41
Chapter - III A Profile of the (District and Respondents Socio-economic Scenario
Chapter - III
A Profile of the (District and Respondents Socio-economic Scenario
A (Profile of Shivamogga (District
Chapter-Ill
A Profile of Shivamogga District
There are 27 districts in Karnataka State, among them Shivamogga district is
one. It is located in the central part of Karnataka State. The district is Naturally,
Culturally, Historically Economically, Socially and politically the most leading one.
The district is land locked that is neither does it have a coastline nor does it border
any other states of India. It is a part of the Malnad region of Karnataka. It is also
known as the "Gateway of Malnadu" or in Kannada it "Malnada Hebbagilu". There
are 7 taluks in the district; they are Bhadravathi, Hosanagar, Sagar, Shikaripura,
Shivamogga, Soraba and Thirthahalli. The Western Ghats lies on the western sides
of the district are the regions of heavy rainfall. The Western Ghats or Sahyadri
range and the numerous rivers that originate there, provide Shivamogga with
abundant natural beauty.
Geographical Location:
Geographically Shivamogga lies between the latitudes 13° 27 and 14° 39
North and between the longitudes 74° 38 and 76° 04. East at a mean altitude of 640
meters above the sea level. Approximately, its geographical area covers from the
East to the west 152.9 Sq Km and from the South to the North 128.8 Sq.km. The
total area of the district is spread over an area of 8.465 Sq. Km. It ranks 9th in terms
of the total area among the districts of Karnataka. Shivamogga district is bound by
Haveri district to the North East, Davangere District to the East, Chikkamagalur
district to the South East, Udupi district to the South west and Uttara Kannada to the
North West. The Peak of the hills Kodachadri at an altitude of 1343 meters above
the sea level is the tallest point in the district.
72
JL (Profile of Shivamogga (District
Natural Features:
The average annual temperature of Shivamogga district is around 26°C. It
has increased substantially over the years and this changing trend can be viewed. In
some regions, the days' temperature can really soar upto 40°C during summers.
This leads to water crises and other problems. Shivamogga which is being a part of
the Malnad region receives good Mansoon rainfall. The district receives rains from
June to October. During this time majority of rain fall occurs. It receives an average
annual rainfall of 1813.9 m. m. with an average of 86 days in the year during the
rainy days. Agumbe is often referred to as "Chirapunjee of the South India" as it
receives the heavy rainfall. The district or the region is known for its plentiful
rainfall and lush greenery.
The major soils found in this district are red, gravelly clay soil, red clay soil,
lateritic gravelly clay soil, lateritic clay soil, medium deep black soil, non-saline and
saline alluvo-colluvial soil and brown forest soil. The minerals found in the district
are Lime-stone, White Quartz, Koolin, Kyanite and Manganese.
In Shivamogga there is the slope regions from the West to the East,
Thirthahalli, Hosanagar, Sagar and Soraba are called as Malnad areas, Shivamogga,
Shikaripura and Bhadravathi are considered as Are-malnad or quasi Malnad areas.
Rivers:
The City Shivamogga is situated on the Bank of the River Tunga. The
district is the originator of many rivers, such as Kali, Sharavathi, Kumudwathi,
Tunga, Bhadra and varada. Among these, the two major rivers that flow through
this district are the Tunga and the Bhadra which meet at a place called Koodli near
Shivamogga city and flow together as 'Tungabhadra'. Sharavathi River flows on the
Westside. 'Ambuteertha' is its source. This is 10 K.m. away from Thirthahalli. As
this river falls into a deep gorge about 960 feet 'height has created a world famous
73
JL (Profile of Shivamogga (District
'Jog Falls. 'Besides these, there are numerous Lakes, Ponds and Water bodies,
make the land suitable for Agriculture. Hence Shivamogga is called the rice bowl of
Karnataka.
Historical Background:
The history of Shivamogga district can be traced back to 3rd century B.C. In
the 3rd century B.C. it was one of the Southern parts of the Mauryan Empire which
ruled the district. During the 4thCentury A.D, it was ruled by Kadambas. During the
6th Century A.D this district was ruled by the Chalukyas. In the 7th century
Santhadeva, a Jain Palegara established his kingdom at Humcha. In the 8th century
Malakheda of Rashtrakuta's established their dynasty in Shivamogga and other
regions. In the 11th Century Hoysala's ruled this district. After Hoysala's it became
a part of Vijayanagar kingdom. The city got an independent identity under the ruled
Keladi Nayaka's during 16th Century and reached its pinnacle under the rule of
Shivappa Nayaka. From the late 17th Century onwards. The city was a part of the
Kingdom Odeyers of Mysore till the Independence of India in 1947,
Origin of Shivamogga:
There are various legends about how the name Shivamogga has evolved.
According to one legend the name Shivamogga is related to the Hindu God Shiva.
When the Sages during ancient time while meditating they were offered buds to
their 'Lord Shiva". As a result God's face (Shiva Mukha) appeared before them and
the Sweet Juice, which they were drinking, was kept in a vessel or bowl called
'Mogge'. Hence this place was called as Shivamogga. Another legend indicates
that, the name Shivamogga is derived from the word "Sihi-moge which means
"Sweet Pot'. According to this legend, Shivamogga once had the ashram of the
Sage Durvasa, which was on the bank of the river Tunga. Durvasa was known for
his wrath. He used to boil sweet herbs in an "Earthen pot' and used consume it to
74
JL (Profile ofSfiivamogga (District
control his anger and also he kept the juice in the same pot (Kamandala). Some
cowherds found this pot and after tasting the sweet beverage named this place'Sihi-
Moge'.Later on it became Shimmoga, Sihimogge and noun Shivamogga.
Shivamogga's Freedom Movement:
In 1930-31 a successful Satyagraha was organized by women at Heche in
Soraba taluk of the district for the recovery of properties of Satyagrahis, purchased
at the Government auctions in the neighboring taluks of the North Canara. Poet
Kuvempu hails from this district and several other poets wrote powerful Patriotic
lyrics voicing the urge of the people for freedom. In August 1927 Gandhiji along
with C. Rajagopalachari and Gangadhar Rao Deshpande visited Shimoga,
Bhadravathi, Thirthahalli, and Sagar Taluks of Shimoga District in order to give an
impetus to Nationalist movement and constructive programmes on Swadeshi.
The district has played a prominent role in the freedom moment of 1942. In
this respect two villages of Shikaripura such as Isoor and Gama's contribution is
quite significant. A number of freedom fighters sacrificed their life for the cause of
Independence. From 17th August 1942 onwards a display of great courage and
defiance was showed by people of Tsoor' village of Shikaripura Taluk. Every day
processions were carried out around the village with slogans like 'Do not pay taxes'
"Cut down Teak trees and wires'."Burn the account books of Gaudas and
Shanbhogues", on September 25 when the village officer came for the collection
of assessment and preparation of 'Pahani" their registers were seized by the village
youths. The next day the villagers put up a sign board and declared that, theirs was
an independent village and they are not going to pay the taxes.
Earlier this district was under the Mysore Province. The Britisher's and the
Odeyars of Mysore considered Shivamogga as one of their important province. The
Mysore province came under the control of Mysore Odeyars in 1799. In 1951 soon
after the Independence, Shimoga and Chikkamagalur came into existence. In 1992
75
Ji (Profile ofSfvivamogga (District
Channagiri and Honnali Taluks were separated from the Shimoga district. On
November, 01, 2006. The government of Karaataka announced the renaming of
Shimoga as Shivamogga along with the 9 other cities in the State. But the locals
still refer the city as Shimoga.
