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Functional Neuroanatomy
Mazyar Fallah
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Course Website
www.yorku.ca/mfallah/kine3650
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Neurohistology
Characteristics of cells of the nervous
system Two main types of cells:
Neurons Glia, from Greek for glue.
Support neurons.
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General Neuron Anatomy
Dendritic Tree
Cell Body
Nucleus
Axon
Axon Hillock
PresynapticMembrane
Bipolar Neuron
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Cell Body Organelles
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Myelin
Insulation
Covers axons Nodes of Ranvier
Schwann cell PNS Oligodendrocyte -
CNS
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Dendrites
Increase the receptive
surface area Spines
Receive synaptic contactfrom other neurons
Can be quite complicated
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Glial Cells
Ependymal cells
Spinal cord Ventricles
Producecerebrospinal fluid(CSF)
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Nerve Fibers
Peripheral nerves
Vary in diameter
Myelinated or not
Sensory, Motor, or Both
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Peripheral Nerve Connective
Tissue Epineurium surface
Thick, protective, shockabsorber
Perineurium
surrounding Partitions groups of nerve
fibers
Endoneurium interior Covers each axon, contains
Schwann cells.
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Axonal Transport
Anterograde
Get materials to axonterminal
Slow or Fast
Retrograde Return materials to cell
body
Recycling system
Microtubules and kinesin
Highways and trucks
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Synapses
Excitatory vs Inhibitory
Electrical vs Chemical
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Neuromuscular Junction
Axon synapses on
muscle fiber Acetylcholine (ACh)
neurotransmitter Motor end plate
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AP
Ca2+entry
Ca2+
ACh release
Muscle
contraction
AChE
Na+
ACh- esterase
AChE breaks down ACh in the synaptic cleft
Poisons Acting
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Botulism
Poisons Acting
At NMJ(affecting ACh)
curare
nerve gase.g. sarin
Source: Haines, Fundamental Neuroscience, Churchill-Livingstone, 2002
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Source: Purves et al. Neuroscience, Sinauer Associates Inc: Massachusetts, 2001.
Neurotoxins
Krait snake
blocks receptors at NMJCone shell snail
Block postsynaptic receptors,
postsynaptic channels,presynaptic release of ACh
M h i G i
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Myasthenia Gravis
Source: Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, McGraw Hill, 2000
Normal Myasthenia gravisaxon
Musclefibre
Junctionalfolds
Axonterminal
ACh
receptors
Synaptic
vesicle
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Source: Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, McGraw Hill, 2000
Myasthenia Gravis Treatments
One minute afterAChE Inhib.
Patient with MG
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Neuronal Injury
Crushing vs Severed Chromatolysis
changing fromproducing NTs toproducing materials
for repair Retrograde vs
Anterograde
degeneration Walleriandegeneration