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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Tourism: Definitions and Types

Warpani (2007) describes that “Tourism is leaving his home to go to

another place and stay temporarily but not to earn a living ” (p. 6). Whereas

Suwantoro states:

...a temporarily traveling process on one or more people toward another

place outside his home. some reason of the traveling is due to a variety of

interests, either because of economic interests, social, cultural, political,

religious, health or other interests. such as: want to know something, to

increase experience, or just to learn (Suwantoro, 1994:3).

Based on the definition above, the writer concludes that tourism is an

activity in which a person is traveling to other places temporarily with the aim to

get out of their daily routine, and have fun without making a living in their

destination area for leisure, business and other purposes, such as: health, sport,

etc.

Tourism is divided into several types by various experts, here are the types

of tourism along with examples and explanations.

1. Types of Tourism

There are various types of tourism, Pendit (2003:38-43) divides tourism

into several types, i.e:

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a. Cultural Tourism

Cultural tourism is a journey undertaken based on desire to

broaden someone outlook on life by visiting or reviewing elsewhere or

overseas, studying the state of the people, their habits and customs,

their way of life, culture and their art.

The habits, customs, way of life, culture and art of one region can

be different to another region in a country or another country. The

difference can become the tour attractions for tourists. They take a

journey to see the culture of other people in another country where they

do not usually live.

The example of this type of tourism can be seen in Yogyakarta.

This city is very popular of its javanese culture. Garebeg , sekaten, and

labuhan are the examples of annual Javanese traditional ceremony

which can become tourist attraction. The other tourist attractions which

represent javanese culture is Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace where

tourists can see traditional clothes, weapons, and javanese architecture.

Tourists can also enjoy many performances, such as Javanese dancing,

Javanese poetry reading, and leather puppet show in the palace.

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b. Health Tourism

Health tourism is a journey with the aim to exchange the

circumstances and the environment in which people lived for the rest

both physically and spiritually by visiting the resting places like hot

springs that can heal disease.

The health facilities in a country are sometimes not sufficient for

the citizens so that they have to visit other countries that have a health

facility they need. For example, many Indonesian citizens visit

Singapore for treatment because hospitals in Singapore have more

complete health facilities. Another country which can be a destination

for health tourism is Korea. The country is famous for its sophisticated

plastic surgery facilities for tourists who want to undergo a plastic

surgery.

c. Commercial Tourism

Commercial tourism is a journey to visit the exhibitions and fairs

for commercial purposes, such as industrial exhibitions, trade fairs and

so on. Nowadays, exhibitions or fairs are widely held, and often

enlivened by various attractions and cultural shows.

The example of Commercial tourism is Jakarta Fair at

Kemayoran Jakarta. The event is held by the goverment annualy to

introduce products of each community to the public. The goverment

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also introduce Betawi culture in this event by organizing Kampung

Betawi where tourists can enjoy Betawi culture.

d. Industrial Tourism

Industrial tourism is a journey undertaken by a group of students

or a student, or lay people to a complex or industrial areas where there

are factories or large workshops. The tour aims to conduct the review or

investigation.

The example of industrial tourism is industrial visits by

vocational high school students majoring in automotive to Astra

factory, Yamaha factory, etc, to know the manufacturing process of a

vehicle. The other example is the students in culinary major visiting

Cymory factory to know the process of making yogurt. In Yogyakarta,

tourists visit batik factory, Dagadoe factory and bakpia factory to see

the manufacturing process of batik, Dagadoe shirts, and bakpia.

e. Political Tourism

Political toursm is a journey undertaken to visit or participate in

political activities, such as the anniversary of a country, anniversary

celebration in Jakarta on August 17, the 10th anniversary of October in

Moscow, the crowning of the Queen of England in London.

Not only high-ranking officials who attended the formal event in

political event, but also attended by ordinary people because the official

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goverment also hold entertainment such as parades and cultural

attractions that can be enjoyed by local people and tourists.

Every Oct. 7 is celebrated as the anniversary of Yogyakarta city.

The Yogyakarta city government hold an event, namely cultural parade

along the Malioboro Street which can also be a tourist attraction.

f. Convention Tourism

Convention tourism is a journey undertaken to attend the

convention. Various countries today build convention tourism by

providing building with complete facilities where participants convened

for a conference, meetings, conventions or other meetings both

nationally and internationally. West Germany for instance has the

International Congress Center in Berlin, the Philippines has a PICC

(Philippine International Convention Center) in Manila and Indonesia

has Senayan in Jakarta Convention Center, venue for sessions of the

large gathering by modern equipment.