Demographics:
The rapid industrialization and faster Urbanization, the population of the
district has been steadily increasing. According to 2001 census, the total population
of the district is 16.42.545, of which 8, 30,559 (50.56%) are males and 8, 11,986
(49.44%) are females. It is 3.11% of the total population of the state. The Urban
Population is 5, 71,010 (34.76%) and the rural Population is 10, 71,535 (65.24%).
The district has a Sex-Ratio of 978 Females to 1000 males. Shimoga taluk has 962
females to 1000 males and it has the least Sex-Ratio. Thirthahalli taluk has 1025
Females to 1000 Males and it has the highest Sex-Ratio.
In the district, Hindus Constitute 85.45% of the population, Muslims making
up 12.25% of the total population. The remaining part of the population is
comprised of the Christians, the Jains, the Buddhist and other communities. The
following table illustrates the area and population with Sex-Ratio of the district.
76
JA. (Profile ofShivamogga (District
Table-3.1. Area and Population (Population Census 2001)
SI. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Taluk
Bhadravathi
Hosanagar
3 agar
Shikaripura
Shimoga
Soraba
rhirthahalli
Total
Area InSq. Km 690
1423
1940
909
1113
1148
1254
8477
Total
338989
115000
200995
213590
445192
185572
143207
1642545
Male
171917
57392
100977
108344
226928
94267
70734
830559
Female
167072
57608
100018
105246
218264
91305
72473
811986
Rural
178327
109957
138294
167573
170840
178145
128399
1071535
Urban
160662
5043
62701
46017
274352
7427
14808
571010
Density Per Sq. Km 491
81
104
235
402
162
115
194
Sex-Ratio Per 1000 males 972
1004
991
971
962
969
1025
978
Source: District Statistical Office, Shimoga.
The total area of Shimoga is 8465 Sq. Km which is 4.41% Sq. Kms of our
State. According to the revenue records, total area is 8.5 Lakhs acres. Taluk wise
area of the District is mentioned in the above table. The density of population
according to 2001 census in the district per Sq. Kms is 194. The highest density of
population in the district is found in Bhadravathi that is 491. The lowest is found in
Hosanagar taluk that is 81.
Based on the analysis of the table given above, the researcher draws the
inference that, there is much diversity among the taluks selected for the research
study. These factors play a dominant role in deciding their life style, standard of
living and their political learning and orientations.
SCs and STs:
According to 1991 census, out of the total population of the district, 2.36
lakhs of population are SCs and 0.33 lakh STs. Their ratio in the district population
is 16.25% and 2.27% respectively. Taluk wise ratio is given in the following table.
77
Jl (Profile ofSfUvamogga (District
TabIe-3.2
Percentage wise population of SCs & STs
SI. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Source:
Taluk
Bhadravahti
Hosanagar
Sagar
Shikaripura
Shimoga
Soraba
Thirthahalli
SCs
19.41
10.22
9.87
23.86
16.80
17.59
7.75
District Statistical Office, S
STs
3.05
1.66
1.86
1.94
2.61
1.37
1.37
limoga
Literacy Rate of the District:
An attempt is made here to bring out the account of literacy rate of the taluks
in Shimoga district. The table clearly reveals that, female literacy rate in the Urban
as well as the rural in these taluks is less than male literacy rate. The overall picture
is that, the urban literacy rate is higher than the rural literacy rate in all the taluks,
specially the taluks under study.
According to 2001 census, the literacy rate in the district is 74.86%. Among
82.32% are males and 67.24% are females. Thirthahalli taluk has the highest
literacy rate (78.27%) while Shikaripuara taluk has the lowest literacy rate (69.59%)
this can be seen in the following table.
78
Jfl. (Profik ofSHivamogga (District
TabIe-3.3 Area & Population Literates
SI.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 •
Taluk
Bhadravathi
Hosanagar
Sagar
Shikaripura
Sihvamogga
Soraba
Thirhahalli
Total
Total
102032
69451
88453
94882
97595
107959
87260
647632
Rural Male
58164
38627
50364
54968
55556
62353
47195
367227
Female
43868
30824
38089
39914
42039
45606
40065
280405
Total
117181
3982
48397
31968
202183
5843
11748
421302
Urban Male
63831
2133
25626
17067
108639
3164
6203
226663
Female
53350
1849
22771
14901
93544
2679
5545
194639
Total
219213
73433
136850
126850
279778
113802
99008
1068934
Male
121995
40760
75990
72035
164195
65517
53398
593890
Female
97218
32673
60860
54815'
135583
48285
45610
475044
Source: District Statistical Office, Shimoga.
Education:
The importance of education and the impact of literacy on the overall
development of any society or any region cannot be ignored. In fact, education
makes a huge contribution towards the socio- economic progress. Let us examine to
what extent education facilitates for the prosperity of the district. Shimoga district is
one of the major educational centers of the state. A relatively high literacy rate of
74.86% is a testimony to the above stated fact. There are various institutions which
offer education in this district, which are given in the table.
79
A (Profile of Shivamogga (District
Table-3.4 Educational Institutions in Shimoga District
Sl.No
1
' 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Educational Institutions
Primary Schools
High Schools
PU Colleges
D.Ed Colleges
Degree Colleges
Engineering Colleges Polytechnic Colleges Medical College -
Dental College
Libraries
No. of Students both Boys and Girls
205858
81447
31368
1103
21071
2330
1742
100
138
—
No of Institutions
2305
398
.107
21
31
02
08
01
01
142
Source: District Statistical Dept and Wikipedia and Shimoga.inc. in.
According to the statistics given by the DDPI and District Statistical Dept of
Shimoga in 2005-06, there were 2305 Primary Schools offering primary education.
398 High Schools offering Secondary Education. In this district many primary and
Secondary Schools have given praiseworthy results and the district ranks the 10l
place in the overall results of the state. Recently a few notable CBSE Private
Schools of high Caliber have been setup. Jawahar Navodaya and Moraji Desai
Schools are located near Shimoga at Gajanur. One of the notable private schools
Jnanadeepa is located at Javalli near Shivamogga which was started by the eminent
educationalist. National public school and Pesit Public School in Shivamogga
provide CBSC pattern of education.
There are 107 colleges in Shimoga district offering undergraduate courses.
Notable colleges among them are DVS PU (Independent) College, DVS PU
Composite College and Sacred Heart PU College, Aurobindo PU College, Pace PU
80
JL (Profile ofSftivamogga (District
College, Vidya Bharathi PU College, AVS PU College and many other PU Colleges
whose alumni have bagged many ranks in the Pre University and Engineering
entrance examinations. There are 31 colleges in this district offering graduation
courses.
With regard to the Technical and Professional education, there are 08
polytechnic colleges and 21 D, Ed. Colleges. There are Two Engineering Colleges
in Shimoga. Which believe in offering quality education and academic excellence
.There is a Pharmacy College called National College of Pharmacy which is located
in the heart of the city. It was established in 1986 to offer Diploma, Degree and Post
graduate courses in Pharmacy.
