Chapter IV ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF...

Chapter – IV

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Bihar

School of yoga practice and BKS Iyengar yoga practice on selected

body composition measures, physiological and biochemical variables

among middle aged men. To achieve this purpose of the study, forty

five middle aged men were randomly selected as subjects. They

were divided into three equal groups, each group consists of fifteen

subjects in which group - I underwent Bihar School of yoga practice,

group - II underwent BKS Iyengar yoga practice and group - III

acted as control group who did not participate in any special training.

The subjects were tested on selected criterion variables such as

percentage of body fat, body mass index(BMI), blood pressures

(both systolic and diastolic), resting pulse rate, breath holding time,

total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein and fasting

blood glucose at prior to and immediately after the training period.

The selected criterion variables such as percentage of body fat was

assessed by Deurenberg et al formula, body mass index (BMI) was

assessed by Quetelet index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was

93

measured by using sphygmomanometer, resting pulse rate was

measured by counting the pulse beat per minute, breath holding time

was measured by holding the breath for maximum duration in

seconds after a deep inhalation, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high

density lipoprotein and fasting blood glucose were measured by

using Boehringer Mannheim Kit method. The analysis of covariance

(ANCOVA) was used to find out the significant difference if any,

among the experimental groups and control group on selected

criterion variables separately. Whenever, ‘F’ ratio for adjusted test

was found to be significant for adjusted post-test means. Scheffé S

test was followed, as a post-hoc test to determine which of the paired

mean differ significantly.

Experimenters and research workers choose several arbitrary

standards for their convenience. These arbitrary standards are called

level of significance. Most commonly used level of significance are

0.01 and 0.05 level as the level of significance to test its hypothesis.

In all the cases, 0.05 level of confidence was fixed to test the

significance, which was considered as an appropriate. Since there

94

were three groups involved in this study the Scheffẻ S test was used

as pos-hoc test.

Analysis of Data Percentage of Body Fat

The data collected prior to and after the experimental period

on percentage of body fat of Bihar School of yoga practice group,

BKS Iyengar yoga practice group and control group were analysed

and presented in Table - III.

95

Table - III

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON PERCENTAGE OF BODY FAT OF

BIHAR SCHOOL OF YOGA PRACTICE GROUP BKS IYENGAR

YOGA PRACTICE GROUP AND CONTROL GROUP

Bihar

School

of Yoga

Practice

Group

BKS

Iyengar

Yoga

Practice

Group

Control

Group SOV

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square

‘F’

ratio

Pre- test

Mean

S.D.

26.658

3.124

25.978

2.4139

25.9899

2.484

B:

W:

4.544

304.546

2

42

2.272

7.251

0.313

Post-test

Mean

S.D.

25.9041

2.9588

25.134

2.5312

26.582

2.4161

B:

W:

15.756

293.98

2

42

7.878

7.00

1.126

Adjusted

Post-test

Mean

25.467

25.358

26.795

B:

W:

19.152

5.977

2

41

9.576

0.146

65.691*

* Significant at .05 level of confidence.

(The table value required for significance at .05 level of confidence with df 2 and 42 and 2

and 41 were 3.21 and 3.22 respectively).

Table – III shows that the pre-test means on percentage of

body fat of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga

practice and control groups were 26.658 3.124, 25.978 2.4139

and 25.9899 2.484 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of

0.313 for pre-test score of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS

96

Iyengar yoga practice and control groups on percentage of body fat

was less than the required table value of 3.21 for significance with df

2 and 42 at .05 level of confidence.

The post-test mean values of percentage of body fat for Bihar

School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga practice and

control groups were 25.9041 2.9588, 25.134 2.5312 and 26.582

2.4161 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of 1.126 for

post-test scores of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar

yoga practice and control groups was less than the required table

value of 3.21 for significance with df 2 and 42 at .05 level of

confidence.

The adjusted post-test mean values of Bihar School of yoga

practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga practice and control groups were

25.467, 25.358 and 26.795 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value

of 65.691 for adjusted post-test scores of Bihar School of yoga

practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga practice and control groups was

higher than the required table value of 3.22 for significance with df 2

and 41 at .05 level of confidence.

97

The above statistical analysis indicates that there was a

significant decrease in percentage of body fat after the training

periods. Further to determine which of the paired means has a

significant decrease, the Scheffé S test was applied. The result of the

follow-up test is presented in Table - IV.

