Chem Ch 1 Thru 5 Fcards

8/6/2019 Chem Ch 1 Thru 5 Fcards

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Q1 Q2

Q3 Q4

Q5 Q6

Q7 Q8


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Q9 Q10

Q11 Q12

Q13 Q14

Q15 Q16


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Q17 Q18

Q19 Q20

Q21 Q22

Q23 Q24


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Q25 Q26

Q27 Q28

Q29 Q30


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A2 A1

A4 A3

A6 A5

A8 A7


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A10 A9

A12 A11

A14 A13

A16 A15


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A18 A17

A20 A19

A22 A21

A24 A23


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A26 A25

A28 A27

A30 A29


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Stereoisomers of achiral substance thathave a mirrorimagerelationship.Enantiomers have

oppositeconfigurations at allchirality centers.

The racemic mixtureof a chiralcompound.

Diastereomers thatdiffer in configurationat only one chiralitycenter but are the

same at all others.

One of two identicalatoms in acompound whosereplacement leads to

anR

chirality center.

Compounds thathave the samemolecular formulabut differentstructures.

One of two identicalatoms in acompound whosereplacement leads toan Schirality center.

An optically activesubstance thatrotates the plane ofpolarization ofplanepolarized lightin a lefthanded(counterclockwise)

direction.

The configuration ata chirality center asspecified using theCahnIngoldPrelogsequence rules.


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A compound thatcontains chiralitycenters but isnevertheless achiralbecause it contains asymmetry plane.

One of two faces of aplanar, sp2hybridized atom.

An older, alternativename forenantiomers. Opticalisomers are isomersthat have a mirrorimage relationship.

The configuration ata chirality center asspecified using theCahnIngoldPrelogsequence rules.

A substance thatrotates the plane ofpolarization ofplanepolarizedlight.

One of two faces of aplanar, sp2hybridized atom.

A plane that bisectsa molecule so onehalf of the moleculeis the mirror image ofthe other half.Molecules w/ a planeof symmetry areachiral.

The exact 3-Dstructure of a chiralmolecule. Absoluteconfigurations arespecified verbally bythe CahnIngoldPrelog R,Sconvention.


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Ordinary light w/ EMwaves oscillating in asingle plane. Theplane of polarizationrotates when the

light passes througha solution of a chiralsubstance.

Having a lack ofhandedness. Amolecule is achiral ifit has a plane ofsymmetry and is thus

superimposable onits mirror image.

A molecule that canbe converted fromachiral to chiral in asingle chemical step.

A series of rules forassigning relativepriorities tosubstituent groupson a doublebondcarbon atom or on a

chirality center.

An atom in acompound that canbe converted into achirality center bychanging one of itsattachedsubstituents.

have no plane ofsymmetry & are notsuperimposable ontheir mirror image. Achiral molecule has 2forms: righthandedand lefthanded.The most common

cause of chirality ishaving a carbon

A mixture consistingof equal parts (+)and () enantiomersof a chiral substance.

Chiral surroundingsor conditions inwhich a moleculeresides.


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The process bywhich a racemicmixture is separatedinto its two pure

enantiomers.

An atom (usuallycarbon) that isbonded to four

different groups.

A series of rules forassigning relativepriorities tosubstituent groupson a doublebond

carbon atom or on achirality center.

The threedimensionalarrangement ofatoms bonded to a

chirality center.

The optical rotationof a chiral compoundunder standardconditions.

Isomers that havetheir atomsconnected in adifferent order. Forexample, butane and2methylpropaneare constitutional

isomers.

Isomers that havetheir atomsconnected in thesame order but havedifferent threedimensionalarrangements. Theterm stereoisomerincludes both

enantiomers anddiastereomers.

A word used todescribe an opticallyactive substance thatrotates the plane ofpolarization ofplanepolarized lightin a righthanded(clockwise) direction.


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A plane that bisectsa molecule such thatone half of themolecule is themirror image of theother half. Molecules

containing a plane ofsymmetry areachiral.

Nonmirrorimagestereoisomers;diastereomers havethe sameconfiguration at oneor more chirality

centers but differ atother chiralitycenters.

The ability of anatom to attractelectrons in acovalent bond.Electronegativityincreases across the

periodic table fromright to left and frombottom to top.

The product thatresults fromprotonation of aBrnstedLowrybase.; The anion thatresults from

deprotonation of aBrnstedLowryacid.

A naturally occurringorganic base, suchas morphine.

A weak attractionbetween a hydrogenatom bonded to anelectronegative atomand an electron lonepair on anotherelectronegativeatom.