When it comes to Medical Education, Shivamogga Institute of medical
Science, a modern medical college was established in 2007 and it is located in
Shimoga City. There are two Ayurvedic Colleges, one being Bapuji Ayurvedic
Medical College, located in Shimoga City and the other being T.A.M.E. Society's
Ayurvedic College located in Kavalagundi at Bhadravathi. There is a Dental
College-Sharavathi Dental College which offers graduation courses. There arel42
Libraries. Besides these, the district has a University bearing the name of Kuvempu,
a renowned Kannada Poet and writer and it is the Premier Institution located near
Bhadra River Project to cater to the needs of the people aspiring for higher
education. Kuvempu University apart from Shimoga district. It has the jurisdiction
over Chikkamagaluru district and it has 31 Degree Colleges.affiliated to it.
To impart information to the people National, State and Regional
newspapers of Kannada, English and other languages and Journals are circulated in
a good number throughout the district. In the formation and organization of public
opinions political parties to play an important and instrumental role like
Newspapers. Political parties offer political education to the people. The district has
the units of national and regional political parties.
81
jl (Profik of Shivamogga (District
Art and Literature:
Shivamogga is known for its cultural heritage and it has its own unique
customs and traditions. It has contributed highly regarded scholars to the Kannada
literature and culture. The famous Kannada poet and writer, Kuvempu has been
conferred the title of "Rashtrakavi" and is also winner of the "jnanapith" award,
which is the highest literary award in India. He was born in Kuppalli in Thirthahalli
Taluk of Shivamogga District. Dr. G.S. Shivarudrappa was born in Shikaripura is
the 3rd person from Karnataka to be conferred the title of "Rashtrakavi", other
awards won by him are Soviet land Nehru Award. Central Sahithya Academy
award and Pampa prashasti. Dr. U.R Ananthamurthy was born in Melige village in
Thirthahalli taluk. He is also the recipient of the "Jnanapith" award, S.V.
Parameshwara Bhat, a well known Kannada Scholar; who won the Sahityas
Academy award in 1990 for his work "Kannada Kalidasa Mahasamputa". M.K.
Indira, a well-known Novelist in Kannada. Many of her novels have been made
films. Poorn Chandra Tejaswi, son of Kuvempu is a well known Kannada writer.
There are many Temples, Monuments and Museums found in the district.
Such as a well renovated temple of Seetha Ramanjaneya in Shivamogga.
Lakshminarasimha temple at Bhadravathi. Renukamba Temple in Soraba. Humcha
is a Jain Piligrim centre with 10th and 11th Century Panchakuta Basadi, Padmavathi
Temple and Jainmath are worth visiting. Sacred Heart Church is in the Shimoga city
and it is the second largest in India. Kedareshwara Temple in Kubetoor, Nagara was
the last capital of the Keladi rulers and the Hyder Ali tank is of historic interest.
Venkataramana temple in Nagar, a Kudli Shankar Math is a famous religious center
of the district. Many mosques are located present in Shivamogga, one near the
Railway Station, another is at Mahaveer circle and the other is at Tank Mohalla.
82
JL (profite qfSfUvamogga (District
Shivappanayaka Palace and Museum is located right in the heart of the city
Shivamogga itself. The Government Museum in the city contains ancient coins,
manuscripts and inscriptions for the historically inclined aspirants. Sagar and
Soraba are known for their wood carvings and Handicrafts. They have a long
history of their own when it comes to fine arts.
83
Table-3 .5 Land Holding and Area (in Hectare)
Taluks
Bhadravathi
Hosanagara
Sagar
Shikaripura
Shivamogga
Soraba
Thirthahalli
Total
Tiny (<D
No.
25151
7632
15973
17919
16379
16400
14651
114105
Area
12152
4271
8030
1014
8941
8970
7179
59657
Small (1-2)
No.
7148
4515
7014
1147
8875
9364
5680
54053
area
9741
6362
9671
16261
12516
13225
7821
75597
Marginal (2-4)
No.
2876
1994
2775
4906
4385
5000
2344
24280
area
7660
5325
7414
13164
11793.
13490
6266
65112
Medium (4-10)
No.
680
681
969
1447
1472
2110
815
8174
Area
3684
3839
5675
7923
8215
12342
4679
46376
L
N
2
6
1
9
1
3
1
9
Source: District Statistical Office.
84
J? (Profile of Shivamogga (District
The Primary occupation of Shivamogga district is Agriculture. Particularly the
taluks under study have agriculture as their primary occupation. In the table above an
attempt is made to identify the number and the size of the land holdings. The total
number of Land holdings in the district amounts to 201563 hectares, covering a total
area of 260961 hectares, while the number of land holders as well as land holdings is
highest in Bhadravathi and Shikaripura taluks. It is Lowest in Hosanagara taluk. A
close observation of the table brings out the fact that, the number too Tiny, small and
marginal land holdings is the largest that of medium holdings is the lowest followed
by the number of large holdings. At the same time, the total area of small and
marginal land holding is greater than that of the large holdings. Number of large
holdings as well as their area is the largest in Bhadravathi and Shikaripura taluks.
Whereas it is the lowest in Hosanagar taluk. It can be stated that, In Shivamogga and
Shikaripura taluks under study, a large number of small and marginal land holdings
and small and small and marginal farmers are found.
85
Table-3.6 Transport and Communication System in the District(R
Subjects National Highways State Highways District Main Roads Other District Roads Village Roads Taluk Panchayat Roads Municipality Road Irrigation Dept Roads Forest Dept Roads
Panchayath Roads
Pakka Roads
Total Big Birdges Post offices Telegraphic offices Telephone Exchanges Telephones
Bhadravathi 34
108.38 167
9.75
217 9.60
208.18 9.75
8
-
305.75
(1151.66) 3
45 1 11
10369
Hosanagar 00
166.20 183
46.50
201.60 327.50
19.04 3
61.5
-
395.6
(1403.94) 1
39 0 19
4507
Sagar 51
128.51 315
35.90
283 290.40
245.70 4.30
183
-
439.87
(1925.68) 3
63 1
20
9066
Shikaripura 00
121.89 167
00
165.50 158
89.29 72
00
-
289.79
(1063.47) 1
51 0 10
3387
Shivamogga 79
93.06 163
7.60
351.87 00
574.60 31.25
246
-
354.27
(1900.65) 3
61 1 10
20531 Source: District Statistical Office.
Note: Numbers shown in brackets are total strength of roads.
86
JL (Profile of Shivamogga (District
It is essential to know about the extent of development of transport and
communication system as well as services in the district. The growth of transport
and Communication system has a bearing on the development of any region. It
shapes the socio-economic and political life of the people of that region as it
influences their lifestyle and Economic Conditions directly and indirectly. This
table helps us to know the level of development of transport and Communication
system and its impact on the future prosperity of the district for study. The total
road length of the district islll03.09Kms.Thirthahalli taluk has the longest road
network of 2279.11kms and Shimoga has 1900.65kms.Where as it is the lowest in
Shikaripura taluk (1063.47kms). Of all types of roads, the length of Village
roads, district roads as well as Taluk Panchayat roads is the highest. Sorab and
Hosanagara taluks have the longest network of roads built and maintained by the
taluk panchayat. It is a paradox that, no road in Shimoga taluk is branded as taluk
panchayat road.
With regard to district roads, Sagar taluk has the longest road of 315 kms,
where as it is 163 k.ms in Shivamogga taluk. As municipality roads are
concerned, Shivamogga taluk has a longest road of 574.60 k.ms Avhere as it is the
lowest in Soraba, it is 89.29k.ms, in Shikaripura. A large portion of roads in all
the taluks of Shivamogga district is pakka roads. As Shivamogga is a district
headquarters, Sagar taluk has the longest network of pakka roads. Whereas
Shikaripura has the lowest network of pakka roads. Shimoga is 354.27 kms. In
terms of national high ways, we find the longest line in Shimoga followed by
Thirthahalli and Sagar. But there is not even a kilometer of national highway runs
in the entire taluks of Hosanagar, Shikaripura and Soraba.
The district has been provided with fairly good communication services.
The total numbers of post offices are 362. Of which the largest number of post
offices 63 are found in Sagar taluk, followed by Shivamogga and Thirthahalli.
The least number of post offices are found in Hosanagara with 39, in Shikaripura
they are 51 in number. In the district, Bhadravathi, Sagar and Shivamogga taluks
have telegraph office, where as no such offices exists in Hosanagar, Shikaripura,
87
J? (ProfiCe of Shivamogga (District
Soraba and Thirthahalli. As telephone exchanges are concerned, number of
telephone exchanges exists in the taluks of Thirthahalli, Sagar and Hosanagar
whereas Shivamogga and Shikaripura taluks have equal number of telephone
exchanges. In terms of number of telephone connections in 2009, Shimoga taluk
tops the list with 20531 connections it is much above the other taluks. Bhadravathi
has 10309 connections. The lowest telephone connections are found in
Shikaripura taluk. It is 3387. It can be observed that, with reference to the
development of transport and communication services, Shikaripura taluk is lags
behind the other taluks of the district.
Table- 3.7 Railway Route Length (kms)
Taluks
Bhadravathi
Hosanagar
Sagar
Shikaripura
Shimoga
Soraba
Thirthahalli
Total
Broad Gauge
19.00
It is under Progress
82k.m
-
10.50
-
-
111.50
Meter Gauge
No
No
No
-
'
No
No
00
Total
19.00
00
00
00
10.05
00
00
29.50
Railway Stations
01
Under progress
Under progress
04
-
-
05
Source; District Statistical Office
The district is also known for Railway network. The meter gauge was
converted into broad gauge. In the district 111.50 length of Railway route exists.
District has only broad gauge. There is direct connection from Shivamogga to
Bangalore, Shiavmogga to Mysore and Shivamogga to Hubli. There are no
Railway routes in Shikaripura, Sorab and Thirthahalli taluks
88
J? (PrqfiCe of SBivamogga (District
Table-3.8 Number of Stree Shakti groups & Scheme
Taluks
Bhadravathi
Hosanagara
Sagara
Shikaripura
Shiavmogga
Soraba
Thirthahalli
Total
Savings & Loans borrowed by Stree Shakti Groups
1
619
309
520
755
585
607
485
3880
2
2378
475
1149
3419
2065
2152
569
12207
3
533
113
234
959
442
675
261
3199
4
5818
3120
6806
6918
6251
6809
7022
42744
5
619
309
520
755
585
607
485
3880
6
14.31
28.55
40.22
78.29
21.78
51.58
41.05
275.78
7
22
55
73
61
68
84
32
415
8
20.25
18.65
23.65
30.10
38.48
30.78
121.92
283.83
9
-
-
-
-
-
1.10
1.10
2.20
1. Number of self-help groups. 2. Total number of SCs. women members
in SHGs 3.Total number of STs Women members in SKGs, 4.total number of
woman of other categories 5.number of groups opened S/B Account. 6. Saving
accumulated Rs in Lakhs, 7. Number of groups taken loan from the bank. 8. Total
loan borrowed by SHGs Rs in lakhs, 9.Amount released by the State Government
released by the state Government Rs in lakhs.
The table above shows the progress of (SHGs) self-help groups over the
years in Shimoga district. There are 3880 SHGs in Shaivmogga district. The
largest number of SHGs i.e. 755 is located in Shikaripura taluk. The number of
SHGs in other taluks are 619 In Bhadravathi ,607 in Sorab and 585 in
Shivamogga taluk, the least number of (SHGs) self-help groups are found in
Hosanagara taluk. They are about 309. This has gone a long way in women
empowerment. As women are politically empowered they realize the importance
89
ji^rofiCe of Shivamogga (District
of their girl's education. It is a notable fact that, a large number of SC women
have joined that movement, this is the widest from the fact that, 12207 SC women
and 3199 ST women as members of these groups. In comparison with other
taluks, Shikaripura taluk has more members of SC and ST women aspiring for
membership in self-help groups. While Bhadravathi and Soraba have respectively
of 2378 and 2152. In Shivamogga taluk it is 2065. In the rest of the taluks their
number is considerably lower. Of the total 3199 ST women as members of SHGs
is as high as 959 in Shikaripura taluk, 657 in Soraba, 533 in Bhadravathi, 442 in
Shivamogga and as low as 113 in Hosanagara taluk. It is observed that, formation
of SHGs in these taluks has received overwhelming support and the movement
has largely contributed to the upliftment of socio-economic status of women in the
district. Thus, this table gives us a vivid picture of socio-economic indicators in
the taluks understudy.
With regard to irrigation, there are many multipurpose river projects in the
district. Lingana Maki Dam is built across the Sharavathi River. It is also the
location of the Mahatma Gandhi Hydro-Electric generating station, which has a
power generating capacity of 55 MW. Water which is released from the dam
flows to form the world's most spectacular waterfalls called the 'Jog falls'.
Bhadra dam, which lies across the Bhadra River at Lakkavalli-a distance of 25
K.ms away from the district headquarters. The architectural design of this dam
was prepared by Sir. M. Vishweshwaraiah, the then Chief Engineer of Karnataka
State. The dam mainly serves the purpose of irrigation in and around Bhadravathi
taluk and Tarikere Taluk of Chikkamagalure District. Gajanur Dam, which is built
across the river Tunga in a village called Gajanur. Besides these, Anjanapura Dam
and Ambligola Dams are constructed for the purpose of irrigation. When it comes
to Economic structure, agriculture and animal husbandry are the major
contributing factors to the district' economy. Rice, Arecanut, Cotton, maize, Ragi,
Joweri, Taurgram and other Grams, Sugar Cane, Chilly, Ginger, Cardamom,
Pepper, Leaf and Vegetables are the important crops of the district. There are
many mandis famous for Arecanut, Chilly, Onions and Jaggery. The district is
economically sound and prosperous one. It is an agrarian economy represented
90
JL (Profile of Shivamogga (District
by the peasants. Large, medium and small scale businessmen who work for
'service oriented industries. In addition to this, there are some Industries and
factories. Agro-based, Automobile based and Engineering based are the major
industries of the district. Soon after Independence Shimoga district has established
itself in creating many automobile spare parts. Maximum investment has been
made in the food and beverages sector. To encourage rural industry, rural youth
are being trained in tailoring, Embroidery, Motor Winding, Hand pump repair and
other service sector activities. The other rural Industries of the district are related
to Carpentry, Blacksmith, Goldsmith, Leather, Pottery, Beekeeping, Stone cutting,
Handlooms, Agarbathis and Sandal wood carving and other handi crafts. The
major industries located in Shivamogga district are (1) VISL in Bhadravathi (2)
Mysore Paper Mill, Sugar Factory at Bhadravathi. Besides these, the Karnataka
Government has created some industrial regions to encourage industrialization in
the district, which are at Nidige Industrial area. Mandli-Kallur Industrial area.
Shivamogga Industrial Estate. Kallahalli Industrial Estate and Sagar industrial
estate. In order to support the economic structure, there is a high section of
unskilled laborers, domestic servants, coolies, rikshawwalas, road hawkers, and
casual unskilled laborers are found in the district. This gives us a clear picture of
socio-economic scenario of the district in general and taluks under study in
particular. ' i
In addition to this, there are some industries and factories in Shimoga
district. We can see them in the following table.
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JL (profife of Shivamogga (District
TabIe-3.9, Factories, Industries and Engineering of the District
SI.
No.
1. Bhadravathi
2. Hosanagar
3/S agar
4. Sihkaripura
5. Shivamogga
6. Soraba
7. Thirthahalli
Total
Taluk Cloth Mill
Industries/Factories as on 31-03-2003 Chemical Industries
01
-
01
-
02
Engineering's
06
01
0
29
-
36
Other
13
01
12
09
77
05
01
118
Total
20
02
13
09
105
05
01
156
Employees
6859
70
214
170
4454
70
20
11857
Source; District Statistical Office.
Out of thel56 factories, mentioned in the above table which are registered
in the district. Among them, 02 are Chemical factories, 36 are Engineering
Factories and 118 are other industrial units. The numbers of Employees, who are
working in these factories, are 11857. In Shimoga, Bhadravathi is known for the
establishment of large scale Industries, like, VISL, Mysore Paper Mill, Sugar
Factory and Sandal Wood Oil Factory.
Tourist Places in Shivamogga District.
There are many wonderful tourists' places and scenic spots which are of ever
lasting impression are located in the Shimoga district. The tourist places of the
district attract people from far and wide. Some of the famous tourist spots of the
district are as follows;
1. Gajanur lies 15 Km to the South-west, the dam is built across the river
Tunga.
2. Sakrebylu is a wonderful Elephant Camp 2 K.ms away from the Gajanur
dam on the way to Thirthahalli.
92
fl. Profile, ofSHivamogga (District
3. Agumbe which is 90 K.ms to the South-West of Shimoga city. The place is
known for its enchanting sunset. The charming sunset takes on different
colours which are reflected in the Arabian Sea.
4. Jog Falls are a spectacular series of waterfalls located at a distance of 105
K.ms from Shimoga. The Sharavathi River takes a spectacular Jump from a
height of 292 mtrs creating 4 distinct waterfalls to form the highest water
falls in India. The best time to visit these falls is soon after the Monsoon
Season -July and August.
5. Kodachadri is a beautiful hill station in the Western Ghats. It is 120 kms
away from Shimoga. It is a wonderful hill resort and an amazing place for
trecking, mountaineering and for other dare devil adventures.
6. Ikkeri near Sagar town is known for a huge rock temple of Aghoreshwara.
It has its own historical importance and known for its artistic beauty and
grandeur. Keladi also has a rock temple and these temples belong to
Shivappa Nayaka period. Sagar town is known for wood carvings
particularly Sandal wood carving and other handicrafts. These carved items
of handicrafts are quite handy for presentation for all occasions.
7. Uduthadi, which is the birth place of Virashiva, saints Akkamahadevi and
Vairagyanidhi. Akkamahadevi was the first women to have awareness of
women's' rights and wrongs. She is known for her vachanas and for
women empowerment.
8. The village Ambuthirtha is about 16 Kms north-west of Thirthahalli. The
Sharavathi River originates here and Shivalinga is installed at the spot.
9. Gudavi Bird Sanctuary is located in Soraba Taluk. Many birds from
Europe and Africa migrate to this place.
10. Mandagadde a Bird Sanctuary is located on the NH-13 at a distance of 30
K.ms from Shivamogga.
11. Tyavarekoppa Lion Safari is 10 K.ms away from Shimoga city. Safari
drives are conducted in Cage-vans to get a closer glance at wild animals.
93
JL (Profile of Shivamogga (District
12. Sharavathi Valley wildlife in Sagar, Shettyhalli wild life adjacent to
Shimoga town has forests ranging from dry deciduous to semi evergreen
and is spread, over an area of 395.6 K.ms, Bhadra wild life Sanctuary was
started in 1951. It comprises the surroundings of lakkavalil forest in the
year 1972 and has given its present name of Bhadra Wild Life sanctuary.
Administrative Divisions:
Shivamogga District is divided into 2 sub-divisions and 7 taluks. The
Sagar sub-division comprises the taluks of Sagar, Shikaripura, Soraba and
Hosanagar, while Shimoga Sub-division comprises the taluks of Shivamogga,
Bhadravathi, and Thirthahalli. The district administration is headed by the Deputy
Commissioner who also has the additional role of a district magistrate, assistant
commissioner; Thasildar, Shirastedars, Revenue Inspectors and village
Accountants help the Deputy Commissioner in the administration of the district.
Shivamogga elects 01 person to Lokasabha; the Lokasabha constituency
comprises the entire district. As of 2005, it had 12, 86,181 voters, of whom SCs
and STs account for 2.2 lakhs. Lingayat for 02 lakhs, Idigas for 1.8 lakhs,
Muslims for 1.6 lakhs, Brahamin and Vokkaligas for 1.25 lakh each.
Shivamogga district elects 8 representatives to the legislative Assembly of
the state of Karnataka. The Assembly constituencies in Shimoga district are,
Shimoga, Bhadravathi, Soraba, Shikaripura, Thirthahalli, Sagar, and Shivamogga
Rural, Earlier Shivamogga rural constituency included both of Hosanagar and
Holehonnur.
History of Education in Shivamogga
In the ancient times, education was highly esteemed but it was not regarded
as the direct concern of the state. But it was encouraged with endowments by the
governments and the rich families. Temples and Maths (monasteries) often
maintained the educational institutions. Religious leaders and priests were in
charge of them. As in the other parts of India the Shivamogga district too had the
94
fl. (Profile of Shivamogga (District
Vedic system of education. The teaching was in Gurukul style and most of the
classes were held in open places. Both oral and written systems were practiced
and the students were required to maintain the implicit discipline. The curriculum
included learning of grammar, literature, logic mathematics, philosophy, the
Vedas and other religious lore. Sometimes it also included the fine arts such as
dance, music and song. Sanskrit was the medium of instruction in imparting
education till the beginning of the Modern period.
A private institution in Shivamogga town started high school classes as
early as 1854. Several decades thereafter, in response to the representations by the
members of the representative assembly to start high schools in Mofussil places,
the Government started a high school at Thirthhalli, in 1923. The Sagar
Municipality came forward and started a high school at Sagar in July 1926. In the
field of girls' education, St. Mary Immaculate Girls High School started at
Shivamogga in 1934-35 which was a land mark. As a result of a recommendation
of a university reorganization committee in 1928, a Government Intermediate
College was started at Shivamogga; however it was closed in 1932-33. Later
when the need was felt they were reopened again in 1939-40. Now more than 20
colleges are there in Shivamogga City. The first government intermediate college
at Shivamogga was the Shahydri College which was started in 1940.
