and Drug Administration, (FDA), and the US Department of Agriculture, (USDA), to ensure compliance with these safety


standards. As a homeowner, if you grow your own vegetables, you can limit the amount of pesticides that you use, to reduce your risk further.

Because most crops are treated with pesticides at least some of the time, foods that you buy at the grocery may contain small traces of pesticide residues. Pesticide levels tend to decline over time because the residues break down and because crops are usually washed and processed before reaching the market. So, while we consume small amounts of pesticides regularly, levels in our food generally are well below legal limits by the time food reaches the grocery store. Home vegetable gardens can be a way to further reduce pesticide residues on food.

Although EPA sets safety standards for the amount of pesticide residues allowed both in and on foods, you can take extra precautions to reduce the traces of pesticide residues you and your family consume in the food that you buy. Follow these suggestions:

Trim the fat from meat and poultry because residues of some pesticides concentrate in fat. Remove the skin from fish.

Discard the fat and oils in broths and pan drippings.

Rinse fruits and vegetables thoroughly with water. Scrub them with a brush and peel them, if possible. Taking these safety steps will remove most of the existing surface residues, along with any remaining dirt. Note that surface cleaning, (rinsing and scrubbing), will not remove pesticide residues that are absorbed into the growing fruit or vegetable before harvest.

Cook or bake foods to reduce residues of some pesticides even further.

Growing your own food can be an enjoyable activity. It is also a way to reduce your exposure to pesticide residues in food. How?

Dont use chemical pesticides on your produce;

Choose a garden site where drift or runoff from a neighbors use of pesticides will not result in unintended residues on your food.

Dont plant your garden where regular pesticide treatments of your home are applied.

While it may seem that hunting your own game, catching your own fish, or gathering wild plant foods would reduce your overall exposure to pesticides, that isnt necessarily true. If you eat wild animals or plants from areas where pesticides are frequently used, this food may contain pesticide residues. In addition, birds such as ducks and geese may absorb pesticide residues if they have stopped to eat treated crops anywhere along their flight path, or from fish contaminated from pesticide runoff.


If you eat food from the wild, you may want to take the following steps to reduce your exposure to pesticides:

Do not fish in water bodies where contamination has occurred. Pay attention to posted signs and warnings;

Consult with fish and game officials or other appropriate officials where you plan to hunt or fish to determine if there are any chemical problems associated with the area;

Do not pick wild plants that are growing next to a road, utility of right-of-way, or hedgerow between farm fields. These areas are likely to have been treated with pesticides; and

When preparing wild foods, trim fat from the meat and discard the skin from fish.

When pesticides are applied to land, a certain amount may run off into streams and rivers. This runoff, with industrial waste, may result in low-level contamination of surface water. In certain settings for example, when sandy soil lies over a groundwater source that is near the surface, along rivers and streams pesticides can seep down through the soil to the groundwater.

To ensure a safe supply of drinking water, EPAs Office of Water sets standards for pesticides and other chemicals that may be found in drinking water. Municipal water systems test their water periodically and provide treatment of alternate supply sources if residue problems occur. Generally, private wells are not tested unless the well owner requests an analysisand even then, the homeowner may be responsible for the costs of testing. If you get your drinking water from a private well:

Contact your state or local health department if you have any questions about pesticide or other chemical residues in well-water;

If your well water is analyzed and found to contain pesticide residue levels above established or recommended health standards, use an alternate water source, such as bottled water from a municipal source, for drinking and cooking. If you buy water from a local bottler, ask to for the results of any recent pesticide analysis of the bottled water.

Use good housekeeping techniques: NEVER pour a pesticide into an abandoned well or into a septic system! By doing so, you are putting the pesticide directly into the drinking water!

If your property abuts or contains a surface water body like a stream or lake, make sure that you have a buffer zone between any area where you may apply pesticides and the water. This means that you need at least a six foot wide strip of shrubs, plants, or ground cover that will absorb any runoff from your property before it enters the water. Make sure to apply pesticides during dry periods with little rain. Check the residual time of the pesticide you are applying to make sure that there is enough time for the pesticide to biodegrade before entering any water body. Short residual times are more desirable than longer residual times. Use environmentally friendly products whenever possible, and use products designed to be applied near water.


Air currents may carry pesticides that were applied on properties nearby. You can reduce your exposure outdoors to airborne pesticide residues, or drift, by following these recommendations:

If a close neighbor or someone else is applying pesticides outdoors near your home, you may want to stay indoors with your children and pets. Keep windows and exterior doors closed;

If you live near fields, parks, or

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Chapter 9 What You Need to Know About Pesticides

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