Table - IV

SCHEFFĔ S TEST FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE

ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEAN OF PERCENTAGE OF BODY FAT

Adjusted Post-test Mean

Bihar School of

Yoga Practice

Group

BKS Iyengar

Yoga Practice

Group

Control group Mean

Difference

Confidence

interval at

.05 level

25.467 26.795 1.328* 0.3540697

25.467 25.358 0.109

0.3540697

25.358 26.795 1.437* 0.3540697

*Significant at .05 level of Confidence

Table - IV shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference in

percentage of body fat between Bihar School of yoga practice group

and control group and BKS Iyengar yoga practice group and control

group were 1.328 and 1.437, which were significant at .05 level of

confidence. But, the adjusted post-test mean difference between

Bihar School of yoga practice group and BKS Iyengar yoga practice

98

group was 0.109 which was insignificant. It may be concluded from

the results of the study that Bihar School of yoga practice group and

BKS Iyengar yoga practice group has significantly decrease the

percentage of body fat when compared with the control group.

The mean values on percentage of body fat of Bihar School of

yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga practice and control groups

were graphically represented in figure - I.

99

24

24.5

25

25.5

26

26.5

27P

erc

en

tag

e o

f B

od

y F

at

1 2 3

Exp. Group - I Exp. Group - II Control Group

Pre-test Means Post-test Means Adj. Post-test Means

Figure – I : Bar Diagram Showing the Mean Values of Bihar School of

Yoga Practice Group (Exp. Group – I) BKS Iyengar Yoga

Practice Group (Exp. Group – II) and Control Group on

Percentage of Body Fat

100

Body Mass Index (BMI)


on body mass index of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS

Iyengar yoga practice group and control group were analysed and

presented in Table - V.

Table - V

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) OF



Bihar

School

of Yoga

Practice

Group

BKS

Iyengar

Yoga

Practice

Group

Control

Group SOV

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square

‘F’

ratio

Pre- test

Mean

S.D.

27.550

2.6404

26.958

1.8385

26.9805

2.0768

B:

W:

3.377

205.302

2

42

1.689

4.888

0.345

Post-test

Mean

S.D.

26.9218

2.5038

26.2542

1.9274

27.4740

2.0179

B:

W:

11.193

196.78

2

42

5.596

4.685

1.194

Adjusted

Post-test

Mean

26.547

26.453

27.651

B:

W:

13.281

4.111

2

41

6.640

0.10027

66.234*




101

Table – V shows that the pre-test means on body mass index

of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga practice

and control groups were 27.550 2.6404, 26.958 1.8385 and

26.9805 2.0768 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of 0.345

for pre-test score of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS

Iyengar yoga practice and control groups on body mass index was

lesser than the required table value of 3.21 for significance with df 2


The post-test mean values of body mass index for Bihar


control groups were 26.9218 2.5038, 26.2542 1.9274 and


for post-test scores of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS

Iyengar yoga practice and control groups was lesser than the required

table value of 3.21 for significance with df 2 and 42 at .05 level of

confidence.




102






significant decrease in body mass index after the training periods.

Further to determine which of the paired means has a significant

decrease, the Scheffé S test was applied. The result of the follow-up

test is presented in Table - VI.

Table - VI


ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEAN OF BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)


Bihar School of

Yoga Practice

Group

BKS Iyengar

Yoga Practice

Group

Control group Mean

Difference

Confidence

interval at

.05 level

26.547 27.651 1.104* 0.295738

26.547 26.453 0.094

0.295738

26.453 27.651 1.198* 0.295738


Table - VI shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference in

body mass index between Bihar School of yoga practice group and

103

control group and BKS Iyengar yoga practice group and control






BKS Iyengar yoga practice group has significantly decrease the body

mass index when compared with the control group.

The mean values on body mass index of Bihar School of yoga


graphically represented in figure - II.

104

25.5

26

26.5

27

27.5

28B

od

y M

ass In

de

x

1 2 3



Figure – II : Bar Diagram Showing the Mean Values of Bihar School of


Practice Group (Exp. Group – II) and Control Group on Body

Mass Index (BMI)

105

Systolic Blood Pressure


on systolic blood pressure of Bihar School of yoga practice group,


and presented in Table - VII.

