ADAMSON UNIVERSITYCollege of EngineeringChemical Engineering DepartmentM a n i l a

Ch.E. Industrial Chemistry Laboratory Manual

Prepared by:

Committee for Laboratory Manual of the Chemical Engineering Department

Table of Contents:Course Description(i)

Laboratory Rules and Guidelines(ii)

Product Development Plan(iii)

ExperimentNo.Title

1Preparation of Soap

2Fabric Conditioner (Cold Processes)

3Face Lotion

4Powdered Detergent

5Preparation of Nata De Coco

6Cologne

7Cologne Gel

8Cream Perfume

9Cold Cream

10Decorative Candle Making

11Fruit Wine Making

CH.E. INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY (Laboratory)

Course Description:

This is a laboratory course that involves actual preparation of industrial products commonly encountered in the chemical process industries such as manufacture of vegetable oil, refined vegetable oil, soap, wine, refined sugar, paper etc.

No. of hours: 54 hours

Course Credit Units: 1 unit

General Objectives:

After completing this course, the student must be able to:

1. Do the research on the laboratory procedures in the preparation of industrial products.

2. Conduct experiments dealing with common chemical processes with important consideration on safety, economy and product quality.

3. Exhibit confidence and ease in the laboratory preparation of the selected industrial products in preparation for industrial exposure.

4. Be familiarized with other chemical processes especially those conducted in the Philippines.

POLICIES AND GUIDELINES ON THE USE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING/CHEMISTRY LABORATORIES

1. Chemical Engineering laboratories are open for equipment review and other preparatory work from 8 am to 5 pm Monday through Friday. Equipment may only be operated and chemicals will be dispensed during scheduled laboratory hours. Written approval of the faculty adviser, laboratory coordinator, and ChE chairperson are required for anyone (e.g. research students) to use the laboratory during Saturdays or to operate equipment on non-scheduled laboratory days.

2. For the use of equipment, computers, and chemicals, students and faculty members must sign in the log books for proper monitoring of the equipment.

3. No equipment is to be operated until the approval of the instructor and laboratory coordinator has been obtained at the check-in meeting. Only the equipment pertaining to the assigned experiment is to be operated. All members of a group are to be properly informed on the safety aspects of their assigned experiment and to be familiar with the safety aspects of surrounding experiments. Before any apparatus can be operated in the laboratory, the group must have a second on-site safety check-in.

4. Students are required to prepare handling and storage procedures of chemicals and materials to be used and waste disposal/treatment procedures approved by the faculty adviser and laboratory coordinator prior to any experiment.

5. Transfer or movement of equipment or devices from the laboratories will not be allowed without approval of advance notice (at least 2 days before the request schedule) from the laboratory coordinator.

6. In borrowing glassware and accessories of the equipment, equipment and in using laboratory facility, students must accomplish Form A (Request for the Use of Laboratory Facilities and Equipment) with the signature of the professor.

7. In case of breakages, damages, or losses:(A) A student accomplishes three copies of the Breakage Forms/Charge Slip Form (Form B) duty signed by all members of the group.(B) The student requests the signature of the instructor and returns the form to the laboratory personnel.(C) The laboratory personnel indicate the price of the damaged or lost item.(D) The students are given one week to replace the items with the same brand or specifications. If the students fail to replace the said item, the item is then forwarded to the Cashiers Office for payment.(E) After payment, the students return the forms to the laboratory personnel with the photocopy of the official receipt.(F) They must be advised to keep the original receipt for future reference.

8. Students should always wear their laboratory gowns or aprons when working in the laboratory. Safety goggles and safety gloves must also be worn whenever applicable. Students must also observe proper attire specifically closed footwear to protect them from spilled chemicals or hot fluids. Neckties, dangling clothing or jewelry and other unsafe items are prohibited.

9. Sleeping is prohibited in the laboratory. Violation of this rule will result in dismissal from the laboratory for that day.

10. Horseplay of any sort is absolutely prohibited in the laboratory.

11. As a general rule, eating, drinking, chewing gum, and smoking are not allowed inside laboratories.

12. All safety precautions must be followed at all times.

13. No operating equipment will be left unattended. At least two members of the group must be present while the equipment is operating.

14. The laboratory floor must be kept dry, clean, and uncluttered at all times. Any spills should be cleaned up immediately.

15. All injuries, accident, hazardous situation, losses, leaks, malfunctions or breakages must be reported to the laboratory personnel or professor immediately. 16. All chemicals must be transported in a safety carrier. All mercury and alcohol thermometers and more than one item of glassware must be transported in a bucket or other suitable container.