95
JA (profiCe ofSfUvamogga (District
Socio-Economic Scenario
The high school students in Shivamogga district have different religious,
linguistic and socio-economic backgrounds. It is very important to understand the
political orientations of the students of different types of schools in this district.
This chapter explicates a brief analysis of the demographic background of the
students in the formal educational system in a modern society. The socio
economic status comprises of students age, Sex, caste, language, education, as
well as their parents occupation and income. All these aspects have a close
correlation with the level of their political socialization in a political system.
To make the study more meaningful and comprehensive it is essential to
know the political orientations of the students. Three types of school have been
selected namely, 1) The Government schools purely run by the department of
primary education of Karnataka State 2) The Aided Schools getting aid from the
government and follow the rules and regulations of the government 3) The
Unaided schools. Which are purely managed by the Private management and do
not receive any grants from the government, they generate the income on their
own in the form of fees and donations collected from the parents.
While selecting the sample, equal weightage has been given to all the 3
types of schools. In each category 10 schools are selected for the analysis. Total
30 schools are taken for the research under study. 466 students are selected from
these schools to test the hypotheses and to develop a new vision in their research
endeavor.
Shivamogga is a center known for many literary and cultural activities.
There is a steady progress in the field of dissemination of knowledge, media-
exposure, political mobilization, greater political awareness, consciousness and
participation, diversified education system and heterogeneous composition of
population also affect the political behaviour of the people in general and also
develop certain political orientations among the children in particular.
96
JA. (profite ofShivamogga (District
In the government schools all the educational activities up to the higher
secondary stage are organized and administrated by the department of secondary
education C.P.I, who is the head of the department discharges the functions of
education with the help of his subordinate officers namely, BEO's at taluk level.
D.D.P.I.s at district level and Joint Director at the zonal level. For the
administrative convenience the department of the secondary education is divided
into 4 divisions which function at, Bangalore, Mysore, Belagam and Gulbarga. In.
each division there is a divisional officer known as D.D.P.I., whose duty is to
supervise the work of the schools including the government, the aided schools
which fall under his jurisdiction. He also assists his senior officers like Joint
Director in their day to day administration. The examinations are conducted by
the secondary education board with the help of these authorities. For the high
schools irrespective of the government, the private aided and the unaided, uniform
syllabus is prepared by the board. Admission in government high school is open
to all.
On the other hand, there are many aided high schools in Shivamogga
district and they differ to some extent from the government high schools. These
schools are run and managed by their own local bodies and controlled by them.
They receive 100% of grants from the state government. Therefore, the state
government has control over these schools. These aided schools are registered
under the 1956 Kamataka society act. Usually, there is an executive committee in
these schools which is called as Management consisting of 9-13 members. Its
main function is to look after the School's daily administration. There is no ex-
officio member in the committee. It also exercises financial powers over the
school betterment funds. The Head master of a concerned high school is
accountable for the government grants and the Fees collection, from the students.
The department gives proper directions to the head master after conducting
inspection over the expenses. With respect to the conduct KCSR rules are applied
to the private aided teachers when it comes to punishment, suspension and
97
y? (profiCe ofSfiivamogga (District
dismissal. The management also has to appoint an enquiry committee comprising
of a representative of the sgovernment.
The third type consists of the unaided schools, which differ from the first
two patterns of the schools. These schools are managed entirely by the
management. They do not receive any grants from the government. But there is a
provision for and mandatory to intervention of the government in their
administration whenever things go wrong. They must strictly adhere to the rules
and regulations of the government, as they affiliated by the government. If they do
not follow the rules and regulations of the government, the government can
withdraw its affiliation. For Ex: Karnataka government has issued an order for
those schools to stop running of non recognized English medium schools.
These unaided schools have to follow restricted admission policy and the
medium of instruction is invariably English, They charge high tuition fees and
Donations. In addition to this, they also collect Rs. 600/- for development fund in
Karnataka, which is the main sources of their resource mobilization. This is
expensive and additional burden to the children. Only a few rich or wealthy
classes in the society can afford this, but vice-versa in case of the poor who are
more in number.
Most of the parents are drawn towards these schools and they are willing to
pay any amount for education of their children. Because they have the perception
that, here there is quality education, better monitoring, supervision of students,
performs appraisal, keen attention, attendance and accountability of teachers.
However there are no evidences to prove that, the teaching environment in these 3
schools is comparatively higher than in the aided schools.
In the present study the researcher has selected two taluks in Shivamogga
district namely, Shivamogga and Shikaripura.150 high schools are imparting
education in these two taluks, of which20% of the schools are taken up for the
research study. 30 high schools. From each school according to the total class
strength, response of 20% (466) of the students has been documented for analysis.
98
JA (profiCe ofSdivamogga (District
The table shown below includes profile of the type of schools, student's age -
group, sex, classes, in which they are studying, medium of instruction and the
caste wise classification of the students.
Table.3.10 Respondents Profile
Demographic
Type of school Govt_
Aided
Unaided schools
Total
Total
Age Lower age-group
Middle age-group
Higher age-group
Total
Sex Boys
Girls
Total
Class 8th Std
9th Std
10th Std
Total
Medium Kannada
English
Total
Social Categories G M
OBC
SCs/STs
Total
NO
199
145
122
466
466
154 •
274
38
466
212
254
466
152
166
148
466
305 ^
161
466
195
148
123
466
%
42.70
31.12
26.18
100
100
33.05
58.80
8.15
100
45.49
54.51
100
32.62
35.62%
31.76%
100%
65.45%
34.55%
100%
41.85%
31.76%
26.39%
100%
Source: Field survey
99
,J7l (ProfiCe o/Sfiivamogga (District
(Note; Age- lower age-upto 13years, Middle age-14-15 years, Higher age-
16 years and above. Social Categories, GM- General Merit, OBC-other backward
classes and SCs and STs-Schedule caste and Schedule tribes)
Type of schools
The table 3.1 shown above highlights that, three types of schools have been
selected to study the political socialization of the high school students, namely,
the Government, the Aided and the unaided schools. Equal weightage has been
given to each type of schools. It clearly explains that, Out of the 30 high schools
selected, 10 schools are the government, 10 are the aided schools and 10 are the
unaided schools. 466 students have been selected on random sampling basis in
these schools. Out of 466,199 students are from the government schools, 145 and
122 are from the Aided and the unaided schools respectively. The table highlights
the fact that, the respondents of the. government schools are found high. The aided
schools which stand second and lastly, the unaided schools take the third place.
The reasons for the increase in the number of students in the government schools
are due to the facilities extended by the government towards children education.
Incentive programmes of the government such as, mid-day meal, bicycle,
scholarships, well trained teachers, accommodation, playground, NCC, computer,
free textbooks, notebooks, free uniforms, have attracted the people to send their
children to the government schools. Another reason for the increase in enrolment
is that, people who are economically, socially and educationally deprived class
prefer to admit their children to government schools. The policy of Free and
compulsory education for the children below the age of 14years is also
responsible for the increase in number in the government schools. In order to meet
the educational needs of the society, government has established many
governmental schools and colleges. As a result, the number of respondents
selected in government schools is high while compared to other two types of
schools in the present study. The aided schools occupy the second in the order.
They are run by the private management and they receive the grants from the
government to impart quality education. They have to follow the rules and the
100
J? (profiCe ofSHivamogga (District
regulations of the government in administration and examination. Medium,
middle and upper middle class people prefer to admit their children to such
schools since the students' strength is modest and the researcher has selected 145
students from these schools.