Table - VII

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE OF



Bihar

School

of Yoga

Practice

Group

BKS

Iyengar

Yoga

Practice

Group

Control

Group SOV

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square

‘F’

ratio

Pre- test

Mean

S.D.

119.00

3.546

119.07

4.131

118.73

4.301

B:

W:

0.933

673.867

2

42

0.467

16.044

0.029

Post-test

Mean

S.D.

117.67

3.539

117.73

4.234

120.00

3.946

B:

W:

52.933

644.267

2

42

26.467

15.340

1.725

Adjusted

Post-test

Mean

117.602

117.605

120.193

B:

W:

66.942

18.702

2

41

33.471

0.456

73.378*




106

Table – VII shows that the pre-test means on systolic blood

pressure of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga

practice and control groups were 119.00 3.546, 119.07 4.131 and



Iyengar yoga practice and control groups on systolic blood pressure

was lesser than the required table value of 3.21 for significance with

df 2 and 42 at .05 level of confidence.

The post-test mean values of systolic blood pressure for Bihar



3.946 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of 1.725 for post-

test scores of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar

yoga practice and control groups was lesser than the required table


confidence.



117.602, 117.605 and 120.193 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio

107

value of 73.378 for adjusted post-test scores of Bihar School of yoga





significant decrease in systolic blood pressure after the training



follow-up test is presented in Table - VIII.

Table - VIII


ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEAN OF SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE


Bihar School of

Yoga Practice

Group

BKS Iyengar

Yoga Practice

Group

Control group Mean

Difference

Confidence

interval at

.05 level

117.602 120.193 2.591* 0.6257412

117.602 117.605 0.003

0.6257412

117.605 120.193 2.588* 0.6257412


Table - VIII shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference

in systolic blood pressure between Bihar School of yoga practice

108

group and control group and BKS Iyengar yoga practice group and

control group were 2.591 and 2.588, which were significant at .05

level of confidence. But, the adjusted post-test mean difference

between Bihar School of yoga practice group and BKS Iyengar yoga

practice group was 0.003 which was insignificant. It may be

concluded from the results of the study that Bihar School of yoga

practice group and BKS Iyengar yoga practice group has

significantly decrease the systolic blood pressure when compared

with the control group.

The mean values on systolic blood pressure of Bihar School of


were graphically represented in figure - III.

109

116

116.5

117

117.5

118

118.5

119

119.5

120

120.5S

ysto

lic B

loo

d P

ressu

re

1 2 3



Figure – III : Bar Diagram Showing the Mean Values of Bihar School of



Systolic Blood Pressure

110

Diastolic Blood Pressure


on diastolic blood pressure of Bihar School of yoga practice group,


and presented in Table - IX.

Table - IX

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE OF



Bihar

School

of Yoga

Practice

Group

BKS

Iyengar

Yoga

Practice

Group

Control

Group SOV

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square

‘F’

ratio

Pre- test

Mean

S.D.

78.33

4.237

78.13

5.111

78.47

4.34

B:

W:

0.844

880.80

2

42

0.422

20.971

0.02

Post-test

Mean

S.D.

77.13

4.033

76.87

4.998

79.27

4.317

B:

W:

51.911

838.40

2

42

25.956

19.962

1.30

Adjusted

Post-test

Mean

77.112

77.038

79.116

B:

W:

41.683

16.707

2

41

20.841

0.407

51.146*




111

Table – IX shows that the pre-test means on diastolic blood

pressure of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga


78.47 4.34 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of 0.02 for

pre-test score of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar

yoga practice and control groups on diastolic blood pressure was

lesser than the required table value of 3.21 for significance with df 2


The post-test mean values of diastolic blood pressure for Bihar


control groups were 77.13 4.033, 76.87 4.998 and 79.27 4.317

respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of 1.30 for post-test scores


and control groups was lesser than the required table value of 3.21

for significance with df 2 and 42 at .05 level of confidence.





112





significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure after the training



follow-up test is presented in Table - X.

Table - X


ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEAN OF DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE


Bihar School of

Yoga Practice

Group

BKS Iyengar

Yoga Practice

Group

Control group Mean

Difference

Confidence

interval at

.05 level

77.112 79.116 2.004* 0.5911661

77.112 77.038 0.074

0.5911661

77.038 79.116 2.078* 0.5911661


Table - X shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference in

diastolic blood pressure between Bihar School of yoga practice


113







significantly decrease the diastolic blood pressure when compared


The mean values on diastolic blood pressure of Bihar School

of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga practice and control

groups were graphically represented in figure - IV.