A compound thatcontains aphosphorus atombonded to fouroxygens, with one ofthe oxygens alsobonded to carbon.

One of a variety ofnonbondinginteractions betweenmolecules, such asdipoledipole forces,dispersion forces,and hydrogen bonds.


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wave equation fordefining the behaviorof an electron in anatom. The square ofthe wave functiondefines the shape ofan orbital.; A

mathematicalexpression thatdefines the behaviorof an electron in an

The covalent bondformed by sidewaysoverlap of atomicorbitals.; A covalentbond formed by

headon overlap ofatomic orbitals.

A molecular orbitalthat is higher inenergy than theatomic orbitals from

which it is formed.

The average massnumber of the atomsof an element.; Thetotal of protons plusneutrons in an atom.;The number of

protons in thenucleus of an atom.

A means ofassessing the energyof a substitutedcycloalkane bytotaling the stericinteractions present

in the molecule.

An aliphatic cyclichydrocarbon such asa cycloalkane orcycloalkene.

The strain energycaused by a stericinteraction betweenaxial groups threecarbon atoms apartin chair cyclohexane.

when 2 groups try tooccupy the samespace. Steric straincauses greaterstability of transversus cis alkenesand greater stabilityof equatorially

substituted versusaxially substituted


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Isomers that havetheir atomsconnected in adifferent order. Forexample, butane and

2methylpropaneare constitutionalisomers.

A measure of acidstrength in water. Forany acid HA, theacidity constant isgiven by the

expression Ka =[H

3O+][A-] / [HA]

Compounds thathave the samemolecular formulabut different

structures.

The conformation ofbutane in which thetwo methyl groups lie60 apart as viewedin a Newmanprojection. This

conformation has 3.8kJ/mol steric strain.

substitution patternat a specific site. Aprimary site has oneorganic substituentattached to it, asecondary site hastwo organicsubstituents, a

tertiary site hasthree, and auaternar site has

The 2,2dimethylpropylgroup, (CH

3)

3CCH

2.

The angle betweentwo bonds onadjacent carbons asviewed along the CC bond.

Isomers w/ atomsconnected in thesame order but havedifferent 3-Darrangements. Theterm stereoisomerincludesenantiomers and

diastereomers.


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Enantiomers

Epimers

Isomers

Levorotatory

d,lform

proRconfiguration

proSconfiguration

Rconfiguration


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Meso compound

Optical isomers

Optically active

Absolute configuration Plane of symmetry

Re face

Sconfiguration

Siface


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Achiral Planepolarized light

Prochiral

Chiral Prochirality center

Chiral environment Racemate

CahnIngoldPrelogsequence rules


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Chirality center Resolution

Configuration Sequence rules

Constitutional isomers

Dextrorotatory Stereoisomers

Specific rotation, []D


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Diastereomers Symmetry plane

Electronegativity

Hydrogen bond Alkaloid

Noncovalent interaction Organophosphate

Conjugate acid; Conjugatebase


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Pi () bond; Sigma () bond

Antibonding MO

Alicyclic Conformational analysis

Steric strain 1,3Diaxial interaction

Wave function; Waveequation

Atomic mass; Massnumber, A; Atomic number, Z


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Gauche conformation Isomers

Neopentyl group

Stereoisomers Dihedral angle

Acidity constant, Ka

Primary, secondary, tertiary,quaternary


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The racemic mixture of a chiral compound.

Absolute configuration

Achiral

Chiral

Chiral environment

Chirality center

Configuration


Dextrorotatory

Diastereomers

Enantiomers

Epimers

d,lform

proRconfiguration One of two identical atoms in a compound whosereplacement leads to an Rchirality center.

proSconfiguration One of two identical atoms in a compound whosereplacement leads to an Schirality center.

Rconfiguration The configuration at a chirality center as specified using the

CahnIngoldPrelog sequence rules.Re face One of two faces of a planar, sp2hybridized atom.

Sconfiguration The configuration at a chirality center as specified using theCahnIngoldPrelog sequence rules.

Siface One of two faces of a planar, sp2hybridized atom.

The exact threedimensional structure of a chiral molecule.Absolute configurations are specified verbally by the CahnIngoldPrelog R,Sconvention.

Having a lack of handedness. A molecule is achiral if it has aplane of symmetry and is thus superimposable on its mirrorimage.

CahnIngoldPrelogsequence rules

A series of rules for assigning relative priorities to substituentgroups on a doublebond carbon atom or on a chiralitycenter.

