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Characterization of Characterization of kenaf/PLA kenaf/PLA compositescomposites
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 2006
PROJECTPROJECTEco-Houses Based on Eco-Friendly Polymer Eco-Houses Based on Eco-Friendly Polymer
Composite Construction Materials - ECO-PCCMComposite Construction Materials - ECO-PCCM
11 OKTOMVRI
EUROKOMPOZIT
ISO 9001:2000
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CompositionComposition PcPcss
Size, mmSize, mm Thickness, Thickness, mmmm
SpecifiSpecific c
weightweight,,
kg/mkg/m33
1 - ISOLKENAF1 - ISOLKENAF: : kenaf / PLA kenaf / PLA
44 400 x 600400 x 600 60 60 4040
2 - ISOLKENAF2 - ISOLKENAF: : kenaf / PLA kenaf / PLA 44 400 x 600400 x 600 50 50 4040
3 - ISOLKENAF3 - ISOLKENAF: : kenaf / kenaf / PLAPLA
44 400 x 600400 x 600 40 40 6060
4 - ISOLKENAF4 - ISOLKENAF: : kenaf / PLA kenaf / PLA 44 400 x 600400 x 600 40 40 8080
5 - ISOLKENAF5 - ISOLKENAF: : kenaf / PLA kenaf / PLA 44 400 x 600400 x 600 40 40 4040
6 - ISOLKENAF6 - ISOLKENAF: : kenaf / PLA kenaf / PLA 44 400 x 600400 x 600 30 30 4040
7 - ISOLKENAF7 - ISOLKENAF: : kenaf / PLA kenaf / PLA 44 120 x 120120 x 120 30 30 8080
8 - ISOLKENAF8 - ISOLKENAF: : kenaf / kenaf / PLAPLA
22 400 x 600400 x 600 10 10 6060
9 - ISOLKENAF9 - ISOLKENAF: : 60% kenaf / 60% kenaf / 40% PLA40% PLA
44 400 x 600400 x 600 2020 6060
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
DELIVERED KENAF/PLA PREFORMS BY K.E.F.I
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Hot plate Hot plate
Press piston Press piston
Press platen Press platen
Polster Polster
Release foil Release foil
The panels were fabricated by thermo compression in a closed mold.
Mold Mold
MANUFACTURING OF KENAF/PLA COMPOSITES
Closed mold and application of spacers Kenaf layers Kenaf layers
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
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MANUFACTURING OF KENAF/PLA COMPOSITES
PLA squeezed out
The application of the same press cycle (open mold and high pressure) as the one for kenaf/PP composites was impossible because PLA was squeezed out of the fibers.
Open mold panel
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
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MANUFACTURING OF KENAF/PLA COMPOSITES
To solve the problem of the PLA squeeze out, a To solve the problem of the PLA squeeze out, a closed mold and 9.0 mm thick spacers were closed mold and 9.0 mm thick spacers were applied to prevent full closure of the mold and applied to prevent full closure of the mold and migration of PLA to the boundaries of the migration of PLA to the boundaries of the composite panel.composite panel.
All manufactured composites of kenaf/PLA All manufactured composites of kenaf/PLA were 120x120x~9.0 mmwere 120x120x~9.0 mm
kenaf/PLA layers
spacers
Mold in open position
Mold in closed position
kenaf/PLA composite
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
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The samples of the kenaf fibers preforms are prepared of 2 layers kenaf / PLA and 4 layers kenaf / PLA in dependance of the thickness on the start preforms kenaf / PLA
The final composites were approximately 9 mm thick. The size of the composite The final composites were approximately 9 mm thick. The size of the composite plates is chosen for best utilization of the material because the test specimen plates is chosen for best utilization of the material because the test specimen have to be 120 mm long. Specimen dimensions were according to the have to be 120 mm long. Specimen dimensions were according to the respective standards.respective standards.
Of all available kenaf preforms we prepared final composites.