114

75.5

76

76.5

77

77.5

78

78.5

79

79.5D

iasto

lic B

loo

d P

ressu

re

1 2 3



Figure – IV : Bar Diagram Showing the Mean Values of Bihar School of



Diastolic Blood Pressure

115

Resting Pulse Rate


on resting pulse rate of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS


presented in Table – XI.

Table - XI

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON RESTING PULSE RATE OF



Bihar

School

of Yoga

Practice

Group

BKS

Iyengar

Yoga

Practice

Group

Control

Group SOV

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square

‘F’

ratio

Pre- test

Mean

S.D.

76.80

1.014

76.67

1.589

76.73

0.961

B:

W:

0.133

62.667

2

42

0.067

1.492

0.045

Post-test

Mean

S.D.

75.47

1.125

75.27

1.486

77.60

1.502

B:

W:

50.178

80.267

2

42

25.089

1.911

13.128*

Adjusted

Post-test

Mean

75.410

75.323

77.60

B:

W:

49.934

35.216

2

41

24.967

0.859

29.068*




116

Table – XI shows that the pre-test means on resting pulse rate


and control groups were 76.80 1.014, 76.67 1.589 and 76.73

0.961 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of 0.045 for pre-test

score of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga

practice and control groups on resting pulse rate was lesser than the

required table value of 3.21 for significance with df 2 and 42 at .05

level of confidence.

The post-test mean values of resting pulse rate for Bihar



respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of 13.128 for post-test

scores of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga

practice and control groups was greater than the required table value

of 3.21 for significance with df 2 and 42 at .05 level of confidence.





117





significant decrease in resting pulse rate after the training periods.



test is presented in Table - XII.

Table - XII


ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEAN OF RESTING PULSE RATE


Bihar School of

Yoga Practice

Group

BKS Iyengar

Yoga Practice

Group

Control group Mean

Difference

Confidence

interval at

.05 level

75.410 77.60 2.19* 0.8588333

75.410 75.323 0.087

0.8588333

75.323 77.60 2.277* 0.8588333


Table - XII shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference

in resting pulse rate between Bihar School of yoga practice group


118






BKS Iyengar yoga practice group has significantly decrease the

resting pulse rate when compared with the control group.

The mean values on resting pulse rate of Bihar School of yoga


graphically represented in figure - V.

119

74

74.5

75

75.5

76

76.5

77

77.5

78R

estin

g P

uls

e R

ate

1 2 3



Figure – V : Bar Diagram Showing the Mean Values of Bihar School of



Resting Pulse Rate

120

Breath Holding Time

The data collected prior to and after the experimental period of

breath holding time on Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS


presented in Table – XIII.

Table - XIII

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON BREATH HOLDING TIME OF



Bihar

School

of Yoga

Practice

Group

BKS

Iyengar

Yoga

Practice

Group

Control

Group SOV

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square

‘F’

ratio

Pre- test

Mean

S.D.

30.40

2.53

30.60

1.298

30.00

2.420

B:

W:

2.80

195.20

2

42

1.40

4.648

0.301

Post-test

Mean

S.D.

32.33

2.554

32.20

1.373

30.07

2.890

B:

W:

48.533

234.667

2

42

24.267

5.587

4.343*

Adjusted

Post-test

Mean

32.265

31.927

30.409

B:

W:

29.008

29.339

2

41

14.504

0.716

20.269*




121

Table – XIII shows that the pre-test means on breath holding

time of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga


30.00 2.420 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of 0.301 for

pre-test score of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar

yoga practice and control groups on breath holding time was lesser

than the required table value of 3.21 for significance with df 2 and 42

at .05 level of confidence.

The post-test mean values of breath holding time for Bihar











122





significant increase in breath holding time after the training periods.


increase, the Scheffé S test was applied. The result of the follow-up

test is presented in Table - XIV.

Table - XIV


ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEAN OF BREATH HOLDING TIME


Bihar School of

Yoga Practice

Group

BKS Iyengar

Yoga Practice

Group

Control group Mean

Difference

Confidence

interval at

.05 level

32.265 30.409 1.856* 0.7840952

32.265 31.927 0.338

0.7840952

31.927 30.409 1.518* 0.7840952


Table - XIV shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference

in breath holding time between Bihar School of yoga practice group


123






BKS Iyengar yoga practice group has significantly increase the

breath holding time when compared with the control group.

