Know hybridization! A typical carbon atom is usually sp3 hybridized Carbon forms strong bonds: especially with H, O, N and halogens (F, Cl, I…) Double bonds are stronger than single bonds. Increased bond strength = shorter

bond length Most Carbon-Carbon and Carbond-Hydrogen bonds are nonpolar because the

electronegativities almost cancel out. However C-O and O-H are quite polar A group of atoms (i.e. C-O-H group) that determines how an organic molecule reacts

is called a functional group The non-polar bonds are generally soluble in nonpolar solvents but not in water Molecules that are polar are soluble in polar solvents Acidic substandes: most important are the carboxylic acids (-COOH) Most important basic substances are the amines (-NHR) (-NH2) of (-NR2)

o R is an organic group consisting of some combo of C-C and C-H bonds such as –CH3 or –C2H5

Hydrocarbons: compounds composed of only H and C. there are 4 types Alkanes have only single bonds (saturated hydrocarbons b/c they have the largest #

H per C) Alkenes aka olefins have double bonds Alkynes have triple bonds Aromatic hydrocarbond: the C atoms are connected in a planar ring joined by and σ

bondsπ All hydrocarbons are relatively nonpolar and insoluble in water Their boiling points increase as molar mass increases Alkanes are used as gases Long chain alkanes generally undergo constant motion that causes it to change its shape like a chain that is shaken

Structural isomers: can be straight chain and branched chain hydrocarbonso Same molecular formula, diff. arrangement

Alkyl groups are named by replacing the –ane ending with –yl Cycloalkanes are rings sometimes drawn as a polygon in which each corner is a CH2

group (cyclopropane is a triangle) Aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene have corners with CH groups Reactions of alkanes: relatively unreactive, unsoluble in water, don’t react with

acids, bases, oxidizing agents due to their lack of polarity but they do combust Unsaturated hydrocarbons Cis and trans

cis 2-butene trans 2-butene if a substance contains 2 or more =, each is located by a numerical suffix (hexadiene) geometric isomers (cis vs. trans.) double bonds resist twisting alkynes are highly reactive but not as commonly found addition reactions (reactant is added to 2 atoms that form the multiple bond)

(replace a double bond with 2 more other atoms) hydrogenation (replacing a double bond with 2 H’s) 2 butyne + Cl2 -> trans 2, 3, dichloro 2 butene aromatic hydrocarbons: a large and important class

benzene C6H6 unsaturated, delocalized bonds causes it to undergo substitution reactions π 3 possible isomers of benzene with 2 nitro groups attached: ortho, meta, and para

dinitrobenzenefunctional groups: (refer to table below)

This study guide basically has everything except the functional groups in terms of R and R’