In Indonesia, example of conventional tourism is the Asean

African Conference held in Merdeka building in Bandung. Besides

coming to attend the conference, high-ranking officials of different

countries can also enjoy the parade held in the sequence of Asean

African Conference. One of the events included in this sequence is

"Angklung for The World" (20,000 angklung players for Guinness

World Records). An event like these can also be used by local

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government to introduce local culture to foreign countries such as the

angklung musical instrument.

g. Social Tourism

Social tourism is an easy and inexpensive journey to give

opportunity to the economically weak society (or in other words are not

able to pay for everything that is lux) for the journey, such as for the

workers, youth, students, farmers and so on, another example is study

tours held by schools for its students in order to broaden his students

knowledge.

h. Farm Tourism

Farm tourism is a journey undertaken to visit agricultural projects,

plantation, breeding field and so on. Group travelers can organize the

visits for the purpose of study and look around while enjoying the fresh

crop of colorful and fertile breeding different kinds of vegetables and

other crops around the plantations visited.

Each region has different types of plantations, such as the

wineries in France, mekarsari orchard in Cileungsi, West Java is the

example of farm tourism in Indonesia. The garden provides several fruit

plantations where the visitors can pick up their own fruit. The garden

also provides Kids Fun Valley as the playground for children and Water

Zone where the tourists can do rafting.

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In Yogyakarta, farm tourism can be enjoyed in the Mangunan

orchard. Mangunan is located in Dlingo subdistrict, Bantul . The

tourists can observe a wide variety of fruits which are tastefully

furnished in accordance with the condition of the slope of the hill

Mangunan, such as durian, mango, rambutan, guava, orange, chocolate,

duku, as well as mangosteen.

i. Maritime Tourism

Maritime tourism is a journey to visit water sports activities in a

lake, river, beach, bay, or the high seas such as fishing, sailing, diving,

surfing competitions, rowing races, a tour of the marine park with

beautiful scenery below surface water as well as a variety of

recreational waters are mostly done in areas or maritime nations in the

Caribbean Ocean, Hawaii, Tahiti, Fiji and so on.

Bunaken National Marine Park, at the northern tip of Sulawesi,

Raja Ampat at Papua island, Uluwatu and Kuta at Bali are the famous

destination of maritime tourism in Indonesia. Moreover, Uluwatu and

Kuta in Bali are awarded as Number 4 best wave in the world according

to CNN. The beach becomes a tourist destination because the waves are

highly sought after by surfers.

In Yogyakarta the activities that can be enjoyed by tourists are

paragliding on the Jumwok beach, and snorkling on the Nglambor

beach. Riding horse-drawn carriage in Parangtritis beach can also be a

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good choice for tourists who want to enjoy the beauty of Javanese

southern sea.

j. Nature Reserve Tourism

Nature reserve tourism is the types of tourism organized by travel

agent specializing its efforts by organizing the travel to the nature

reserves area, protected parks, forests and mountain areas that are

protected by law. Nature Reserve Tourism is mostly done by the fans

and lovers of nature in relation to the hobby of photographing animals

or wildlife and colorful flowers that are protected by the government

and society. This tour will be heavily linked with a penchant for the

natural beauty, the freshness of the air on mountains, the magic of live

animals and wildlife also rare plants that are rarely found in other

places.

Raflesia Flower in Bogor botanical garden is one of the rarely

found flowers that get protection from Indonesian goverment. Many

tourists who want to see the natural flower such as Raflesia flower can

visit the garden.

k. Hunt Tourism

Hunt tourism is mostly done in countries that have areas or forests

where hunting is justified by the government and encouraged by

various agents or travel agency. Rush tour is arranged in the form of

safari hunting to areas or forests that have been set by the government

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of the country concerned, such as various countries in Africa, to hunt

elephants, lions, giraffe, and so on. In India there are areas that are

reserved for hunting tigers, rhinos and so forth, whereas in Indonesia,

the government opened the hunting tour area in Baluran East Java,

where tourists may shoot a bull or boar. Wise governments regulate

hunt tourism by considering the breeding of these animals, between

born and hunted remain balanced, to avoid them from extinction.

l. Pilgrim Tourism

Pilgrim tourism is associated with religion, history, customs and

the belief of people or groups in society. Pilgrim tourism is mostly done

by individuals or or groups to holy places, to the tombs of great or

exalted leader, to the hills or mountains are considered sacred, the

burial place of a human figure or leader as a full magical legend. The

pilgrim travel much linked with the intention or desire of tourists to

obtain approval, inner strength, firmness of faith and not infrequently

for the purpose of obtaining a blessing and abundant wealth.