While compared to the strength of the above two types of schools, the
number of students in the unaided school is low and only 122 students are selected
from these schools. These schools are run and managed by the private
managements. They run the schools from their own fund raised from the people
and they do not depend on the grants of the government. High tuition fees and
donations are the source of their income. Only a small wealthy class people can
admit their children to such schools.
It can be inferred that, since poverty has been the cause of concern in India,
the poor people are not in a position to admit their children to such highly
expensive and prestigious educational institutions. With a view to give a quality
of education even the management of the unaided schools takes limited strength
of the students. As a result, the strength of the unaided schools is very less when
compared to the strength of the government and the aided schools.
From this backdrop the researcher seeks to analyze the role of demographic
factors such as, Age, Sex, Class, Social Categories, Medium, and their Socio-
Economic and Educational backgrounds. All these factors have a very close co-
relation with one's level of political socialization in a political system. The
importance of each factor is thoroughly discussed and analyzed separately.
Age
As we all know that the individual's perception of the political world and
his understanding of political information is relatively affected by his age and
cognitive growth", with the advancement of age one attains maturity in his
thoughts, understanding and perceptions. A person's attitude and behavior
undergoes a drastic change as one grows old. Age is one of the determining
101
J? (Profile ofSHivamogga (District
factors in ones development of political attitude. It cannot be ignored in a country
like India. The above table analyses Age-wise distribution of the respondents.
It is revealed form the above table 3.1 that, the middle age-group dominate
in aggregate terms. Out of 466 respondents 274(58.80%) of them come under
middle age-group, while 154 (33.05%) falls in the lower age-group and lastly
38(8.15%o) of the respondents represent higher age-group. Many factors are
responsible for the low number in the category of higher age-groups. Firstly, late
admission to the school. Secondly, Illiteracy, ignorance of parents in admitting
their children to school at a proper time. Third and most important reason for the
drop-out level in higher age-group is due to poverty, unemployment and financial
constraints on the part of their parents.
The researcher has found the fact that, greater political involvement and
evaluative orientation in the higher age-group while it is vice-versa in the lower
age-group. Even the influence of agents of political socialization found high
among the respondents of the higher age-groups.
Sex
Sex is the second important component next to age in determining their
attitude to politics and political orientations. The table shown above reveals
clearly that, sex differences play a pivotal role in shaping and moulding the
attitudes of the children. Both males and females at their childhood tend to learn
different patterns of orientations when parents require them to learn traits and
orientations appropriate to their sex and to perform the roles expected of them on
the virtue of their sex.
The above table 3.1 highlights the fact that, the girls outnumber the boys.
Out of 466 respondents, 254(54,51%) are girls and boys constituted only
212(45.49%)). Recently the enrolment of girls is higher in the secondary school.
Because of the number of measures taken by the government and the parental
awareness in this direction has led to the considerable enrolment of girls to the
schools.
102
J? (Profile of SHivamogga (District
When we observe the girls ratio of education it has slightly increased in
Shivamogga district. Number of factors is responsible for this change in trend.
They are, a) greater attention is paid by the government on female education, b)
Parents have realized the importance of girl's education c) A large nuinber of girls
schools are being started d) Fees concession to the girl student e) Eagerness and
demand for work as equal opportunity to men women, f) The presence of female
teachers often serves as a role model for the girls to follow them to achieve 4
women empowerment, g) there is a growing demand on the part of the youths of
the country to choose a partner who is well educated and economically self
dependent and self sufficient to cater to the ever changing demands of a family
life.
While the percentage of boys is considerably very low, that is,
212(45.20%). The reasons behind it are; at the lower level of education boys do
not show keen interest as girls do. In some families boys are not allowed to get
education they deserve due to financial constraints. In both towns and villages
boys particularly in some families beset certain responsibilities at their early age.
Many studies have proved that, there is a gap between the education level of boys
and girls decreases considerably at certain stages.
Class or Education
In spite of sex; class or educational level of the respondents is the third
important variable shown in the table 3.1. The researcher has noticed that, among
the various demographic variables, education is given prime importance in the
social science research. The reason for this is education has direct correlation with
other social characteristics of attitudinal change and political behavior.
The above table 3.1 clearly illustrates that, among the sample collected as
compared to 8th and 10th standard students, 9th standard students outnumber the
other two. Out of 466 respondents they represented 166(35.62%), as compared to
8th standard who representedl52 (32.62%) and 10th standard students constitute
148(31.76%).
103
J? (Profile ofSdivamogga (District
Medium of Instruction
,It is the fourth component. One must stress upon the medium of
instruction. Language or medium of instruction is an effective vehicle of learning.
In Shivamogga, there are many English medium schools, while they are very few
in Shikaripuara. Such schools are a rare phenomenon to find in the villages. It is
evidenced from the data collected through field survey that, the percentage of the
enrolment of students to English medium is very low while compared to the
Kannada medium schools. The table shown above has given a clear picture about
the medium of instruction in the places under study.
It clearly shows that, Kannada medium students outnumber the English
medium students while selecting the language as medium of instruction. Out of
466, 305(65.45%) of the students are studying in Kannada medium. Whereas
161(34.55%) of them are in English medium.
The reason for this is majority of the students study in regional language
and in their mother tongue. Reading, writing, and understanding becomes easy to
them. The Kannada Organizations have also encouraged the students and parents
to enroll their children to Kannada medium schools. Another notable point is
inadequate English medium schools in villages; compel the parents to admit their
children to Kannada medium schools. Lastly, Illiteracy, ignorance and lack of
awareness among the people of villages and the towns, especially those who
belong economically and socially deprived classes are unaware to make use of the
English medium schools. Only a small minority affluent and wealthy people can
admit their children to the English medium and the unaided schools and are
willing to pay high fees and donations to get quality education to their children.
At the same time we should not forget the fact that, to learn about politics medium
of instruction does not affect much in their way to learn about politics and
political orientations.
104
JL (profiCe ofShivamogga (District
Social Categories
In the present research study researcher has collected information from the
respondents of different castes. Different caste categories have selected to know
the role of caste in developing political awareness among the students of high
school both in Shivamogga and Shikaripura taluks. The detail of it is shown in the
table 3.1 depicts the above information.
(Note: Caste categories GM, OBC and SCs and STs are based on the
backward caste commission report. This includes annexure, I, II A, IIB, and III A,
III, B, and Category of SCs, and STs.)
The table 3.1 has shown above explicates category wise composition of the
students under study. Out of the total numbers 466 of respondents. 195(41.85%)
were GM. 148(31.76%) comes in OBC andl23 (26.39%) belong to SCs and STs.
A noticeable fact is that the respondents belong to general and OBC are more. But
the trend is reverse with regard to SCs /STs.
The increase in number in the general category is found due to their socio
economic background. As a result they have a good perception, acquision and
understanding about the values of their children's future about higher education.
But the condition of SCs / STs Categories people is very poor because they
are deprived of the opportunities in social-economic and educational fields. They
lack sufficient lands either or house to live in and sustain their livelihood. Most of
them depend for their daily living on manual labor. Thus instead of sending their
children to schools to receive education, they send them for coolie or work to
earn, so that their children must learn to share the economic burden of the family
at the early age.
While compared to SCs/STs Categories OBC category people are
progressive in social and economic fields and they have realized the significance
of children's education. For them education is a means to employment and
empowerment.
105
y? (profiCe of Shivamogga (District
Major Communities
It is proved from the table shown above that, In Shivamogga district, the
Hindus and the Muslims are the two major religious categories. Their percentage
is 85.45%, and 12.25% respectively. The remaining part of the population consists
of the Christians, the Jains, the Buddhists and the other minority community
religious groups.
The researcher has classified the respondents belonging to different
religious groups among them. The Hindu constituted 414 (88.84%), the Muslims
40 (8.58%), the Christians 10 (2.15%) and only from the Jain community 02
(0.43%o) in all the 3 types of schools enrolment of children belonging to Hindu
religion is found more.
Thus, it can be inferred that, the students of Shivamogga and Shikaripura
town and villages high schools have given greater Co-operation in furnishing
reliable information about socio-economic and educational backgrounds of their
parents. Some students were reluctant to provide the information about their
parental education, occupation and Income.
Respondents Parents Socio-economic background:
The researcher has made an earnest attempt to tabulate the respondent's
parental education, occupation and income in the table shown below.
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J? (profiCe ofSHivamogga (District
Table 3.11
Respondents Parents Education, Occupation & Income
Parent Education (A)
Illiterates
Primary
High School
PUC
Graduates
, Post Graduates
Technical/Professional
Total
Parents Occupation (B)
Agriculture
Business
Official
Skilled Labour
Labour
Total
Parents Income (C)
Upto 50,000
50,000-1,00,000
1,00,000-3,00,000
3Lakh&Above
Total
No
129 •
145
128
21
38
03
02
466
No
177
75
41
36
137
466
No
332
106
23
05
466
%
27.68
31.12
27.47
4.51
8.15
0.64
0.43
100
%
37.98
16.09
8.15
7.73
29.61.
100
%
. 79.24
22.75
4.94
1.07
100.00
Source; Field Survey
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J? (Profik ofShivamogga (District
Parental Education:
The table 3.2 shown above has given us the factual information about the
respondent's parental educational status. Out of 466 respondents 129(27.68%) of
the respondents said that, their parents were illiterates. 145(31.12%)) completed
primary education. 128(27.47%) of them studied up to high school, 21(4.51%)) of
them did P.U.C. only 38(8.15%) of respondents told that, their parents were
graduates. 03(0.64%) of them were post graduates and 02(0.43%) do possess
technical/professional educational qualifications.
The data shown above highlights the facts that, majority of the respondents
come under the group of high schools as well as primary schools. About 30% of
the respondents are illiterates. Fraction of them had completed higher education.
Thus, it is curious to the researcher to know how parental education has helped
children in acquiring and understanding the process of political socialization.
Parental Occupation:
The second part in the table 3.2 gives the picture of parental occupational
status. In the present study, the researcher has made a list of the occupations of the
respondents which include the respondent's parental occupations like civil
service. Business, Agriculture, carpentry, driving, tailoring, mechanics, Lawyer.
Some of them run big and small hotels. There are street hawkers. Stone cutters,
builders, contractors and manual labourers. It is practically difficult to analyze
them individually they are classified into manageable categories. Namely,
(1) Agricultural class: Which include all categories of agriculturist's class
excluding agricultural labours.
(2) Business class: which include all type of business class big, small and petty
business groups etc.
(3) Service sector class: This includes employees of the centre, the state and
the local governments.
108
JL (Profite ofShivamogga (District
(4) Skilled workers/professionals; which includes, Carpenters, Tailors,
Mechanics, Dry cleaners, Garage Workers, Builders, masons, contractors,
Lawyers, Drivers, Rickshaw wala's etc.
(5) Manual labours: which include coolies and others
The table above gives us a clear picture about the student's Parental
occupation
The table3.2 depicts it clearly about the occupational strata of the parents
of the respondents under study. Out of 466, 177(37.98%) of the respondents said
that, agriculture is their main occupation. 75(16.09%) of them answered that,
business is their parents occupation. 41(8.15%) of them said that, their parents are
government employees. 36(7.73%) of them expressed their parents are skilled
workers and lastly 137(29.61%)) answered that, their parents are laborers. It
highlights the fact that, majority of the respondents parent's occupation is
agriculture. Majority of them possess only a piece of land they cultivate. They do
not get high yield. It is the major causes for their poverty and economic
backwardness. The next, the table highlights about the labour as an occupation. In
both towns and villages due to poverty and insufficient lands, majority of the
parents depend on manual labour for their livelihood. These families cannot even
think of providing good and quality education to their children. Thus they depend
more on the government schools where education is given free of cost and they do
not have to pay any fees and donations.
On the other hand, business men and government employees who are
socially and economically sound are well aware of importing quality education to
their children which inculcates better socio-political and cultural awareness. They
have realized that, education is a permanent asset that they can provide to their
children. Their number is comparatively low in the given table. Thus they get
their children admitted to the unaided schools in order to provide them
competitive and quality education to their children. Thus, it can be inferred that
in India poverty, illiteracy and ignorance are the three great hindrances to the
political socialization of the children. The present study is an eye opener to know
109
J? (Prqfife ofSfiivamogga (District
how far it is a challenge to the children of the high schools in acquiring and
assimilating the process of political socialization.
Parental Annual Income
Parent's annual Income is another important determining factor which is
closely connected to parental occupational status which is clearly discussed
above. In a fast developing country like India, a persons' social status and
political activities are determined by his income. There is a general tendency that,
persons with high income has greater political knowledge and they can participate
enthusiastically in the political activities and it is vice-versa in other cases.
The annual income of the respondents parents is depicted in the table 3.2
part (c) shown above, out of 466, 332(79.24%) said that, their family annual
income is less than Rs up to 50,000 per year. 106(22.75%) of them said their
family annual income is between Rs 50,000-1,00,000, 23(4.94%) of the
respondents expressed that, their family annual income is Rs. 1, 00,000 to 3,
00,000 and only 05(1.07%)) respondents admitted that, their parents annual
income is above 3 lakhs.
The above table highlights that, majority of the respondents fall below the
annual income group of Rs 50,000 and 50,000-1, 00,000. Only few respondents
come under the income group of Rs 31akh and above. This shows unequal
distribution of finance resources among the people in society. Majority of the
families have financial constraints. It is not possible for them to concentrate
completely upon their children's education. It is because of this reason many
families in both towns and villages, parent instead of sending their children to
schools, they send them to work as coolies so to earn and reduce the financial
burden of their families.
In conclusion, it may be said the researcher has discussed the impact of
various factors on the patterns of and the challenges to the political socialization
of the high school students in the study area.
no
JL (Profife of Shivamogga (District
Reference:
1. Jagadeesh Kamlakar,(2007-2008); "History of Education in Shivamogga
district". Unpublished M.phil thesis dissertation, Page-19-21.
2. D.D.P.I. office Shivamogga
3. 3.11th five year plan, 2008, planning commission of India, page-15.
4. 4.11th 5year plan,. (2008)", planning commission of India, Page-4.
5. District statistical department, Shivamogga.
6. Eshanul Haq: (1995), "Family, School and media-their impact on political
socialization of children", Rawat Publication, jaipur,Page, 62,
7. Haridwar Singh: (1983), "Democratic orientations of students in India",
Nauvarangarai, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, Page.41
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