17. The students are expected to be familiar with the safety aspects of all chemicals used in the laboratory.

18. Listening to radios, walkman, MP3s, MP4s, etc. is strictly prohibited in the laboratory.

19. Playing computer games; using and recharging of cellular phones; or viewing DVDs is prohibited in the laboratory.

20. Applying cosmetics are prohibited in the laboratory.

21. Precautions should be taken to prevent long hair from being entangled in moving parts of the equipment.

22. A violation notice will be issued by the Laboratory Coordinator or Laboratory Student Assistant or by the assigned Laboratory Professor to any student found violating any of these rules and regulations.

23. Any SERIOUS VIOLATION of any of these safety rules or laboratory policies may lead to immediate dismissal from the laboratory. A person who repeatedly disregards the safety rules or laboratory policies for at least 3 times will be called in for disciplinary action with the ChE chairperson. A penalty that suits the violation may be imposed and, at the discretion of his/her laboratory professor, the students grade may be severely affected.Other policies may be given as situation arises and in consideration of our best interest. It is expected that these sets of policies serve as a guide for us to work safely and efficiently.

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

PREPARATION OF SOAP

In chemistry,soapis asaltof afatty acid.Soap is mainly used forwashing,bathing, and cleaning, but soaps are also used in textile spinning and are important components oflubricants. Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkalinesolution. Fats and oils are composed of triglycerides: three molecules of fatty acids attached to a single molecule of glycerol.The alkaline solution, often calledlye, brings about a chemical reaction known assaponification. In Saponification, the fats are first hydrolyzed into free fatty acids, which then combine with the alkali to form crude soap. Glycerol, often called glycerin, is liberated and is either left in or washed out and recovered as a useful by-product according to the process employed.Soaps are key components of most lubricating greases, which are usually emulsions ofcalciumor lithiumsoaps and mineral oil.Calcium and Lithium-based greasesare widely used in engineering applications. Other metallic soaps are also useful, including those of aluminum, sodium, and mixtures of them. Such soaps are also used as thickeners to increase the viscosity of oils. In ancient times, lubricating greases were made by the addition of lime toolive oil.

Saponificationis a process that producessoap, usually from fats and lye. In technical terms, saponification involvesbase(usually NaOH)hydrolysisoftriglycerides, which areestersof fatty acids, to form the sodiumsaltof acarboxylates. In addition to soap, such traditional saponification processes producesglycerol. "Saponifiable substances" are those that can be converted into soap.

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

PREPARATION OF SOAP

OBJECTIVES:1. To prepare a simple soap using the available raw materials indicated in the experiment.2. To teach the students how to make soaps using simple raw materials which they can find in their homes.

APPARATUSES:1. 1000 mL Beaker 2. Stirring rod3. Bunsen burner4. Evaporating dish5. Cloth filter6. Molder

RAW MATERIALS:1. 100 mL of Cooking Oil2. 60 mL of 50% NaOH3. 210 mL of 35% NaCl4. 80 mL distilled water

PROCEDURES: 1. Place the cooking in a beaker and apply heat. When the oil is already hot, add the NaOH solution little by little, stirring it during the addition (Caution: Spattering may occur).2. Continue applying heat until the mixture is homogeneous and fairly thick.3. Stop applying heat. Immediately add NaCl solution and stir well. Soap, being insoluble in salt solution will separate put. The liquid which contains the glycerol and the excess NaOH is called nigre.4. Filter the precipitated soap through a cloth filter and rinse it well with cold water.5. Transfer the soap into an evaporating dish and dissolve it by boiling with distilled water.6. Evaporate the solution to a jelly like consistency and transfer it in a mold. Allow it to solidify.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

FABRIC SOFTENER(Coldprocess)

A fabric softener is a liquid composition added to washing machines during the rinse cycle to make clothes feel better to the touch. These products work by depositing lubricating chemicals on the fabric that make it feel softer, reduce static cling, and impart a fresh fragrance. The first fabric softeners were developed by the textile industry during the early twentieth century. At that time the process that was used to dye cotton fibers left them feeling harsh. In the early 1900s, preparations known as cotton softeners were developed to improve the feel of these fibers after dyeing. A typical cotton softener consisted of seven parts water, three parts soap, and one part olive, corn, or tallow oil. With advances in organic chemistry, new compounds were created that could soften fabric more effectively. These improved formulations soon found their way into the commercial market.