Having handedness. Chiral molecules are those that do nothave a plane of symmetry and are therefore notsuperimposable on their mirror image. A chiral molecule thusexists in two forms, one righthanded and one lefthanded.The most common cause of chirality in a molecule is thepresence of a carbon atom that is bonded to four differentsubstituents.

Chiral surroundings or conditions in which a moleculeresides.

An atom (usually carbon) that is bonded to four differentgroups.

The threedimensional arrangement of atoms bonded to achirality center.

Isomers that have their atoms connected in a different order.For example, butane and 2methylpropane are constitutionalisomers.

A word used to describe an optically active substance thatrotates the plane of polarization of planepolarized light in a

righthanded (clockwise) direction.Nonmirrorimage stereoisomers; diastereomers have thesame configuration at one or more chirality centers but differat other chirality centers.

Stereoisomers of a chiral substance that have a mirrorimagerelationship. Enantiomers have opposite configurations at allchirality centers.

Diastereomers that differ in configuration at only one chiralitycenter but are the same at all others.


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Isomers

Levorotatory

Meso compound

Optical isomers

Optically active

Plane of symmetry

Planepolarized light

Prochiral

Prochirality center

Racemate

Resolution

Sequence rules

Stereoisomers

Symmetry plane

Compounds that have the same molecular formula butdifferent structures.

An optically active substance that rotates the plane ofpolarization of planepolarized light in a lefthanded(counterclockwise) direction.

A compound that contains chirality centers but is nevertheless

achiral because it contains a symmetry plane.An older, alternative name for enantiomers. Optical isomersare isomers that have a mirrorimage relationship.

A substance that rotates the plane of polarization of planepolarized light.

A plane that bisects a molecule such that one half of themolecule is the mirror image of the other half. Moleculescontaining a plane of symmetry are achiral.

Ordinary light that has its electromagnetic waves oscillating ina single plane rather than in random planes. The plane ofpolarization is rotated when the light is passed through a

solution of a chiral substance.A molecule that can be converted from achiral to chiral in asingle chemical step.

An atom in a compound that can be converted into a chiralitycenter by changing one of its attached substituents.

A mixture consisting of equal parts (+) and () enantiomers ofa chiral substance.

The process by which a racemic mixture is separated into itstwo pure enantiomers.

A series of rules for assigning relative priorities to substituentgroups on a doublebond carbon atom or on a chiralitycenter.

Specific rotation, []D

The optical rotation of a chiral compound under standardconditions.

Isomers that have their atoms connected in the same orderbut have different threedimensional arrangements. Theterm stereoisomerincludes both enantiomers anddiastereomers.

A plane that bisects a molecule such that one half of themolecule is the mirror image of the other half. Moleculescontaining a plane of symmetry are achiral.


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Alicyclic

Angle strain

Bent bonds

Boat cyclohexane

Bridgehead atom

Cistrans isomers

Cycloalkane An alkane that contains a ring of carbons.

Equatorial bond

A compound that contains more than one ring.

Ringflip

Stereoisomers

1,3Diaxialinteraction

The strain energy caused by a steric interactionbetween axial groups three carbon atoms apart inchair cyclohexane.

An aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon such as a cycloalkaneor cycloalkene.

The strain introduced into a molecule when a bond

angle is deformed from its ideal value. Angle strain isparticularly important in smallring cycloalkanes,where it results from compression of bond angles toless than their ideal tetrahedral values.

The bonds in small rings such as cyclopropane thatbend away from the internuclear line and overlap at aslight angle, rather than headon. Bent bonds arehighly strained and highly reactive.

A conformation of cyclohexane that bears a slightresemblance to a boat. Boat cyclohexane has noangle strain but has a large number of eclipsing

interactions that make it less stable than chaircyclohexane (chair form is the lowest-energyconformation of the molecule).

An atom that is shared by more than one ring in apolycyclic molecule.

Stereoisomers that differ in their stereochemistryabout a double bond or ring.

Conformationalanalysis

A means of assessing the energy of a substitutedcycloalkane by totaling the steric interactions presentin the molecule.

A bond to cyclohexane that lies along the roughequator of the ring.

Molecularmechanics

A computerbased method for calculating theminimumenergy conformation of a molecule.

Polycycliccompound

A molecular motion that converts one chairconformation of cyclohexane into another chairconformation. The effect of a ringflip is to convert anaxial substituent into an equatorial substituent.

Isomers that have their atoms connected in the sameorder but have different threedimensionalarrangements. The term stereoisomerincludes bothenantiomers and diastereomers.