The mean values on breath holding time of Bihar School of


were graphically represented in figure - VI.

124

28.5

29

29.5

30

30.5

31

31.5

32

32.5B

rea

th H

old

ing

Tim

e

1 2 3



Figure – VI : Bar Diagram Showing the Mean Values of Bihar School of



Breath Holding Time

125

Total Cholesterol


total cholesterol on Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS


presented in Table – XV.

Table - XV

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON TOTAL CHOLESTEROL OF



Bihar

School

of Yoga

Practice

Group

BKS

Iyengar

Yoga

Practice

Group

Control

Group SOV

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square

‘F’

ratio

Pre- test

Mean

S.D.

191.53

6.39

192.27

6.029

192.47

5.041

B:

W:

7.244

1436.40

2

42

3.622

34.20

0.106

Post-test

Mean

S.D.

188.80

6.327

190.13

6.034

192.53

5.357

B:

W:

107.378

1471.87

2

42

53.689

35.044

1.532

Adjusted

Post-test

Mean

189.35

189.957

192.160

B:

W:

65.354

65.442

2

41

32.677

1.596

20.472*




126

Table – XV shows that the pre-test means on total cholesterol


and control groups were 191.53 6.39, 192.27 6.029 and 192.47



practice and control groups on total cholesterol was lesser than the



The post-test mean values of total cholesterol for Bihar School


groups were 188.80 6.327, 190.13 6.034 and 192.53 5.357



practice and control groups was lesser than the required table value






127





significant decrease in total cholesterol after the training periods.



test is presented in Table - XVI.

Table - XVI


ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEAN OF TOTAL CHOLESTEROL


Bihar School of

Yoga Practice

Group

BKS Iyengar

Yoga Practice

Group

Control group Mean

Difference

Confidence

interval at

.05 level

189.35 192.160 2.81* 1.1706545

189.35 189.957 0.607

1.1706545

189.957 192.160 2.203* 1.1706545


Table – XVI shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference

in total cholesterol between Bihar School of yoga practice group and

control group and BKS Iyengar yoga practice group and control

128






BKS Iyengar yoga practice group has significantly decrease the total

cholesterol when compared with the control group.

The mean values on total cholesterol of Bihar School of yoga


graphically represented in figure - VII.

129

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193T

ota

l ch

ole

ste

rol

1 2 3



Figure – VII : Bar Diagram Showing the Mean Values of Bihar School of


Practice Group (Exp. Group – II) and Control Group on Total

Cholesterol

130

Triglycerides


triglycerides on Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar

yoga practice group and control group were analysed and presented

in Table – XVII.

Table - XVII

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON TRIGLYCERIDES OF



Bihar

School

of Yoga

Practice

Group

BKS

Iyengar

Yoga

Practice

Group

Control

Group SOV

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square

‘F’

ratio

Pre- test

Mean

S.D.

133.13

4.838

133.73

3.654

131.80

4.443

B:

W:

29.378

791.067

2

42

14.689

18.835

0.780

Post-test

Mean

S.D.

131.13

4.941

131.67

3.83

132.67

4.562

B:

W:

18.178

838.40

2

42

9.089

19.923

0.455

Adjusted

Post-test

Mean

130.888

130.820

133.759

B:

W:

81.635

42.660

2

41

40.818

1.040

39.23*




131

Table – XVII shows that the pre-test means on triglycerides of

Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga practice and




practice and control groups on triglycerides was lesser than the



The post-test mean values of triglycerides for Bihar School of


were 131.13 4.941, 131.67 3.83 and 132.67 4.562 respectively.

The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of 0.455 for post-test scores of Bihar


control groups was lesser than the required table value of 3.21 for

significance with df 2 and 42 at .05 level of confidence.





132





significant decrease in triglycerides after the training periods.



test is presented in Table - XVIII.

Table - XVIII


ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEAN OF TRIGLYCERIDES


Bihar School of

Yoga Practice

Group

BKS Iyengar

Yoga Practice

Group

Control group Mean

Difference

Confidence

interval at

.05 level

130.888 133.759 2.871* 1.1706545

130.888 130.820 0.068

1.1706545

130.820 133.759 2.939* 1.1706545


Table – XVIII shows that the adjusted post-test mean

difference in triglycerides between Bihar School of yoga practice


133







significantly decrease the triglycerides when compared with the

control group.