For example, the Catholic perform pilgrim tour to the Palace of

the Vatican in Rome, the Muslims to the holy land in Mecca, people

Buddhist shrines to Buddhism in India, Nepal, Tibet and so on. In

Indonesia many sacred places which are visited by people of certain

religious communities are Borobudur, Prambanan, Besakih in Bali,

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Sendangsono in Central Java, the tomb of Wali Songo, mount Kawi,

Bung Karno's grave in Blitar, etc.

m. Honeymoon Tourism

Honeymoon tourism is a organization of trips for a couple of

pigeons, newlyweds, honeymooners by special facilities and its own for

the sake of pleasure journey and visits them, such as hotel rooms at a

special bridal provided with special equipment such as bed versatile

special, tastefully walls decor, large mirrors at various angles, including

the ceiling and so that creates an impression as if they were in heaven.

Travel tour called honeymoon tour is usually done for a month after the

wedding took place, to romantic places for a young man who was

enjoying living in this world.

Bali island is the most popular tourists destination for honeymoon

in Indonesia. There are many romantic tourist attractions such as,

horseback riding at the secluded Yeh Gangga beach ,enjoying a sunset

horse-drawn bendi riding in Canggu, luxury catamaran cruise to Nusa

Lembongan, and candlelight dinner overlooking the Ubud valley. The

tourist attraction in Bali are very suitable for young couples who want

to enjoy their new life.

n. Adventure Tourism

Adventure tourism is a journey to visit unexplored jungle (off the

beaten track) full of wild beasts, climb the very steep cliff, plunge into

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the river which is very steep, drive giant tanks former of World War II

to the hinterland of Russia, bungee jumping, rafting on the wild rivers,

enter the cave full of mystery, try a polar travel and stay a few nights in

a hotel room that was built by snow in the Arctic, space travel by

station facilities space (International space Station) as was done by

Dennis Tito of the United States and Mark Shuttleworth from South

Africa.

The example of adventure tourism in Yogyakarta is climbing

mount Merapi which is located in the north of the city. The tourists who

visit the city to do adventure tourism can go to the mount to enjoy the

sunrise from 2968 meters above sea levels.

From 15 types of tourism defined by Nyoman S Pendit, Yogyakarta has

tourist attractions for 8 types of tourism. Although the city has tourist attraction

for 8 types of tourism, the most popular type is cultural tourism. Most of the

tourist attraction there represent Javanese culture such as Yogyakarta Hadiningrat

Palace, Tamansari water palace, and many museums.

B. Tourist: Definitions, Types and Motivations

The people who do the tourism activity is called tourists. Several expert

defines the definitions of tourist, the limits makes a person can be called a tourist,

the various types of tourist , and the motivations of tourist. This sub chapther

explains the definition ,the type and the motivation of tourist.

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United Nations Convention Concerning Customs Facilities For Touring

(1954) defines that tourists are people who comes in a state for a legitimate

reason except to immigrate and live at least 24 hours and less than 6 months

in the same year. Their motivation to take a journey is to spend leisure time

such as vacation, health, research, religion purpose, and sports, as well as

business, family, and meetings.

While according to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number. 9 on

tourism, Article 1 Paragraph 1 tourists are people who do tourist activities.

From the definitions of tourist above, I conclude that tourist is the

person who take a journey from one place to another due to several

motivations and goals. There are many types of tourist. The following sub

chapter disccus the types of tourist along with explanation.

1. Types of Tourist

There are various types of tourist, Yoeti (1996:143-145) divides tourist

into several types, i.e:

a. Foreign Tourist

Foreign Tourist are foreigners who travel to other country than

the country where they usually stayed. They can be characterized from

citizenship, travel documents, and currency they have. Generally they

always exchange money to the bank or money changer before

shopping.

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The number of this kind of travelers need to be increased in

order to raise additional foreign exchange earnings. Because the

money spent on is the foreign exchange for the country that became

tourist reserving countries.

There are many of foreign tourists visits Indonesia. They have to

exchange their currency to Rupiah before shopping in the country.