Set:Set: 2 layers kenaf / PLA 2 layers kenaf / PLA Set:Set: 4 layers kenaf / PLA 4 layers kenaf / PLA
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
Press Cycle:Press Cycle:T=175T=175OOCCPm = until Pm = until
closing on the closing on the spacersspacers
t = 20 mint = 20 min
MANUFACTURING OF KENAF/PLA COMPOSITES
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PropertyProperty
Test Test MethodMethod
ComposiComposite: te:
kenaf/PLkenaf/PLAA
(d=60 (d=60 mm; mm; =40 =40
kg/mkg/m33))
ComposiComposite: te:
kenaf/PLkenaf/PLAA
(d=50 (d=50 mm; mm; =40 =40
kg/mkg/m33))
CompositComposite: e:
kenaf/PLkenaf/PLAA
(d=40 mm; (d=40 mm; =60 =60 kg/mkg/m33))
Areal weight, kg/m Areal weight, kg/m 22 JUS JUS G.S2.51G.S2.51
6,86,8 4,54,5 6,16,1
Water absorption, %Water absorption, % ISO/DP ISO/DP 96749674
64,664,6 180,0180,0 85,185,1
Fire resistanceFire resistance UL 94UL 94 burnsburns burnsburns burnsburns
Flexural strength, MPaFlexural strength, MPa DIN DIN 5345753457
11,811,8 1,761,76 10,010,0
Flexural modulus, GPaFlexural modulus, GPa DIN DIN 5345753457
1,11,1 0,080,08 0,60,6
Impact strength, an 9, Impact strength, an 9, kJ/m kJ/m 22
DIN DIN 5345353453
53,853,8 9,59,5 60,060,0
Impact strength, an10, Impact strength, an10, kJ/m kJ/m 22
DIN DIN 5345353453
93,793,7 12,112,1 84,084,0
Compression strength, Compression strength, MPaMPa
DIN DIN 5345453454
3,63,6 0,870,87 3,53,5
Testing of kenaf / PLA compositesTesting of kenaf / PLA composites
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
Physical and mechanical characteristics of kenaf/PLA composites – average value
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Composite Composite kenaf/PLA:kenaf/PLA:
d=50mm; d=50mm; =40kg/m=40kg/m33
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
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PropertyProperty
Test Test MethodMethod
CompositComposite: e:
kenaf/PLkenaf/PLAA
(d=40 (d=40 mm; mm; =80 =80
kg/mkg/m33))
CompositComposite: e:
kenaf/PLAkenaf/PLA(d=40 mm; (d=40 mm;
=40 =40 kg/mkg/m33))
CompositComposite: e:
kenaf/PLkenaf/PLAA
(d=30 (d=30 mm; mm; =40 =40
kg/mkg/m33))
Areal weight, kg/m Areal weight, kg/m 22 JUS JUS G.S2.51G.S2.51
5,85,8 3,83,8 3,43,4
Water absorption, %Water absorption, % ISO/DP ISO/DP 96749674
80,180,1 147,6147,6 94,594,5
Fire resistanceFire resistance UL 94UL 94 burnsburns burnsburns burnsburns
Flexural strength, MPaFlexural strength, MPa DIN DIN 5345753457
9,89,8 2,32,3 5,85,8
Flexural modulus, GPaFlexural modulus, GPa DIN DIN 5345753457
0,70,7 1,51,5 0,30,3
Impact strength, an 9, Impact strength, an 9, kJ/m kJ/m 22
DIN DIN 5345353453
100,0100,0 9,79,7 6,86,8
Impact strength, an10, Impact strength, an10, kJ/m kJ/m 22
DIN DIN 5345353453
47,047,0 15,815,8 14,514,5
Compression strength, Compression strength, MPaMPa
DIN DIN 5345453454
4,64,6 0,70,7 1,271,27
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
Testing of kenaf / PLA compositesTesting of kenaf / PLA composites
Physical and mechanical characteristics of kenaf/PLA composites – average value
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Composite kenaf/PLA: d=40mm; Composite kenaf/PLA: d=40mm; =40kg/m=40kg/m33
The composite samples after testingThe composite samples after testing
Composite Composite kenaf/PLA:kenaf/PLA:
d=10mm; d=10mm; =60kg/m=60kg/m33
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PropertyProperty
Test Test MethodMethod
CompositComposite: e:
kenaf/PLkenaf/PLAA
(d=30 (d=30 mm; mm; =80 =80
kg/mkg/m33))
CompositComposite: e:
kenaf/PLkenaf/PLAA
(d=10 mm; (d=10 mm; =60 =60 kg/mkg/m33))
Composite: Composite: 60%kenaf/40%60%kenaf/40%
PLAPLA(d=20 mm; (d=20 mm;
=60 kg/m=60 kg/m33))
Area weight, kg/m Area weight, kg/m 22 JUS JUS G.S2.5G.S2.5
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6,76,7 3,1 3,1
0,650,65
Water absorption, %Water absorption, % ISO/DP ISO/DP 96749674
72,272,2 121,4121,4 51,551,5
Fire resistanceFire resistance UL 94UL 94 burnsburns burnsburns burnsburns
Flexural strength, Flexural strength, MPaMPa
DIN DIN 5345753457
16,216,2 2,92,9 21,721,7
Flexural modulus, Flexural modulus, GPaGPa
DIN DIN 5345753457
1,61,6 0,20,2 1,221,22
Impact strength, an 9, Impact strength, an 9, kJ/m kJ/m 22
DIN DIN 5345353453
3737 19,319,3 43,243,2
Impact strength, Impact strength, an10, kJ/m an10, kJ/m 22
DIN DIN 5345353453
5252 12,712,7 60,360,3