The mean values on triglycerides of Bihar School of yoga


graphically represented in figure - VIII.

134

129

129.5

130

130.5

131

131.5

132

132.5

133

133.5

134T

rig

lyce

rid

es

1 2 3



Figure – VIII : Bar Diagram Showing the Mean Values of Bihar School of



Triglycerides

135

High Density Lipoprotein


high density lipoprotein on Bihar School of yoga practice group,


and presented in Table – XIX.

Table - XIX

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN OF



Bihar

School

of Yoga

Practice

Group

BKS

Iyengar

Yoga

Practice

Group

Control

Group SOV

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square

‘F’

ratio

Pre- test

Mean

S.D.

45.07

2.463

44.53

3.021

44.87

2.949

B:

W:

2.178

334.40

2

42

1.089

7.962

0.137

Post-test

Mean

S.D.

47.60

2.772

46.80

3.189

44.00

2.803

B:

W:

107.20

360.00

2

42

53.60

8.571

6.253*

Adjusted

Post-test

Mean

47.357

47.088

43.956

B:

W:

107.232

28.394

2

41

53.616

0.693

77.419*




136

Table – XIX shows that the pre-test means on high density

lipoprotein of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar

yoga practice and control groups were 45.07 2.463, 44.53 3.021

and 44.87 2.949 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of

0.137 for pre-test score of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS

Iyengar yoga practice and control groups on high density lipoprotein



The post-test mean values of high density lipoprotein for Bihar











137





significant increase in high density lipoprotein after the training


significant increase, the Scheffé S test was applied. The result of the

follow-up test is presented in Table - XX.

Table - XX


ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEAN OF HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN


Bihar School of

Yoga Practice

Group

BKS Iyengar

Yoga Practice

Group

Control group Mean

Difference

Confidence

interval at

.05 level

47.357 43.956 3.401* 0.7713987

47.357 47.088 0.269

0.7713987

47.088 43.956 3.132* 0.7713987


Table – XX shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference

in high density lipoprotein between Bihar School of yoga practice


138







significantly increase the high density lipoprotein when compared


The mean values on high density lipoprotein of Bihar School


groups were graphically represented in figure - IX.

139

42

43

44

45

46

47

48H

igh

De

nsity L

ipo

pro

tein

s

1 2 3



Figure –IX : Bar Diagram Showing the Mean Values of Bihar School of


Practice Group (Exp. Group – II) and Control Group on High

Density Lipoprotein

140

Fasting Blood Glucose


fasting blood glucose on Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS


presented in Table – XXI.

Table - XXI

ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE OF



Bihar

School

of Yoga

Practice

Group

BKS

Iyengar

Yoga

Practice

Group

Control

Group SOV

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square

‘F’

ratio

Pre- test

Mean

S.D.

103.47

3.226

101.60

3.795

102.13

3.226

B:

W:

27.733

493.067

2

42

13.867

11.740

1.181

Post-test

Mean

S.D.

102.33

4.254

100.13

3.583

103.80

3.668

B:

W:

102.178

621.467

2

42

51.089

14.797

3.453*

Adjusted

Post-test

Mean

101.276

100.927

104.064

B:

W:

88.631

136.764

2

41

44.315

3.336

13.285*




141

Table – XXI shows that the pre-test means on fasting blood

glucose of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar yoga




Iyengar yoga practice and control groups on fasting blood glucose



The post-test mean values of fasting blood glucose for Bihar



3.668 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio value of 3.453 for post-

test scores of Bihar School of yoga practice group, BKS Iyengar

yoga practice and control groups was greater than the required table


confidence.




142






significant decrease in fasting blood glucose after the training



follow-up test is presented in Table - XXII.

Table - XXII


ADJUSTED POST-TEST MEAN OF FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE


Bihar School of

Yoga Practice

Group

BKS Iyengar

Yoga Practice

Group

Control group Mean

Difference

Confidence

interval at

.05 level

101.276 104.064 2.788* 1.6924869

101.276 100.927 0.349

1.6924869

100.927 104.064 3.137* 1.6924869


Table – XXII shows that the adjusted post-test mean

difference in fasting blood glucose between Bihar School of yoga

143

practice group and control group and BKS Iyengar yoga practice

group and control group were 2.788 and 3.137, which were

significant at .05 level of confidence. But, the adjusted post-test

mean difference between Bihar School of yoga practice group and

BKS Iyengar yoga practice group was 0.349 which was insignificant.