By the 1960s several major marketers, including Procter and Gamble, had begun selling liquid fabric softener compositions for home use. The popularity of these products dramatically increased over the next decade as manufacturers developed new formulations that provided improved softness and more appealing fragrances.In the late 1970s manufacturers found a way to deliver fabric softening benefits in a dryer sheet format. These sheets provide some of the benefits of fabric softeners but give the added convenience of being able to be added in the dryer instead of the washer rinse cycle. However, while dryer sheets are very popular today, liquid softeners are still widely used because they are more effective.

In the 1990s, environmentally minded manufacturers began test marketing ultra-concentrated formulations. These "ultra" formulations are designed such that only about one-quarter as much product has to be used and therefore they can be packaged in smaller containers. However the perceived value to the consumer is lower because there are fewer products and the price is higher. It remains to be seen if these ultra concentrates will succeed in today's marketplace.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2

FABRIC SOFTENER(Cold process)

OBJECTIVES:1. To be familiar with the use of the ingredients in the experiments.2. To determine the effectiveness of the experiment.

APPARATUSES:1. Strainer2. Spoon3. 1000 mL Beaker 4. 12-13 L Pail5. Containers or bottles

REAGENTS:1. 1 Kg softener flakes2. 12-13 L water3. Colorant4. 12 mL Preservative / antibac 5. 30 mL Anti-foam 6. 100 mL Downy scent

PROCEDURES:1. Dissolve 1kg softener flakes in 12-13 liters of water.2. Add colorant (as desired), preservative / antibac (12 mL), anti-foam (30 mL) and Downy scent (100 mL).3. Mix all ingredients completely.4. Repack in containers or bottles.

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

FACE LOTION

Cosmetics are substances used to enhance the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and facial makeup, towelettes, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, hand sanitizer, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products. A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the users appearance. Many manufacturers distinguish between decorative cosmetics and care cosmetics.

A lotion is a low- to medium-viscosity, topical preparation intended for application to unbroken skin. By contrast, creams and gels have higher viscosity.

Lotions are usually applied to external skin with bare hands, a clean cloth, cotton wool or gauze. Many lotions, especially hand creams and face cream are formulated not as a medicine delivery system, but simply to smooth, re-hydrate, and soften the skin. These are particularly popular with the aging and aged demographic groups, and in the case of face usage, can also be classified as a cosmetic in many cases, and may contain fragrances.

Most lotions are oil-in-water emulsions using a substance such as cetearyl alcohol to keep the emulsion together, but water-in-oil lotions are also formulated. The key components of a skin care lotion, cream or gel emulsion (that is mixtures of oil and water) are the aqueous and oily phases, an emulgent to prevent separation of these two phases, and, if used, the drug substance or substances. A wide variety of other ingredients such as fragrances, glycerol, petroleum jelly, dyes, preservatives, proteins and stabilizing agents are commonly added to lotions.

In this experiment, anti-bacterial face lotion is made. Face lotion will be composed mainly of ethyl alcohol. Color and oiliness of the solution will be enhanced by adding Ferric Chloride and glycerol, respectively.

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

FACE LOTION

OBJECTIVES:1. To be familiar with the ingredients in the experiment.2. To know how oiliness of the product be increased.3. To prepare a simple face lotion made up of only few ingredients.

APPARATUSES:1. Analytical Balance2. 10 and 50 mL Graduated Cylinder 3. Medicine Dropper4. Stirring Rod5. Beaker

RAW MATERIALS:1. 1.65 mL of 95% ethyl alcohol2. 10mL of water3. 5mL of glycerol4. 0.5g of menthol5. 0.1g of salicylic acid6. one drop of 1% FeCl3 solution

PROCEDURES:1. To 65 mL of 95% ethyl alcohol, add10mL of water,5mL of glycerol,0.5g of menthol,0.1g of salicylic acid andone drop of 1% FeCl3 solution. 2. The intensity of the color may be increased by the addition of more ferric chloride solution. This lotion dries quickly and has a pleasant after-glow. Its oiliness may be increased by increasing the glycerol content, with a corresponding decrease in the alcohol content.

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

POWDER DETERGENT

The chemistry of soap manufacturing remain primarily the same until the year 1916, when the first synthetic detergent was developed in Germany in response to the shortage of fats for making soaps during the World War I. Commonly known as detergents today, synthetic detergents are non-soap washing and cleaning products, which are put together chemically or synthesized to produce a variety of raw materials. The invention of detergents was also driven by the need for a cleaning agent, which, unlike soap, would not combine with the mineral salts in water to form an insoluble substance (soap curd) on the fabric.