This can increase the foreign exchange of the country.

b. Domestic Foreign Tourist

What is meant by this kind of tourists are foreigners who live or

reside in a country, who travel the region of the country where he

lived.

The person is not a citizen of the country where it is located, but

a foreign whose duties are to settle and live in a country, to earn

income in the currency of its original state or in the currency of the

country where he lived but the number are impartial. That is why they

can spend money in the currency of their original country or the

currency in which he lived.

There are Japanese people who works in Jakarta then traveling

to Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace. They can be classified as

domestic foreign tourist because they live in Jakarta to earn money

then they travel to another area of the country which is not their

original country.

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c. Domestic Tourist

Domestic tourist are the citizen of a country who travel within

the limits of its own territory without passing through their borders.

There are no foreign element at all, either nationality, currency or

travel documents that they have.

The example of domestic tourist is the people who originaly

lives in Surakarta take a trip to Yogyakarta. They can be classified as

domestic tourist because they travel within the limits of its own

territory without passing through their borders.

d. Indigenous Foreign Tourist

Indigenous Foreign Tourist is a citizen of a particular country,

whose duties or position abroad, return home and to travel the region

of their own country.

For example, students who are members of the IPPI (Ikatan

Putra Putri Indonesia) in Europe returned to Indonesia and they

traveling to Lake Toba after arriving in Indonesia.

e. Transit Tourist

The meaning of Transit Tourist is tourists who were traveling to

a particular country, who boarded the aircraft or ships or trains that are

forced to stop by or layover between countries at a port, airport,

station instead of their own volition.

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The example of transit tourist is the tourist who take Lufthansa

airlines from Frankfurt to Jakarta. They are not directly fly to Jakarta

but have to transit to Singapore first.

f. Bussines Tourist

What is meant by bussines tourist are people who travel

(whether foreigners or citizens themselves) to other destinations after

finish a bussines.

The example of bussines tourist can be seen in the Indonesian

first lady, Iriana Jokowi, who visit Lone Pine koala protection center

after the conference of The Group of Twenty (G-20). Her main reason

of traveling to Australia is to attend the conference and to spend the

time to visit Lone Pine koala protection center.

From the types of tourist above, the tourists who comes to

Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace are foreign tourist, domestic foreign

tourist, and domestic tourist. They take a journey mainly for pleasure, but

there are other things which motivate them to take a journey. The

following sub chapter disccuses the motivation of tourists along with

definiton.

2. The Motivations of Tourist

McIntosh dan Murphy (in Pitana dan Gayatri, 2005: 59) defines that

people take a trip due to several motivations, they are :

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a. Physical or physiological motivation (physical or physiological motive),

such as for relaxation, health, comfort, sports activities, recreation, etc.

This motivation can be found in the tourists who do health tourism and

sport tourism. They take a journey seeking of health and participating in

several sport activities.

b. Cultural motivation, is the desire to know the cultures, customs, traditions,

and the arts of other areas. Including an interest in objects of cultural

(historic monuments).

The tourists who do cultural tourism is motivated by cultural motivation.

They want to see the culture, customs, traditions, and the arts of other

areas.

c. Social or interpersonal motivation ( personal motivation). Such as visiting

friends and relatives (VFR, Visiting friends and relatives), meeting

partners, doing things that are considered to bring prestige (prestige value),

doing a pilgrimage, escaping from a boring situations, and so on.

The example of social or interpersonal motivation is Indonesian citizen

who do mudik tradition. They traveling to meet their relatives during Eid

Al-Fitr.

d. Fantasy motivation (motivation because of fantasy), the motivation

because of the fantasy that in other areas a person would be able to escape

from the drab daily routine, and ego-enchancement which provides

psychological satisfaction. Also called the status and prestige motivation.

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From 4 goals of tourists defined by McIntosh dan Murphy, the motivation of

tourists visiting Yogyakarta is Cultural tourism. They want to know the culture,

customs, traditions, and the arts of Javanese people by visiting tourist attractions

which represent javanese culture.

Understanding the culture of another people is not easy, moreover if the

culture that the tourists want to know is the culture of the people in another

country which the tourists do not even understand the language. Before traveling

to another country the tourists may have learnt several expressions which are

usually used in the country where they want to travel such as thanking, asking the

direction and another daily conversations of the language in the destination

country. But understanding a culture is not as easy as understanding daily

conversation in the language of destination country. Moreover javanese culture

has a lot of philosophy, every customs and arts has a meaning that can not be

understood witout the explanation from tour guide.