It may be concluded from the results of the study that Bihar School

of yoga practice group and BKS Iyengar yoga practice group has

significantly decrease the fasting blood glucose when compared with

the control group.

The mean values on fasting blood glucose of Bihar School of


were graphically represented in figure - X.

144

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105G

luco

se

1 2 3



Figure – X : Bar Diagram Showing the Mean Values of Bihar School of



fasting blood Glucose

145

DISCUSSION ON HYPOTHESES

1. In first hypotheses it was stated that there would be

significant positive changes in percentage of body fat, body mass

index (BMI), blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic), resting

pulse rate, breath holding time, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high

density lipoprotein and fasting blood glucose for both the training

groups such as, Swami Styananda Saraswati (Bihar School) yoga

practice group and B.K.S. Iyengar yoga practice group as compared

to control group. The result of the study shows that there was a

significant positive change for both the yoga practice groups, such

as, Swami Styananda Saraswati (Bihar School) yoga practice group

and B.K.S. Iyengar yoga practice group, after their respective

training programmes. So, the researcher’s first hypothesis was

accepted.

2. In second, it was hypothesized that there would be a

significant difference in percentage of body fat, body mass index

(BMI), blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic), resting pulse

rate, breath holding time, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density

lipoprotein and fasting blood glucose between Swami Styananda

146

Saraswati (Bihar School) yoga practice group and B.K.S. Iyengar

yoga practice group. The result of the study shows that there was no

significant difference found between the training groups such as,

Swami Styananda Saraswati (Bihar School) yoga practice group and

B.K.S. Iyengar yoga practice group, on selected criterion variables.

So, the researcher’s second hypothesis was rejected.

DISCUSSION ON FINDINGS

From the result of the study the following findings were

drawn:

The results of the study revealed that there was a significant

decrease in percentage of body fat after the Swami Styananda

Saraswati (Bihar School) yoga practice and B.K.S. Iyengar yoga

practice. The findings of Kesavachandran, Bihari and Mathur

(2009) shows that the physical activity has reduced the percentage of

body fat and Ajay, Rakesh and Ranjan (2010) found that there was

a significant reduction in body fat % after the yogic practices.

It was found from the result of the study that there was a

significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) after the two

different packages of yoga practices. Kesavachandran, Bihari and

147

Mathur (2009) and Pal et al, (2011) found that there was a

significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) after the yogic

practice period.

The result of the study shows that there was a significant

reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure after the respective

yogic practice periods, such as, Swami Styananda Saraswati (Bihar

School) yoga practice and B.K.S. Iyengar yoga practice. Pal et al,

(2011), Tundwala et al, (2012) and Satyanarayana et al, (2013)

found that there was a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic

blood pressure after the yogic practice.

The findings of the study show that there was a significant

reduction in resting pulse rate. Pal et al, (2011) and Satyanarayana

et al, (2013) found that there was a significant reduction in heart rate

after the yogic practice. Bharshankar et al (2003) and Rajender

Singh and Rohtash Kumar (2013) found that there was a significant

reduction in resting pulse rate after the yogic practice.

The result of the study revealed that there was a significant

increase in breath holding time after the two different yoga practices,

such as, Swami Styananda Saraswati (Bihar School) yoga practice

148

and B.K.S. Iyengar yoga practice. Rajender Singh and Rohtash

Kumar (2013) and Vyas and Dikshit (2002) found that there was a

significant improvement in breath holding time after the yoga

practice period.

The result of the study shows that there was a significant

reduction in total cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose

and a significant increase in high density lipoprotein after the Swami

Styananda Saraswati (Bihar School) yoga practice and B.K.S.

Iyengar yoga practice. Pal et al, (2011), Tundwala (2012) and

Telles (2010) found that there was a significant decrease in total

cholesterol and triglycerides and a significant improvement in high

density lipoprotein. Dhananjai (2011) found that yoga practice

decreased significantly fasting blood glucose.

The overall results revealed that there was a significant

positive changes in percentage of body fat, body mass index (BMI),

blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic), resting pulse rate, breath

holding time, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein

and fasting blood glucose. This is due to the practice of different

methods of yoga for six days per week for twelve weeks.

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