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Steric strain The strain imposed on a molecule when two groupsare too close together and try to occupy the samespace. Steric strain is responsible both for the greaterstability of trans versus cis alkenes and for the greaterstability of equatorially substituted versus axiallysubstituted cyclohexanes.

Twistboatconformation A conformation of cyclohexane that is somewhat morestable than a pure boat conformation.


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Aliphatic

Alkyl group

Conformation

Conformer A conformational isomer.

Dihedral angle

Eclipsing strain

Functional group

Hydrocarbon A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen.

Isomers

Neopentyl group

A nonaromatic hydrocarbon such as a simple alkane,alkene, or alkyne.

The partial structure that remains when a hydrogenatom is removed from an alkane.

Anticonformation

The geometric arrangement around a carboncarbonsingle bond in which the two largest substituents are

180 apart as viewed in a Newman projection.Condensedstructure

A shorthand way of writing structures in which CH andCC bonds are understood rather than shown explicitly.Propane, for example, has the condensed structureCH

3CH

2CH

3.

The threedimensional shape of a molecule at anygiven instant, assuming that rotation around singlebonds is frozen.

Constitutionalisomers

Isomers that have their atoms connected in a differentorder. For example, butane and 2methylpropane areconstitutional isomers.

The angle between two bonds on adjacent carbons asviewed along the CC bond.

Eclipsedconformation

The geometric arrangement around a carboncarbonsingle bond in which the bonds to substituents on onecarbon are parallel to the bonds to substituents on theneighboring carbon as viewed in a Newman projection.

The strain energy in a molecule caused by electronrepulsions between eclipsed bonds. Eclipsing strain isalso called torsional strain.

An atom or group of atoms that is part of a largermolecule and that has a characteristic chemicalreactivity.

Gaucheconformation

The conformation of butane in which the two methylgroups lie 60 apart as viewed in a Newman projection.This conformation has 3.8 kJ/mol steric strain.

Compounds that have the same molecular formula butdifferent structures.

IUPAC system ofnomenclature

Rules for naming compounds, devised by theInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

The 2,2dimethylpropyl group, (CH3)3CCH2.

Newmanprojection

A means of indicating stereochemical relationshipsbetween substituent groups on neighboring carbons.The carboncarbon bond is viewed endon, and thecarbons are indicated by a circle. Bonds radiating fromthe center of the circle are attached to the front carbon,and bonds radiating from the edge of the circle areattached to the rear carbon.


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Normal alkane

Paraffin A common name for alkanes.

R group

Saturated

Stereochemistry

Stereoisomers

Steric strain

Torsional strain

A straightchain alkane, as opposed to a branchedalkane. Normal alkanes are denoted by the suffix n, asin nC

4H

10(nbutane).

Primary,secondary,

tertiary,quaternary

Terms used to describe the substitution pattern at aspecific site. A primary site has one organic substituent

attached to it, a secondary site has two organicsubstituents, a tertiary site has three, and a quaternarysite has four.

A generalized abbreviation for an organic partialstructure.

A molecule that has only single bonds and thus cantundergo addition reactions. Alkanes are saturated, butalkenes are unsaturated.

Sawhorsestructure

A manner of representing stereochemistry that uses astick drawing and gives a perspective view of theconformation around a single bond.

The branch of chemistry concerned with the threedimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules.

Isomers that have their atoms connected in the sameorder but have different threedimensionalarrangements. The term stereoisomerincludes bothenantiomers and diastereomers.

The strain imposed on a molecule when two groups aretoo close together and try to occupy the same space.Steric strain is responsible both for the greater stabilityof trans versus cis alkenes and for the greater stabilityof equatorially substituted versus axially substitutedcyclohexanes.

The strain in a molecule caused by electron repulsionbetween eclipsed bonds. Torsional strain is also calledeclipsing strain.


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Alkaloid A naturally occurring organic base, such as morphine.

Debye, D

Dipole moment,

Dipoledipole force

Dispersion force

Electronegativity

Hydrogen bond

Inductive effect

Lewis acid; Lewis base

Noncovalent interaction

Polarity

Resonance form An individual Lewis structure of a resonance hybrid.

Acidity constant, Ka

A measure of acid strength in water. For any acid HA,the acidity constant is given by the expression K

a=

[H3O+][A-] / [HA]

BrnstedLowry acid;BrnstedLowry base

A substance that donates a hydrogen ion (proton; H+)to a base.; A substance that accepts H+ from an acid.

Conjugate acid;Conjugate base

The product that results from protonation of aBrnstedLowry base.; The anion that results fromdeprotonation of a BrnstedLowry acid.