For example, there are 64 pillars of the Sittihinggil and Pagelaran hall. The

number of the pillar represents the age of Prophet Mohhamed in his lifetime. The

tourists will not understand what the meaning of the pillar number since there is

no text to explain that for the tourists. There are many more phylosophy in

javanese culture that can not be understood witout the explanation from tour

guide. Besides not all objects in tour destinations are completed by text or

explanation for tourists.

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In order to explain all about the customs, arts, or the phylosophies, many of

tour destinations provide tour guide. The following sub chapter explains the

definitions, types, and duties of a tour guide.

C. Tour Guide: Definitions and Duties

In general, terms of guide (tour guide) is someone who is paid to

accompany tourists in a trip , visit, see, and watch the object and tourists

attraction. In the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principel, Vol 1

described the definition as follows:

“In general sense of the term the tour guide is a person who is hired to

conduct a traveller or tourists to point out objects of interest”.

According to Mudhi’uddin (2013:52), tour guide is people who give

guidance and instructions about tourist attraction during the trip. they also serve

and help everything the tourists need in a trip.

From the explanations above, the writer’s concludes tour guide is the person

who serves what the tourist needs by giving guidance and explanation about the

tourist attraction to the tourist. The following sub chapter explains the type of tour

guide.

1. The Types of Tour Guide

There are various types of tour guide, Muhajir (2005:13-15) divides the

classification of tour guide as follows:

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a. Based On the Place Where the Guide Do Their Task

1) Local Guide (On-Site Guide)

Local tour guide is a tour guide who handle a tour for one or more

hours in a particular place, at a tourist attraction, or in a confined area,

such as historic building, museum, amusement park, factory, and

scientific research center.

The example of local tour guide can be found in Ngayogyakarta

Hadiningrat Palace. The palace provide tour guide to serve the tourists

who visit there. The duty of the tour guide is explain all about the

palace to the tourists.

2) City Guide

City Guide is a tour guide in charge of carrying tourists and

provide information about objects in a major tourist city, usually carried

out in a bus or other vehicle. A city guide that does double duty as well

as the driver called the sightseeing guide.

Werkudara bus in Solo city is the only one city tour bus in

Indonesia which provide city guide. The duties of city guide in

Werkudara bus are explain several tour attraction in Solo city during the

tour.

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b. Based On the Specifications

1) Special Guide

Special Guide is a tour guide which guides the special duty in one

or several specific tourism object.

Guides of Taman Sari in Yogyakarta can be categorized as special

tour guide, because the guides are only serve the tourists visiting there.

2) General Guide,

General Guide is the tour guides who are not on duty on one

travel object only, but anywhere when he is needed. Thus these guides

must have extensive knowledge of the tourism objects, histories,

cultures, arts, etc.

Guides who work in travel agent are the example of general

guide. They categorized as general guide because they have to

understand all the tour attractions included in all tour packages provide

by the travel agent.

c. Based On The Country of Origin of the Tourists And the Region Held A

Tour

1) In-bound Tour Guide

In-bound Tour Guide is the guide who in charge of foreign

tourists who travel in the country where tour guides working or settled.

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Most of tour guides in Yogyakarta can be classified as in-bound

tour guide because most of them are the local citizen in the city. The

specific example is tour guides in Tamansari, they are the local citizen

who lives in the region around Tamansari, even before Tamansari were

opened as a tourist attraction.

2) Out-bound Tour Guide

Out-bound Tour Guide is the tour guide who the duty is

accompany tourists who travel abroad. But often such a task was

entrusted to a Tour Escort, those who organize and accompany a group

of tourists who travel for several days.

The example of out-bound tour guide is the tour guide who works

in travel agent which have abroad tour packages.

3) Domestic Tour Guide

Domestic Tour Guide is a tour guide who the duty is guiding

tourists in the country who travel in their own country.

Tour Guide is not only needed by tourists from abroad, but also

needed by domestic tourists. The example of domestic tour guide is

tour guide from Yogyakarta who serve tourist from Jakarta. Even

Jakarta and Yogyakarta is still in the same country, that is Indonesia,

and both of the citezen in the cities can speak indonesian, there are still

cultural differences between the citizen of the cities. The cultural

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difference make the tourists from Jakarta who visit Yogyakarta needs

domestic tour guide.

d. Based On The Status

1) Payroll Guide

Payroll Guide is a tour guide who works remained at a travel

agency or a tourism agency, also known as full-time guide or Guide

staff.

Guides who work in Panorama travel agent is the example of

payroll guide. They hired by the travel agent to guide the customer of

the company.

2) Freelance Guide

Freelance Guide is a tour guide who works at a travel agency as

part-time workers, who work in certain seasons, also known as part-

time guide or step-on guide. The tour guides usually work on when he

gets a call from the company in a crowded seasons of tourism industry

(peak season) or books by tourists (client) directly.

Great Tour in Yogyakarta are not only hire guide as permanent

employee but also hire freelance guides. The guide is only work when

the company need them, especially in a crowded seasons of tourism

industry to handle the increasing number of tourist who use the service

of the travel agent.

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e. Based On The Level

1) Junior Guide

Junior Guide is the tour guide who is on duty at a district where

the certificate is given. The certificate is given through a course and

exam with certain requirements.

The example of junior tour guide is the guide who have been

trained and have been given the guide lisence by The Indonesian

Tourist Guide Association in Wonosobo. They can only do their job as

a tourist guide in Wonosobo dictrict.

2) Senior Guide

Senior Guide is, the tour guide who served in the territory of a

provice certificate is granted.

The example of senior tour guide is the guide who have been

trained and have been given the guide lisence by The Indonesian

Tourist Guide Association in Yogyakarta. They can only do their job as

a tourist guide in Yogyakarta province.

3) Tour Leader

Tour manager, is the travel agency employees who have the

knowledges and skills to lead and manage group travel.

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The example of tour manager can be seen in all travel agent. They

have tour manager to handle and manage group travel.

f. Based on the number of tourists who handled by the Tour Guide

1) Group Tour Guide

Group Tour Guide is a tour guide who is in charge of tourists in a

group or often termed a Group Inclusive Tour.

The example of group tour guide can be seen in almost all of tour

attraction in Yogyakarta. The guide serve 5 or 6 tourists at once.

2) Individual Tour Guide

Individual Tour Guide is a tour guide who is in charge of tourists

or Free Individual Traveler.

The tourists who do solo traveling needs a tour guide who will

accompany them in all tour attraction that they want to visit. The

example of individual tour guide is the guide in travel agent who will

accompany the solo traveler to the tour attraction they want.

After discuss the types of tour guide, the tour guides in Ngayogyakarta

Hadiningrat Palace can be classified as local guide, special tour guide, in-bound

tour guide and individual tour guide.

The tour guides takes several duty in doing theis job. The following sub chapter

discuss the duties and obligations of tour guide.

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2. Duties and Obligations of Tour Guide

Duties and obligations of guides has been regulated by the Indonesian

Tourist Guide Association, their duties are:

a. Respect the rights of others, respect humanity, and do not tolerate

discrimination based on age, sex, ethnic, nationality, religion, and the

disability of a person.

b. Guide should be sensitive to the social life and always keep the

environment of the universe.

c. Obliged to build a positive image and professional appearance, and

good attitude to gain the trust of the public.

d. The guide in providing services to customers must be in accordance

with the services offered, and always pay attention to the customer, so

the profession of guides are trustworthy.

e. The guide should be able to promote in terms of environmental

conservation and preventive efforts that could lead to environment and

ecosystems damaged by irresponsible actions, both of tour guides,

tourists.

Tour guide also have several obligations, their obligations are :

a. The guide in performing their duties must always comply with the law

and regulations in force in the Republic of Indonesia.

b. Maintain good image of tourism in Indonesia that is based on the

philosophy of Pancasila as the Indonesian nation way of life.

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c. Obey licenses by using identity cards issued by the government or the

authorities in performing their duties.

d. Mandatory care for the environment, based on the master plan that

become a local and national government decision.

e. Understanding the local culture, customs applicable in the

development of tourism in the region concerned. Maintaining the

reputation of fellow guides and project partner, either intentionally or

unintentionally.

f. It is strictly forbidden to provide information to tourists on state secrets

that could have a negative impact on the image of the nation.

g. Prohibited to carry out the provisions of licenses guiding task and

language guides have been published in the certificate and government

approved.

Tour guides are one of the important part of tourism industry. Besides they

guiding the tourists, they have the important role of introducing their national

cultures to tourist so that the tourist have more good impression toward their

cultures. The guides in Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Palace also hold the important

role of introdce Javanese cultures to the tourists. The next chapter will discuss the

process of guiding in the palace along withe the problems and solutions based on

the writer’s experience as tour guide.

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