A detergent is a surfactant (Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, the interfacial tension between two liquids, or that between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.) Or a mixture of surfactants having "cleaning properties in dilute solutions." In common usage, "detergent" refers to alkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are less affected by hard water. In most household contexts, the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions.

One of the largest applications of detergents is for cleaning clothing. The formulations are complex, reflecting the diverse demands of the application and the highly competitive consumer market. In general, laundry detergents contain water softeners, surfactants, bleach, enzymes, brighteners, fragrances, and many other agents. The formulation is strongly affected by the temperature of the cleaning water and varies from country to country.

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

POWDER DETERGENT

OBJECTIVES:1. To know how mixtures of different bases increase the effectiveness of the detergent.2. To know the proportions of the components of a detergent.3. To be able to prepare a powder detergent.

APPARATUSES:1. Basin2. 50 mL Graduated cylinder

RAW MATERIALS:1. 1 kg linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) powder (grease remover)2. 1 kg coconut fatty alcohol sulfate (CFAS) powder (soap-base)3. 2 kg soda ash4. 6.5 kg sodium sulfate5. 100 g speckles6. 30 mL scent oil

PROCEDURES:1. In a basin, mix 1 kg LABS powder and 2 kg of SODA Ash.2. Add 1 kg of CFAS powder and 6.5 kg sodium sulfate. Mix.3. Add 100g speckles and 30 mL scent oil. Press and mix well.

EXPERIMENT NO. 5

PREPARATION OF NATA DE COCO

Nata de coco is a chewy, translucent, traditional Philippine dessert which is "coconut gel-product from coconut water by bacterial fermentation-prepared". It is produced through fermentation of coconut water, which gels through the production of microbial cellulose by Acetobacter xylinus. It is very sensitive to environmental conditions, finding the right place and temperature in which the mother nata would set the coconut juice required a lot of experimentation. Nata de coco is most commonly sweetened as a candy or dessert, and can accompany many things including pickles, drinks, ice cream, puddings and fruit mixes. The product originates from the Philippines.

Nata de coco comes from Spanish "cream of coconut". Cream in this sense means the fat from the coconut milk. The Spanish name is a result of Spain's colonization of the Philippines.

Nata de coco is highly regarded for its high dietary fibre, and its low fat and cholesterol content. Strips of nata de coco are used in mass-produced bubble tea drinks as a healthier alternative to tapioca.

The primarily coconut water dessert is produced through a series of steps from:1. Extraction of coconut water2. Fermentation of the coconut water with bacterial cultures3. Separating and cutting the produced mat of nata de coco4. Cleaning and washing the acetic acid out of the nata de coco5. Cutting to packaging

Commercial nata de coco is made by small farms in the Philippines and Indonesia.

EXPERIMENT NO. 5

PREPARATION OF NATA DE COCO

OBJECTIVES:1. To have an idea on how to make nata de coco.2. To compare the taste and quality of nata de coco produced in the laboratory and in the industry.

RAW MATERIALS:1. 12 cups of coconut water2. 1 cup sugar3. 2 tbsp. ammonium sulfate4. 2 tbsp. glacial acetic acid5. cup nata starter

PROCEDURES:1. Strain the coconut water through a chess cloth.2. Add the sugar and the acetic acid.3. Boil for ten minutes and let cool.4. Add the nata starter and distribute the mixture equally in gallon glass jars to about 2 to 3 inches deep (add a pinch of ammonium sulfate to each jar for a more rapid growth of nata).5. Cover the jars with papers and set aside undisturbed for about two weeks.6. Harvest the nata when there are about an inch thick.7. Wash thoroughly and cut into cubes.8. Immerse in water for 2 days, changing often to remove the sour odor.9. Boil in plenty of water for 2 or more times until the sour taste and odor are removed.10. Drain and then weigh.11. Add an equal weight of sugar and stir thoroughly.12. Allow to soak overnight.13. Boil for 10 min and add desired flavoring (pineapple or nangka).14. Pack in 12 oz. preserving jar and sterilize in boiling water for 25 minutes and seal tightly.

EXPERIMENT NO. 6

COLOGNE

Cologne is a toiletry, aperfumein a style that originated fromCologne, Germany. It is nowadays a generic term for scented formulations in typical concentration of 2-5%essential oils. However as of today cologne is a blend of extracts, alcohol, and water. Colognes may be used by men or women but are generally marketed to men as an alternative to perfume.

In a base of diluteethanol(70-90%), Eau de Cologne contains a mixture ofcitrusoils including oils oflemon,orange,tangerine,bergamot,lime,grapefruitandneroli. It can also contain oils oflavender,rosemary,thyme,petit grain(orange leaf), andjasmine.

The originalEau de Cologneis a spirit-citrus perfume launched inColognein 1709 byGiovanni Maria Farina(16851766), an Italian perfume maker from Santa Maria MaggioreValle Vigezzo,Italy. In 1708, Farina wrote to his brother Jean Baptiste: "I have found a fragrance that reminds me of an Italian spring morning, of mountain daffodils and orange blossoms after the rain".He named his fragranceEau de Cologne, in honor of his new hometown.

The OriginalEau de Colognecomposed by Farina was used only as a perfume and delivered to "nearly all royal houses in Europe".His ability to produce a constantly homogenous fragrance consisting of dozens of monoessences was seen as a sensation at the time. At the time, a single vial of thisaqua mirabilis(Latin:miracle water) cost half the annual salary of a civil servant. When free trade was established in Cologne by the French in 1797, the success ofEau de Cologneprompted countless other businessmen to sell their own fragrances under the name ofEau de Cologne.

Giovanni Maria Farina's formula has been produced inColognesince 1709 byFarina opposite the Jlichplatzand to this day remains a secret. His shop at Obenmarspforten opened in 1709 and is today the world's oldest fragrance factory. Other Colognes were launched over 100 years after Farina's one, such as the famous Cologne4711, named after its location at "Glockengasse No. 4711". In 1806, Jean Marie Joseph Farina, a grand-grand-nephew ofGiovanni Maria Farina(16851766), opened a perfumery business inParisthat was later sold toRoger & Gallet. That company now owns the rights toEau de Cologne extra vieillein contrast to theOriginal Eau de ColognefromCologne.

Eau de Cologne, or just "cologne", has now become a generic term.

The term "cologne" can be applied to perfume for men or women, but modern convention dictates, in the English language, that it should be assumed the term is most likely when talking about men's fragrance.

EXPERIMENT NO. 6

COLOGNE

OBJECTIVES:1. To give students the idea of making cologne. 2. To compare the output cologne of the experiment from the standard commercial cologne.

APPARATUSES:1. Pyrex glass2. Stirring rod or mixer

REAGENTS:1. Fragrance Oil 8%2. Propylene Glycol 2%3. Deionized water 10%4. Ethyl Alcohol 80%(Excipients)5. EDTA-Chelating Agent6. Anti-Oxidants7. Colorants

PROCEDURES:1. Mix the fragrance oil and alcohol together with propylene glycol by a stirring rod or mixer in a pyrex glass.2. Add water, colorant, EDTA, anti-oxidant, and mix.3. Stand for 2-3 weeks.4. Chill at 40C overnight.5. Filter while cold then pack using bottles.

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

COLOGNE GEL

Acologne gel is a solid,jelly-likematerial and a mixture of fragrantessential oilsand/oraroma compounds, fixatives, andsolventsthat is gelatin like used to give the human body, animals, objects, and living spaces a pleasantscent that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough.

The odoriferous compounds that make up a cologne gel can be manufactured synthetically or extracted from plant or animal sources.

Cologne gels have been known to exist in some of the earliest human civilizations either through ancient texts or from archaeological digs. Cologne gels are defined as a substantially dilutecross-linkedsystem, which exhibits no flow when in the steady-state and possess the pleasant odor of perfume. By weight, cologne gels are mostly liquid, yet they behave like solids due to a three-dimensional cross-linked network within the liquid. It is the crosslinks within the fluid that give a cologne gel its structure (hardness) and contribute to stickiness (tack). In this way cologne gels are a dispersion of molecules of a liquid within a solid in which the solid is the continuous phase and the liquid is the discontinuous phase.

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

COLOGNE GEL

OBJECTIVES:1. To distinguish the quality of cologne gel made in the laboratory from the standard one.2. To give the students an idea on how to make cologne gel3. To compare cologne gel and liquid cologne

APPARATUSES:1. Beaker (1000 mL)2. Stirring rod

REAGENTS:1. 51.7 g Distilled water2. 0.7 g Carboner 940 (Polycarboxylic acid)3. 0.5 g D-Panthenol 50P4. 0.2 g Methyl Paraben5. 0.9 g Tea(Triethanol Amine)6. 3.0g Emulsogen EL7. 3.0g Fragrance8. 40.0 g Ethyl Alcohol9. 0.05 g Irgasan AP 300

PROCEDURES:1. Mix Methyl Paraben into the distilled water. 2. Add carboner 940, then tea and mix.3. After adding, the gel has thickened. If the gel becomes watery, add additional tea.4. Mix panthenol 50P, Fragrance and Irgasan AR300 into the alcohol. Add this to the gel solution and mix.

Note:If there will be additional ingredients/materials, reduce correspondingly the amount of distilled water.Emulsogen EL is a solubilizer that creates clear gel.

EXPERIMENT NO. 8

CREAM PERFUME

Solid perfumesor cream perfumes areperfumesin solid form. It is usually uncommon compared to liquid type of perfumes. Historically, ointment-likeunguentshave been used as a type of solid perfume sinceEgyptian times. Normally the substance that gives the cream its base comes from a type ofwaxthat is initially melted. Once melted, a scent/or several scents may be added and then furthered developed until the cream base reaches the desired consistency. Solid perfumes have seen resurgence in recent years.Solid perfume is used either by rubbing your finger against it and then onto skin, or dipping a cotton swab into it and then onto your skin. Sometimes solid perfume can take more time for the deeper notes to come out that an Eau de Toilette spray perfume.

EXPERIMENT NO. 8

CREAM PERFUME

OBJECTIVES:1. To produce a cream perfume that has a quality that will be marketable.2. To know the difference of making solid perfume from liquid perfume.

ApparatusES:1. Tripod2. Burner3. Stirring rod4. Beaker5. Thermometer6. Watch glass

RAW MATERIALS:

GROUP A:2.0 g glycerol monostearate14.0 g stearic acid3.0 g lanoline0.1 g propyl paraben

GROUP B:4.0 g deionized water0.5 g glycerine5-10% perfume0.25 g methyl paraben

PROCEDURES:1. Add materials in A. Heat to 85-90 C.2. Add materials in B except perfume. Heat to 75 80 C.3. When both A and B are melted combine and stir continuously until cool.4. When temperature reaches 35 C add perfume.5. Age for 7-14 days. Put inside the freezer to stabilize their pack.

EXPERIMENT NO. 9

COLD CREAM

Cold creamis anemulsionof water and certain fats which includes beeswax and various scented chemicals. Cold cream is designed to make the skin smooth and it also helps in removing makeup marks. The name is derived from the cool feeling that the cream leaves on the skin. Variations of the product have been used for nearly two-thousand years.

OBJECTIVES:1. To produce a good quality cold cream.2. To be able to determine key ingredients that was used for the cold cream.

APPARATUSES:1. Beaker2. Medicine dropper3. Jar4. Stirring Rod5. Evaporating Dish6. Test Tube

RAW MATERIALS: 1. 10 g White Beeswax2. 5.0g Paraffin3. 20 mL Borax Solution Na2B4O74. 5 drops lemon oil

PROCEDURES:1. Fill the beaker half-full of water, and set it to boil. This will serve as a water bath for controlled heating of the evaporating dish to be placed on top of the beaker.2. Cut 10 grams of portion of white beeswax into smaller pieces and place it in an evaporating dish.3. While the beeswax is melting, place 5 grams of shredded paraffin in a test tube. Add 20 mL of mineral oil to the beeswax and heat the mixture with constant stirring until it is completely melted 70 degrees Celsius.4. Now, add 25 mL of borax solution, a little at a time with constant stirring. 5. Finally, stir in a few drops of rose oil. 6. Carefully pour the cream into a jar and observe the contents.

EXPERIMENT NO. 10

DECORATIVE CANDLE MAKING

There are lots of kinds of wax depending on its source. They may be from animal, vegetable, mineral and synthetic. Vegetable waxes that are used as coatings derived from stems, leaves, flowers and seeds. Animal waxes that are used as protective coatings are secreted by most insects. Mineral waxes are paraffin waxes obtained from petroleum, and such waxes are yielded by coal, peat and lignite, though mineral waxes are not true wax (esters), still, they are classified for having the physical properties of a wax.

Paraffin wax (or simply "paraffin") is mostly found as a white, odorless, tasteless, waxy solid, with a typical melting point between about 46 and 68 C (115 and 154 F), and having a density of around 0.9 g/cm3. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Paraffin is unaffected by most common chemical reagents, but burns readily.

The simplest paraffin molecule is that ofmethane, CH4, a gas at room temperature. Heavier members of the series, such asoctane, C8H18, andmineral oilappear as liquids at room temperature. The solid forms of paraffin, calledparaffinwax, are from the heaviest molecules from C20H42to C40H82. Paraffin wax was identified byCarl Reichenbachin 1830.

Paraffin waxes are used as fuels in gaseous states. In liquid state, it is used as fuels, paints, pigments, dyes and inks, in culinary, cosmetics and toiletries, fire breathing and fire juggling, in leather industry, used as pull up finish, in medicine (laxatives), in biomedical science, like evaporation during PCR. In solid state, it is used as candle, waxed paper or cloth, crayons and the like.

In chemistry,paraffinis a term that can be used synonymously with "alkane", indicatinghydrocarbonswith the general formula CnH2n+2.Paraffin waxrefers to a mixture of alkanes that falls within the 20 n 40 range; they are found in the solid state at room temperature and begin to enter the liquid phase past approximately 37C.

EXPERIMENT NO. 10

DECORATIVE CANDLE MAKING

OBJECTIVES:1. To introduce to the students the production of wax.2. To be knowledgeable about the functions and process involved and its other products.3. To impart the concepts and increase the laboratory skills of the students as if working in real industry.4. To use its products as well as the its waste efficiently.

RAW MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE:WAXES paraffin wax in blocks or pellets - soft wax - container candle

ADDITIVES:Hard wax 8

1. Synthetics shiny, retention of scent by color a. polyethylene b. crystals c. vybar2. Organic combination of plants and animals waxes a. camauba wax lifetime candle b. palm wax off white c. stearic acid dull

Suggested Wax Mixture

1. Ordinary Candle90% paraffin10%polyethylene2. Cemetery Candle95% paraffin5%polyethylene3. Vigil Candle100% paraffin4. Decorative Candle90% paraffin5%polyethylene5%crystal

5. Organic Mixture80% -90% paraffin10% - 20% camauba wax6. 80% paraffin wax 70% 20% palm wax 30% If 50% of palm wax become brittle7. 10% stearic acid 20% 90% paraffin wax 80%

*MELTING IS HEATED ALL AT THE SAME TIME

WICK nylon wick

- container candle - decorativeCode # 18,24,36,44- ordinary cotton wick - ordinary candleBy ply size depends on the candle diameterUnder sized wick forms a concaveOver sized wick fast melting with candleProper size dripless#18 2.5 diameter of candle#24 3.5 diameter of candle#36 4.5 diameter of candle#44 5 diameter of candle

6-9 ply 0.5 diameter12-15 ply 1 diameter17 -25 ply 2 diameter27 -35 ply 3 diameter37 45 ply 4 diameter

Gel wax for container candlesMicio wax glue waxBeeswax white yellow sheet form

Dye-oil soluble Neon green, lavender, pink, orange; 70oC melting point Ordinary - primary colors: red, yellow, blue - secondary colors: green, orange, violet; 85oC melting pointScent organic or essential oil by dropsSynthetic scent 15 30 mL / kg of wax

Methods of melting 1. Direct melting time is 20 minutes2. Indirect 1 to 2 hours melting time; using a double boiler

Methods of forming1. Dipping using hanger type or caroussel2. Pouring container like glass, paper, can, ceramics / nylon with wick sustainer3. Hand forming4. Molding Pouring Temperature Separating Agent 75oC plaster mold water 20 min. soak 85oC silicon rubber mold none 85oC metal mold none 75oC paper petroleum 85oC glass none 75oC PVC with petroleum gel (blue and orange) 75oC wood petroleum gel Gel wax ordinary dye only

Materials for Mold Making

1. Plaster of Paris2. Modeling clay3. Model4. Knife5. Card board6. Rubber band

Plaster MixtureFor every cup of water add 1.5 cup of plaster of Paris

Water Plaster of Paris 1 1.5 cups 2 3 cups 3 4.5 cups 4 6 cups 5 7.5 cups 6 9 cups 7 10.5 cups 8 12 cups 9 13.5 cups 10 15 cups

SYNTHETIC SCENT BLENDING

1. After Glow candleEqual parts: Orange and Pineapple

2. Baby Powder candleEqual parts: Rose and Vanilla

3. Candy Apple candleEqual parts: cherry and Apple

4. Candy Cane candleEqual parts: Strawberry and Peppermint

5. Cucumber Citrus candleEqual parts: Cucumber and Lemon

6. Love candle 6 parts Rose 2 parts Jasmine 1 part Patchouli7. Midnight Rose candleEqual parts: Rose and Jasmine

8. Summer Breeze candleEqual parts: Jasmine and Orange

ESSENTIAL OIL BLENDING1. Migraine: 3 drops lavender and 1 drop eucalyptus.2. Memory: 1 drop peppermint, 1 drop rosemary, drop lavender and 3 drops basil.3. Study aid: 8 drops grapefruit and 4 drops jumper.4. Impotence: 1 drop patchouli and 1 drop sandal wood.5. Mental Fatigue: 8 drops ylang-ylang, 4 drops basil, 8 drops rosemary.6. Romance candle: 7 drops ylang-ylang, 7 drops palmarosa, 6 drops bergamot.7. Honeymoon: 10 drops ylang-ylang, 10 drops patchouli.8. Children candle: 4 drops sweet orange, 2 drops bergamot.9. Citronella: insect repellant.

EXPERIMENT NO. 11

FRUIT WINE MAKING

Wine making is gardening of a sort. Selected yeasts are the seed. They need nutrients in the form of sugar and all the elements associated with life. As in gardening, the selection of good seed ensures a good wine. Wild yeasts are found on almost all fruit, but these generally produce a wine which is inferior in flavor and of lower alcohol content than wines produced by select strains of yeast. Good wine yeasts costing no more than a package of flower seed will provide a variety of controlled flavors and 16-20% alcohol. Baker's yeast will give a "beery" taste and low alcohol content, but could be used in a first attempt at raisin jack or apple cider.

There are microorganisms that feed on alcohol and cause a poor flavor. Vinegar bacilli will change sugar to vinegar. Molds give a stale flavor. To prevent these unwelcome intruders, cleanliness is the only answer. An effective agent is sal soda (sodium carbonate). This is inexpensive and does not contribute a taste of its own. Baking soda is fairly effective if given time to work. Either of these agents will remove odors and flavors from the containers. If soap or detergents are used, the containers must be carefully rinsed. Even the slightest trace will be apparent in the taste of a light wine.

A second means of ensuring that the wine yeast dominates the brew is to start a culture into vigorous growth a few days ahead of the fermentation of the must (the fruit pulp and syrup). By this means the selected yeast will have such a head start that it will consume the sugar and render the wine antiseptic before any unwanted organism can gain a foothold.

EXPERIMENT NO. 11

FRUIT WINE MAKING

OBJECTIVES:1. To produce quality wine from fresh fruits. 2. To be able to perform fermentation and to be familiar with wine industry process.

A. PINEAPPLE WINE MAKING

APPARATUSES:1. 1\4 glass tubing2. Cotton plug3. 1 strainer 4. 1 spoon5. 2 bottles sterilized6. 2 corks for the bottles

RAW MATERIALS:1. 1 part ripe pineapple2. 1 part water3. 1\4 part sugar4. 1 table spoon Red star yeast

PROCEDURES:1. Peel the pineapple and chop. 2. Measure and add water (1 part water to 1 part pineapple). 3. Boil until the fruits are soft, cool and strain. Add sugar to the extract (1 part to every 4 parts extract). Stir and boil. 4. Cool and place in a glass container (with cotton plug). 5. Inoculate with yeast (1 tablespoon yeast to every 40 liters of the juice). Ferment for a month. Decant into wine barrels and age for two years. Clarify with the use of egg white (8 egg whites for every 30 liters of wine) by heating the aged wine in a steam or a double boiler to a temperature of 55 degree Celsius to 60 degree Celsius and adding the well beaten egg white. Stir to maintain the temperatures, for 15-20 minutes and cool. 6. Filter the wine and bottle by siphoning in to clear and sterilized bottles.

EXPERIMENT NO. 11

FRUIT WINE MAKING

B. MANGO WINE MAKING

APPARATUSES:1. 1\4 glass tubing2. Cotton plug3. 1 strainer 4. 1 spoon5. 2 bottles sterilized6. 2 corks for the bottles

RAW MATERIALS:1. 1.2kilos of fresh ripe mangoes2. Sugar3. 1 teaspoon yeast4. Water

PROCEDURES:

Juice PreparationWash fully ripe fruits, cut and scoop out the flesh. Weigh and blend in waring blender. Add 3 liters of water for every kg of juice. Add sugar to adjust to 20 degree brix (grams/millilitre of water) for dry wine and 25 degree brix for sweet wine. Cover the jar and stand for 16-18 hours at room temperature.

Starter PreparationGather 10% of the total volume of juice and pasteurize for 30 minutes. Cool to 40 to 45 degree centigrade or until it can be touch comfortably by hand. Inoculate with pure culture of yeast. Ferment for 18-24 hours and inoculate into prepared juice.

FermentationCover the container with cotton plug and ferment for two days. Replace the cover with fermentation lock and continue fermentation for 3 to 4 weeks.

Aging and ClarificationFreshly harvested wine is ready for consumption but storing for at least one year improves its clarity and flavor. After aging, siphon the clear wine, taking care to avoid the settled solids at the bottom of container. Pack into tightly sealed wine bottle.