The unit for measuring dipole moments; 1 D = 3.336 10-30 coulomb meter (C m).

A measure of the net polarity of a molecule. A dipolemoment arises when the centers of mass of positiveand negative charges within a molecule do notcoincide.

A noncovalent electrostatic interaction between polar

molecules.A noncovalent interaction between molecules thatarises because of constantly changing electrondistributions within the molecules.

The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalentbond. Electronegativity increases across the periodictable from right to left and from bottom to top.

A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded toan electronegative atom and an electron lone pair onanother electronegative atom.

Hydrophilic;

Hydrophobic

Waterloving; attracted to water. Waterfearing; not

attracted to water.

The electronattracting or electronwithdrawing effecttransmitted through bonds. Electronegative elementshave an electronwithdrawing inductive effect.

A substance with a vacant lowenergy orbital that canaccept an electron pair from a base. All electrophilesare Lewis acids.; A substance that donates an electronlone pair to an acid. All nucleophiles are Lewis bases.

One of a variety of nonbonding interactions between

molecules, such as dipoledipole forces, dispersionforces, and hydrogen bonds.

pKa

The negative common logarithm of the Ka; used to

express acid strength.

The unsymmetrical distribution of electrons in amolecule that results when one atom attracts electronsmore strongly than another.


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Van der Waals forces Intermolecular forces that are responsible for holdingmolecules together in the liquid and solid states.


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Bonding MO

Ground state

Hunds rule

sp Hybridorbital

A hybrid orbital derived from thecombination of an s and ap atomicorbital. The two sp orbitals that resultfrom hybridization are oriented at anangle of 180 to each other.

sp2 Hybrid

orbital A hybrid orbital derived by combinationof an s atomic orbital with twop atomicorbitals. The three sp2 hybrid orbitalsthat result lie in a plane at angles of120 to each other.

sp3 Hybridorbital

A hybrid orbital derived by combinationof an s atomic orbital withthreep atomic orbitals. Thefoursp3 hybrid orbitals that result aredirected toward the corners of a regulartetrahedron at angles of 109 to each

other.AntibondingMO

A molecular orbital that is higher inenergy than the atomic orbitals fromwhich it is formed.

Atomic mass;Massnumber, A;Atomicnumber, Z

The average mass number of theatoms of an element.; The total ofprotons plus neutrons in an atom.; Thenumber of protons in the nucleus of anatom.

Bondstrength

An alternative name for bonddissociation energy.

A molecular orbital that is lower inenergy than the atomic orbitals fromwhich it is formed.

Condensedstructure

A shorthand way of writing structures inwhich CH and CC bonds areunderstood rather than shownexplicitly. Propane, for example, hasthe condensed structure CH

3CH

2CH

3.

Electronconfiguration

A list of the orbitals occupied byelectrons in an atom.

The most stable, lowestenergyelectron configuration of a molecule oratom.

If two or more empty orbitals of equalenergy are available, one electronoccupies each, with their spins parallel,until all are halffull.


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Hybrid orbital

Isotopes

Molecule

Node

An orbital derived from a combinationof atomic orbitals. Hybrid orbitals, suchas the sp3, sp2, and sp hybrids ofcarbon, are strongly directed and formstronger bonds than atomic orbitals do.

Atoms of the same element that havedifferent mass numbers.

Kekulstructure,Lewisstructure,Linebondstructure

A method of representing molecules inwhich a line between atoms indicates abond.; A representation of a moleculeshowing valence electrons as dots.; Arepresentation of a molecule showingcovalent bonds as lines betweenatoms.

A neutral collection of atoms heldtogether by covalent bonds.

A surface of zero electron densitywithin an orbital. For example,ap orbital has a nodal plane passingthrough the center of the nucleus,perpendicular to the axis of the orbital.

Organophosphate

A compound that contains aphosphorus atom bonded to fouroxygens, with one of the oxygens alsobonded to carbon.

Pauliexclusion

principle

No more than two electrons can occupythe same orbital, and those two must

have spins of opposite sign.Pi () bond;Sigma ()bond

The covalent bond formed by sidewaysoverlap of atomic orbitals.; A covalentbond formed by headon overlap ofatomic orbitals.

Skeletalstructure

A shorthand way of writing structures inwhich carbon atoms are assumed to beat each intersection of two lines(bonds) and at the end of each line.

Wavefunction;

Waveequation

A solution to the wave equation fordefining the behavior of an electron in

an atom. The square of the wavefunction defines the shape of anorbital.; A mathematical expressionthat defines the behavior of an electronin an atom.

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Chem Ch 1 Thru 5 Fcards

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