Compression Compression strength, MPastrength, MPa
DIN DIN 5345453454
6,26,2 1,311,31 6,56,5
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
Testing of kenaf / PLA compositesTesting of kenaf / PLA composites
Physical and mechanical characteristics of kenaf/PLA composites – average value
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Composite Composite 60%kenaf/40%PL60%kenaf/40%PLA:A:
d=20mm; d=20mm; =60kg/m=60kg/m33
The composite samples after testingThe composite samples after testing
Composite Composite kenaf/PLA:kenaf/PLA:
d=30mm; d=30mm; =80kg/m=80kg/m33
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
MPa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Flexural strength
Compression strength
FLEXURAL AND COMPRESSION STRENGTH FOR ALL COMPOSITES
11 – Kenaf / PLA (d=60mm; – Kenaf / PLA (d=60mm; =40kg/m3); =40kg/m3); 22 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=50mm; (d=50mm; =40kg/m3)=40kg/m3); ; 33 – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; =60kg/m3); =60kg/m3); 44 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; (d=40mm; =80kg/m3);=80kg/m3);55 – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; =40kg/m3); =40kg/m3); 66 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=30mm; (d=30mm; =40kg/m3); =40kg/m3); 77 – Kenaf / PLA (d=30mm; – Kenaf / PLA (d=30mm; =80kg/m3); =80kg/m3); 88 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=10mm; (d=10mm; =60kg/m3);=60kg/m3);99 – 60% Kenaf / 40% PLA – 60% Kenaf / 40% PLA (d=20mm; (d=20mm; =60kg/m3)=60kg/m3); ;
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
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0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
GPa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
FLEXURAL MODULUS FOR ALL COMPOSITES
1 – Kenaf / PLA (d=60mm; r=40kg/m3); 2 – Kenaf / PLA (d=50mm; r=40kg/m3); 3 – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; r=60kg/m3); 4 – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; r=80kg/m3);5 – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; =40kg/m3); 6 – Kenaf / PLA (d=30mm; =40kg/m3); 7 – Kenaf / PLA (d=30mm; =80kg/m3); 8 – Kenaf / PLA (d=10mm; =60kg/m3);9 – 60% Kenaf / 40% PLA (d=20mm; =60kg/m3);
11 – Kenaf / PLA (d=60mm; – Kenaf / PLA (d=60mm; =40kg/m3); =40kg/m3); 22 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=50mm; (d=50mm; =40kg/m3)=40kg/m3); ; 33 – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; =60kg/m3); =60kg/m3); 44 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; (d=40mm; =80kg/m3);=80kg/m3);55 – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; =40kg/m3); =40kg/m3); 66 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=30mm; (d=30mm; =40kg/m3); =40kg/m3); 77 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=30mm; (d=30mm; =80kg/m3)=80kg/m3); ; 88 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=10mm; (d=10mm; =60kg/m3);=60kg/m3);99 – 60% Kenaf / 40% PLA – 60% Kenaf / 40% PLA (d=20mm; (d=20mm; =60kg/m3)=60kg/m3); ;
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Impact strength, an 9
Impact strength, an 15
11 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=60mm; (d=60mm; =40kg/m3)=40kg/m3); ; 22 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=50mm; (d=50mm; =40kg/m3); =40kg/m3); 33 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; (d=40mm; =60kg/m3)=60kg/m3); ; 44 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; (d=40mm; =80kg/m3)=80kg/m3);;55 – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; – Kenaf / PLA (d=40mm; =40kg/m3); =40kg/m3); 66 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=30mm; (d=30mm; =40kg/m3); =40kg/m3); 77 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=30mm; (d=30mm; =80kg/m3)=80kg/m3); ; 88 – Kenaf / PLA – Kenaf / PLA (d=10mm; (d=10mm; =60kg/m3);=60kg/m3);99 – 60% Kenaf / 40% PLA – 60% Kenaf / 40% PLA (d=20mm; (d=20mm; =60kg/m3)=60kg/m3); ;
IMPACT STRENGTH FOR ALL COMPOSITES
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
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Impact strength Impact strength ““an 15an 15””
Impact strength Impact strength ““an 9an 9””
15 mm
9 mm
ECO-PCCMECO-PCCM Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006 Fourth Meeting, Sofia, Bulgaria, April 6-7, 2006
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION