Chem M1 Cdhemistry and You (1)

8/18/2019 Chem M1 Cdhemistry and You (1)

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(Effective Alternative Secondary Education)

CHEMISTRY

MODULE

Chemistry and You

!UREAU O" SECO#DARY EDUCATIO#De$art%ent of Education

De$Ed Co%$le&' Meralco Avenueai* City


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Module 1Chemistry and You

What this module is about

T+e tudy of c+e%itry i interetin* for %any reaon, It e&$lain event in nature' ittouc+e nearly every a$ect of +u%an life' and it $lay a vital role in t+e daily activitie -edo at +o%e or ele-+ere, C+e%itry +a .een called t+e central cience .ecaue it ieential to t+e tudy of ot+er cience, Li/e all ot+er cience' t+e tudy of c+e%itry ifun,

T+i %odule can +el$ you loo/ at t+e -orld in -ay you +ave never i%a*ined, Ittac/le t+e i%$ortance of c+e%itry in our daily live, It alo loo/ at t+e deira.le 0ualitie

and attitude of o%e "ili$ino and forei*n cientit t+at lead t+e% to develo$ ne-tec+nolo*ie, Latly' it dicue cientific %eaure%ent and t+eir a$$lication,

T+i %odule contain t+e follo-in* leon1

Lesson 1 – Chemistry: Its Beginning and Importance to Human Life

Lesson 2 – Desirable Qualities and ttitudes of !cientists in the "ield of

Chemistry Lesson # – !cientific $easurements

Read t+i %odule and you -ill ee -+y c+e%itry can and +ould $lay an i%$ortant

role in your life,

So' tart and en2oy,

What you are expected to learn

After *oin* t+rou*+ t+i %odule' you are e&$ected to1

, dicu +o- c+e%itry tarted34, e&$lain it i%$ortance to +u%an live35, a$$ly deira.le 0ualitie and cientific attitude in olvin* $ro.le% encountered

everyday3 and6, dicu t+e i%$ortance of cientific %eaure%ent,

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How to learn from this module

Here8 a i%$le *uide for you in *oin* a.out t+e %odule1

Read and follo- t+e intruction carefully,4 An-er t+e $retet in order to deter%ine +o- %uc+ you /no- a.out t+e leon

in t+i %odule,5 C+ec/ your an-er -it+ t+e *iven an-er /ey at t+e end of t+i %odule,6 Read eac+ leon and do all t+e activitie t+at are $rovided for you,9 erfor% all t+e activitie dili*ently to +el$ and *uide you in undertandin* t+e

to$ic,: Ta/e t+e elf7tet after eac+ leon to deter%ine +o- -ell you undertood t+e

to$ic,; An-er t+e $ottet to %eaure +o- %uc+ you +ave *ained fro% t+e leon,

Good luck!

What to do before (Pretest)

$ultiple Choice1 C+ooe t+e letter of t+e .et an-er,


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9, A fa%ou c+e%it +a t+ee -ord1 @One may take it for granted that in every reactionthere is an equal quantity of matter before and after , He -a a.le to eta.li+ t+ecience of Modern C+e%itry,

a =o+n Dalton c, Ro.ert !oyle. Ale&ander "le%in* d, Antoine Lavoiier

:, =ac/ and Roe *at+er infor%ation uin* t+eir five ene, a tatin* t+eir concluion. *at+erin* data t+rou*+ o.ervationc for%ulatin* +y$ot+ei .aed on t+e *at+ered datad %eaurin* t+e e&act 0uantity co%$ared to t+e ot+er 0uantitie

;, T+e tate%ent @Mercury i dener t+an -ater i a BBBBBBBBBBB,a la- c, t+eory. fact d, $ro.le%

, Durin* an e&$eri%ent' one trie to for% +i+er t+eory a 0uic/ly a $oi.le, T+i$roce i called BBBBBBBBBBBBB,

a data7*at+erin* c, +y$ot+ei?in*. *enerali?in* d, o.ervin*

, a 9 c, ;. : d,

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6,An a$$ro$riate %etric unit to %eaure t+e ditance fro% Manila to =olo -ould .e1a %eter c, /ilo%eter . centi%eter d, nano%eter

9,T+e cientific %et+od of olvin* a $ro.le% follo- t+e e0uence1a +y$ot+ei?e' conclude' e&$eri%ent c, conclude' +y$ot+ei?e' e&$eri%ent

. +y$ot+ei?e' e&$eri%ent ' conclude d, e&$eri%ent' +y$ot+ei?e' conclude

:,T+e ratio of %a to volu%e i calleda area c, denity. volu%e d, te%$erature

;,T+e nu%.er of di*it .y -+ic+ a erie of nu%.er i /no-n -it+ a de*ree of relia.ility icalled1

a accuracy c, $reciion. $aralla& d, i*nificant fi*ure

,Dicoverie are o%eti%e %ade t+rou*+ accident, T+i i calleda invention c, erendi$ity. innovation d, dicovery .y luc/

,T+e yte% of %eaure%ent ued .y cientit around t+e -orld ia !riti+ Syte% c, Metric yte%. En*li+ Syte% d, All of t+ee

4F,Derived 0uantitie are called uc+ .ecaue t+ey -ere .aed on t+e1a SI unit c, funda%ental unit. econdary unit d, for%ula

4,


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Key to answers on page 27.

46,a Liter FFF cu.ic centi%eter c, Liter F5 %L. *allon 5,; liter d, Liter %5

49,T+e .ranc+ of cience t+at deal -it+ t+e tudy of %atter' it tructure and t+e c+an*ein it co%$oition i

a life cience c, eart+ ciencec, c+e%itry d, $+yic

Lesson 1- Chemistry: Its Beginning and Importance to Human Life

C+e%itry i a .ranc+ of cience t+at +el$ u undertand all for% of %atter, Li/e

all ot+er cience' c+e%itry .e*an in t+e $re+itoric era and flouri+ed in t+e %odern ti%e,Uin* t+e conce$t' $rinci$le and /ill in c+e%itry' t+i %odule -ill o$en our -orld to t+e-onder of t+e t+in* t+at urround and affect u,

What you will docti.ity 1-1

Read t+i leon and .e*in to undertand +o- c+e%itry tarted and .eca%e t+ecentral cience,

(he %rigins of Chemistry: /here It ll Began

T+e earliet atte%$t to e&$lain natural $+eno%ena led to fanciful invention to%yt+ and fantaie .ut not to undertandin*,

Around :FF !,C,' a *rou$ of Jree/ $+iloo$+er .eca%e diatified -it+ t+ee%yt+, Sti%ulated .y ocial and cultural c+an*e a -ell a curioity' t+ey .e*an to a/0uetion a.out t+e -orld around t+e%, T+ey -ere a.le to dicover .aic trut+ of nature.y t+in/in* t+in* t+rou*+ e&$eri%ent, T+e year .et-een :FF !,C, and 6FF !,C, are

called t+e @Jolden A*e of +iloo$+y,

So%e of t+e Jree/ $+iloo$+er .elieved t+ey could find a in*le u.tance fro%-+ic+ everyt+in* ele -a %ade, T+ale .elieved t+at it -a -ater and Ana&i%enet+ou*+t it -a air, E%$edocle8 idea -a t+at t+e univere i %ade of four ele%ent na%elyeart+' air' fire and -ater,

T+e $eriod fro% 66F !,C and 64F !,C, -a /no-n a t+e age of atomism -+en

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Leuci$$u and De%ocritu .elieved t+at %atter -a %ade of %allet $article -+ic+ t+eycalled atom' a $article t+at could not .e een, T-o t+ouand year later cientit $rovedt+at t+i idea -a true,

Chemistry (oday

T+e Jree/ $+iloo$+er continued to earc+ for trut+ and -+ile t+ey -ere tudyin*$+iloo$+y and %at+e%atic' t+e E*y$tian -ere $racticin* t+e art of c+e%itry, T+ey -ere%inin* and $urifyin* t+e %etal *old' ilver and co$$er, T+ey -ere %a/in* e%.al%in*fluid and dye, T+ey called t+i art khemia, T+i E*y$tian -ord .eca%e t+e Ara.ic -ordalkhemia and t+en t+e En*li+ -ord alchemy. Alc+e%it tried to find t+e “philosopher’sstone” ' a u$$oed cure for all dieae' and t+e “elixir of life” -+ic+ -ould $rolon* lifeindefinitely, T+ey failed in .ot+ atte%$t .ut alon* t+e -ay' t+ey -ere a.le to dicover acetic acid' nitric acid' et+yl alco+ol and ot+er u.tance ued .y c+e%it today,

&obert Boyle0 (he "orerunner of $odern Chemistry

T+e %odern a*e of C+e%itry da-ned in :: -+en

Ro.ert !oyle' an En*li+ c+e%it' $u.li+ed +i .oo/ The

Sceptical Chymist. Hi idea o$$oed t+e alc+e%it8 .elief,

Intead +e $ro$oed t+at cientit %ut tart fro% .aic

$rinci$le and t+at t+eorie a.out t+e -orld +ave to .e $roven .y

a erie of e&$eri%ent, He for%ulated t+e la- relatin* volu%e

and $reure,

If Ro.ert !oyle laid do-n t+e .aic definition of an

ele%ent' a "renc+ c+e%it Antoine Laurent Lavoiier laid do-nt+e .aic definition for tetin* -+et+er a u.tance fitted it

definition,

ntoine La.osier0 (he "ather of $odern Chemistry

Innovative and cientific a$$roac+e $aved t+e -ay for t+era$id develo$%ent of c+e%itry, In ;;F' Antoine Lavoiier *ained

-ide reco*nition -+en +e refuted t+e t+en $revalent .elief t+at

-ater i converted into eart+ .y re$eated ditillation, !y carefully

-ei*+in* .ot+ t+e eart+y reidue and t+e ditillin* a$$aratu' +e

de%ontrated t+at t+e olid %atter ca%e fro% t+e *la veel and

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not fro% t+e -ater, S$eculatin* on t+e nature of t+e traditional four ele%entKeart+' -ater'

air' and fire' +e .e*an to inveti*ate t+e role of air in co%.ution,

On #ove%.er ' ;;4' +e tated t+at -+en .urned ulfur and $+o$+oru increaedin -ei*+t .ecaue t+ey a.or.ed @air, On t+e ot+er +and' t+e %etallic lead for%ed -+enlit+ar*e -a +eated -it+ c+arcoal -ei*+ed le t+an t+e ori*inal lit+ar*e .ecaue it +ad lot@air, He *ave $+lo*iticated air t+e na%e o&y*en' or @acid $roducer He e&$lainedphlogiston theory a t+e reult of t+e co%.ination of t+e .urnin* u.tance -it+ o&y*en,T+i t+eory -a later revied and no- /no-n a t+e theory of combustion- On =une 49';5' +e alo e&$lained t+at -ater -a t+e $roduct for%ed .y t+e co%.ination of +ydro*enand o&y*en, An En*li+ c+e%it na%ed Henry Cavendi+ o$$oed t+i idea and later -aa.le to $roduce 0uantitie of +ydro*en' called @infla%%a.le air' .y deco%$oin* -ater intoit contituent *ae,

!ecaue of Lavoiier8 findin*' c+e%it tated t+e firt ound undertandin* of t+enature of c+e%ical reaction, Hi e&$eri%ent $aved t+e -ay for t+e flouri+in* of %odern

c+e%itry, T+u' +e .eca%e /no-n a t+e Father of modern chemistry.

(ime Line in Chemistry

Date *erson '.ent

:FF !,C, T+ale Idea t+at -ater i t+e %ain for% of %atter

96: !,C Ana&i%ene Idea t+at air i t+e %ain for% of %atter

69F !,C, E%$edocle Idea t+at t+e four ele%ent eart+' air' fireand -ater co%.ine in different $ro$ortion

64F !,C, Leuci$$u

andDe%ocritu

Idea of t+e ato% or t+e A*e of Ato%i%

:: Ro.ert !oyle T+e Sce$tical C+y%it

;:: H, Cavendi+ Dicovery of +ydro*en

;;9 A, Lavoiier Dicovery of t+e co%$oition of air

FF =o+n Dalton ro$oed t+e Ato%ic T+eory

4F =o+n =aco.!er?eliu

Devied t+e %odern y%.ol of ele%ent

: D%itriMendeleev

eriodic La- and dei*ned t+e Moderneriodic Ta.le of Ele%ent

: Eu*ene

Joldtein

#a%in* of cat+ode ray and dicovery of

$roton; =,=, T+o%on ro$oed t+e tructure of t+e ato%3

dicovery of electron

E, Rut+erford ro$oed t+e nuclear ato%3 dicovery of anucleu

5 #iel !o+r ro$oed t+e ener*y level in ato%3

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Soon after' c+e%it li/e =oe$+ rietly' =o+n Dalton' #iel !o+r' Ernet Rut+erford't+e Curie and ot+er cientit %ade ne- advance%ent in c+e%itry, T+eeadvance%ent led to %any ditinct .ranc+e of c+e%itry,

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Branches of Chemistry

Durin* t+e ;FF and early FF' %ot c+e%it .elieved t+at t+ere -ere t-o %ain.ranc+e of c+e%itry1 or*anic and inor*anic, T+ee t-o .ranc+e till e&it today'+o-ever' t+e rule *overnin* t+eir claification +ave c+an*ed,

Organic Chemistry i t+e tudy of t+e co%$ound of car.on, T+i .ranc+ of c+e%itryi i%$ortant to t+e $etroc+e%ical' $+ar%aceutical and te&tile indutrie, All livin*or*ani% +ave trace of car.on,

4 Inorganic Chemistry i t+e tudy of c+e%ical ele%ent and t+eir co%$ound e&ce$tcar.on,

5 Ot+er .ranc+e1

a. Physical Chemistry deal -it+ t+e relation .et-een t+e $+yical $ro$ertie of u.tance and t+eir c+e%ical for%ation alon* -it+ t+eir c+an*e,

b. Biochemistry i a cience t+at fued .iolo*y and c+e%itry, It i concerned -it+t+e co%$oition and c+e%ical reaction t+at occur in t+e for%ation of livin*$ecie,

c. Analytical Chemistry deal %otly -it+ t+e co%$oition of u.tance, It ee/to i%$rove %ean of %eaurin* c+e%ical co%$oition of natural and artificial%aterial, In %edicine' t+i i t+e .ai for clinical la.oratory tet for dieaedia*noi, T+e nutritional value of t+e food -e eat i deter%ined t+rou*+c+e%ical analyi, Analytical c+e%it analy?e %any +oue+old $roduct,

Importance of Chemistry

C+e%itry $lay a very i%$ortant role in different area of life, So%e $eo$le vie-c+e%itry a a very tec+nical u.2ect t+at deal -it+ for%ula and %ind7.o**lin*co%$utation, T+i %ay .e true' .ut if you -ill try to loo/ at t+in* around you' you -ill.e*in to a$$reciate it i%$ortance, T+e $roduct of c+e%itry and tec+nolo*y are +i*+lyueful, "or e&a%$le' -+en you *o to a .eauty aloon and a/ t+e +air tylit to trai*+ten or curl your +air' +e+e need to ue a correct olution' or ele it -ill not co%e out ri*+t,C+e%itry alo $lay a very i%$ortant role in %edicine' en*ineerin*' a*riculture'$+oto*ra$+y and ot+er related field,

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What you will do!elf(est 1-1

Matc+ COLUM# A -it+ COLUM# !,

C%L+$, C%L+$, B

*ioneers of Chemistry

tarted t+e a*e of ato%i% a, E%$edocle

4 $ro$oed t+e $+lo*iton t+eory ., Leucci$u

5 dicovered +ydro*en c, Ana&i%ene

6 fat+er of %odern c+e%itry d, Henri cavendi+

9 forerunner of %odern c+e%itry e, =o+n Dalton

: .eliever of @fale c+e%itry f, Ro.ert !oyle

; $ro$oed t+e ato%ic t+eory *, Antoine Lavoiier

-rote t+e Sce$tical C+y%it +, Alc+e%it

Branches of Chemistry

4:,tudy of car.on and it co%$ound i, Or*anic C+e%itry4;,tudy of different c+e%ical ele%ent' it

$ro$ertie and tructure 2, Inor*anic C+e%itry

4,tudy of t+e $ro$ertie of u.tance andt+eir c+e%ical for%ation

/, +yical C+e%itry

4,tudy of t+e c+e%ical $ro$ertie ofu.tance $articularly livin* or*ani%

l, !ioc+e%itry

5F,a .ranc+ of c+e%itry t+at i ued a .aifor la.oratory tet for dieae dia*noi

%, Analytical C+e%itry

Chemistry (imeline

5,@fale c+e%itry n, !et-een :FF !,C, and6FF !,C,

54,Jolden A*e of $+iloo$+y o, alc+e%y

Lesson 2- Desirable Qualities and ttitudes of !cientists

T+e %any -onder of c+e%itry +ave %ade it t+e central cience,


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t+ey are not atified -it+ a/in* @-+y, T+ey al-ay +ave $oi.le olution to a $ro.le%,T+ey -ill not to$ unle a $ro.le% i olved,

!ome "amous "ilipino Chemists

A .io$+yical c+e%it -+o did t+e

$ioneerin* -or/ on coconut a a ourceof c+e%ical and fuel, He devied t+e$roce of e&tractin* reidual coconut oil.y c+e%ical %ean rat+er t+an .y$+yical %eanD&- +LI, - B,3%,

He *ained reco*nition for +i reearc+eon natural $roduct, He did a lot of -or/on al/aloid fro% indi*enou %edicinal$lant,

D&- L"&'D% C- !,(%!

S+e +a %ade i*nificant contri.ution tot+e .ioc+e%itry of to&ic $e$tide fro%veno% of fi+7+untin* Conu %arinenail, Her tudie led to t+e .ioc+e%icalc+aracteri?ation of active $e$tide fro%Conu veno% and t+e develo$%ent ofconoto&in a .ioc+e%ical $ro.eD&- L%+&D'! - C&+3

A $+ar%aceutical c+e%it -+o -or/ed ont+e c+e%itry of natural $roduct andeential oil fro% %ot +ili$$ine

$lant, Her -or/ reulted in t+e$roduction of ne- flavor and +er.al%edication,D&- L+3 %LI4'&%!B'L&D%

An or*anic c+e%it -+o i concerned-it+ t+e $ro$ertie of tarc+ and $roteinand ot+er *rain contituent in relation to*rain 0uality of rice,

D&- BI',4',ID% %- +LI,%

An or*anic c+e%it -it+ an e&$ertie on%uta*en' anti7%uta*en and .io7or*anicreaction, S+e +a -ritten nu%eroucientific article' .oo/' %ono*ra$+and related %aterial, So%e of +er.oo/ $u.li+ed are ued a te&t.oo/ incolle*e c+e%itry,CL& 5- LI$!5LI,C%

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A %edical doctor .y $rofeion' +e-or/ed on odiu% and $otaiu% contentof +ili$$ine food and eta.li+edtandard ueful in t+e $re$aration ofdiet, Her analyi of c+oleterol *avet+e "ili$ino t+e idea of t+e i%$ortance of

diet e$ecially on fat and c+oleterol,D&- !%LI( C$&B'!

Do t+e activity .elo- to *et a feel of +o- it i to .e a c+e%it,

What you will do cti.ity 2-1

- *erform this e6periment designed for you:

Material1 4 2ar -it+ lid Set7u$1 %edicine dro$$er 4 lice of .read

rocedure1

ut +alf a lice of .read into eac+ 2ar,9, Moiten eac+ +alf lice -it+ ten dro$ of

-ater,:, Cover t+e 2ar ti*+tly, ee$ one 2ar in unli*+t

and t+e ot+er in a dar/ roo% or cloet,;, Re$eat $rocedure and 5 in t+e ot+er 2ar,, O.erve t+e 2ar daily for -ee/,, Co%$are t+e reult,F,


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B- Ho8 do scientists sol.e a particular problem in his9her e6periment

T+e $ro.le% in t+e e&$eri%ent -a olved te$ .y te$, T+e te$7.y7te$ a$$roac+i -+at -e call !CI',(I"IC $'(H%D, It i a yte%atic -ay of $ro.le% olvin* ued .ycientit,

T+e .aic te$ in t+e cientific %et+od are1

1 !((I,; (H' *&%BL'$ identifyin* or /no-in* -+at you -ant to inveti*ate or tudy

2 ;(H'&I,; I,"%&$(I%, %, (H'*&%BL'$ – 2ottin* do-n i%$ortant data or infor%ation *at+ered t+rou*+ o.ervation

# "%&$I,; H5*%(H'!I! hypothesis is aneducated guess, "or%in* t+i -ould +el$ youfind out -+at t+e an-er to your $ro.le% might be,

7 *'&"%&$I,; ')*'&I$',(! (% ('!( H5*%(H'!I! dei*n and carry out

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an e&$eri%ent to tet your +y$ot+ei, O.erve everyt+in* you can, T+e %alletdetail can o%eti%e .e t+e %ot i*nificant,

< &'C%&DI,; ,D ,L53I,; D( inter$ret and evaluate t+e infor%ation*at+ered, Do calculation if needed to co%e u$ -it+ your concluion

= !((I,; C%,CL+!I%, t+i an-er t+e $ro.le% tated, If t+e $ro.le% itill unolved' try a ne- a$$roac+ or $erfor% anot+er e&$eri%ent, Re$eat t+ete$ fro% t+e .e*innin* until a olution %ay .eco%e clear,

Scientit run an e&$eri%ent etu$ and a control etu$ to %a/e ure t+e reult of t+e e&$eri%ent -ere caued .y t+e varia.le and not .y o%e +idden factor,

Try t+i activity and identify t+e different cience $rocee,

What you will docti.ity 2-2

E&a%ine t+e $icture .elo-,

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55,T+e $icture on t+e ne&t $a*e +o- a .oy -+o i uin* a colored +a%$oo,

7 9 7


16/35


T+e .oy ay1

icture A1 @My +a%$oo i $ur$le,@ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB icture !1 @ur$le> So%eone %ut +ave

added color to %y +a%$oo, BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

icture C1 @T+e color of t+e +a%$oo doen8tc+an*e +air color, BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

icture D1 @


17/35


56, BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

59,Ho- did +e c+ec/ +er o.ervation>

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

5:, BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

5;,Can you ay t+at Rac+el8 concluion -a correct> BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

Lesson #- !cientific $easurement

C+e%itry i an e&$eri%ental and a 0uantitative cience, T+e develo$%ent of it$rinci$le i .aed on carefully dei*ned e&$eri%ent carried out under controlledcondition,

At t+e +eart of any 0uantitative e&$eri%ent in our urroundin* and in la.oratorie it+e $erfor%ance of o$eration called measurements. Meaure%ent are %ade nearlyeveryday' not only in t+e la.oratory .ut in every eta.li+%ent and even at +o%e,

T+i leon -ill ta/e you to t+e -orld of cientific%eaure%ent, Read t+i leon and learn to a$$reciateit i%$ortance,

$'(&IC – (he +ni.ersal Language of !cientific$easurement

Meaure%ent i t+e $roce of co%$arin* a /no-n

0uantity li/e a %eaurin* device to an un/no-n0uantity or t+e t+in* or o.2ect to .e %eaured, It it+e $roce of deter%inin* +o- %any ti%e a certain0uantity i contained in a tandard %eaurin* device,

7 ; 7


18/35

T+e cientific yte% of %eaure%ent i called t+e metric system. T+e %etric yte%

i often referred to a t+e International System of nits! or SI .

Scientit t+rou*+out t+e -orld ue t+e %etric yte% of %eaure%ent, T+e t-o

u.diviion of t+e %etric yte% are t+e %/ (%eter7/ilo*ra%7econd) and c*(centi%eter7*ra%7econd), It i .aed on unit of ten, SI conit of t+ree clae of

unit t+at for% co+erent et .ae unit' derived unit and u$$le%entary unit,

T+ere are even .aic or funda%ental unit conidered in t+e SI,

"undamental Quantities are 0uantitie t+at can .e %eaured directly uin* %eaurin*device,

Basic (ypes of *hysical Quantities

$ass >m? i a .aic $ro$erty of %atter, It i t+e %eaure of t+e a%ount of %atter itcontain, T+e tandard unit of %a i t+e /ilo*ra%' /*, One @ilogram >@g? i t+e

%a of liter >L? of -ater at 6°C and a $reure of at%o$+ere >atm?, T+e%a of an o.2ect re%ain t+e a%e even if t+e $oition of t+e o.2ect i c+an*ed-it+ reference to t+e eart+8 center, It i %eaured uin* t+e tri$le .ea% .alanceor t+e e0ual ar% .alance,

, Length >l? i a ditance .et-een t-o ditinct $oint, It i %eaured .y uin* a%etric ruler, /idth >8? i alo a len*t+' and height >h?' i t+e vertical ditance,T+e .aic unit i t+e meter >m?,

4,(ime >t? i t+e re*ular interval .et-een t-o ucceive $oint, T+e tandard unitof ti%e i t+e econd, T+e econd -a ori*inally defined in ter% of t+e %otion of t+e eart+' .ut it -a revied and intead co%$ared to vi.ration of ceiu% ato%,

5,(emperature >(? i t+e %eaure of t+e +otne or coldne of an o.2ect, It i

tec+nically defined a t+e %eaure of t+e avera*e /inetic ener*y of a .ody,Ael.in >A? i ued a t+e .aic unit,

6,'lectric current >I? i t+e %eaure of t+e flo- of electron or c+ar*e, Ana%%eter i ued to %eaure current e&$reed a mpere >?-

9,Luminous intensity >'? i t+e a%ount of illu%ination received .y an o.2ect, T+eunit of %eaure ued to decri.e t+i i candela >cd?-

:,mount of substance >n? i t+e nu%.er of %ole, T+e .aic unit i t+e mole or mol,

T+e different unit of %eaure%ent are ued in our day7to7day activitie,


19/35

(he Common $etric +nits

Length $ass

%eter' % FF centi%eter' c% %eter' % FFF %illi%eter' %%

%eter' % FFF FFF %icro%eter' µ%FFF %eter' % /ilo%eter' /%

/ilo*ra%' /* FFF *ra%' * *ra%' * FFF %illi*ra%' %*

FFF /ilo*ra%' /* %etric ton

4olume (emperature

Liter' L FFF %illiliter' %L Liter' L FFF cu.ic centi%eter' cc

C 9(°" 54) or

C (°" 54) ,

" 9(°C) 54 or

" ,(°C) 54

elvin' A °C 4;5

(he (able of *refi6es

*refi6 !ymbol *o8ers of (en '6ample

Deci d F, F7 deci%eter' d%

Centi c F,F F74 centi%eter' c%

Milli % F,FF F75 %illi*ra%' %*

Micro µ F,FFFFF F7: %icro*ra%' µ*

#ano n F,FFFFFFFF F7 nano%eter' n%

De/a da F F de/a*ra%' da*

Hecto + F4 FF +ecto%eter' +%

ilo / F5 FFF /ilo*ra%' /*

Me*a M F: FFF FFF Me*a*ra%' M*

Ji*a J F FFF FFF FFF Ji*a%eter' J%

$etric – 'nglish 'ui.alents

$etric 'nglish

Liter' L ,F: 0uart?' 0t,

49F %illiliter' %L cu$' c

/ilo*ra%' /* 4,4 $ound' l.,

4,5 *ra%' * ounce' o?,

5,; Liter' L *allon' *al,

7 7


20/35

hat you ill docti.ity #-1 Con.ersion

Study t+e e&a%$le,

Convert ;9 %illi%eter (%%) to it corre$ondin* len*t+ in

a, %eter ., centi%eter c, /ilo%eter

Solution1

%F,FFFF;9 FFFFF

/%;,9

%FFF

/%

c%FF

% c%;,9 c,

c%;,9 c%FF F,F;9 %

c%FF %F,F;9 .,

%F,F;9 FFF

%;9

%%FFF

% %%;9 a,

==××

=×=×

==×

4 C+an*e 65F %illi*ra% to *ra%"ro% t+e Ta.le of refi&e ' %illi F 75

C+an*e t+e $o-er of ten to a $refi&, 65F & F75 *ra%!y t+e ue of cientific notation' it -ould .e 6,5F & F 4 & F75

T+e final an-er i 7-# 6 11

5 9 *allon of %ineral i e0uivalent to +o- %any liter>

liters1D-E


21/35

Solution1

#F=A

"ED-="

4;5 C

54 ::,: 54) C(5;, 54 )C(5; 9

E

=+°=

°=+=+°=+°=°

or °" i e0ual to BBBB °C

C#=-=F

CC

CC

°=

=

=°=°

°=°°=°

,

::

,

54) 7 (E or 54) 7 (E

E

9

,

54) 7 "( or 54) 7 "(

E

9

6F,T+e denity of -ater in t+e cgs i *c%5,

##

#

m

@g 1

m

@g1 or

%F

/*F

*F

/*

%

c%F

c%

*

*F

/*

%

c%)(F

c%

*

*FFF

/*

%

(FFc%)

c%

*

55

:

55

5:

5

55

54

55

5

5

=

=

××=

××=××

!CI',(I"IC ,%((I%, i a co%$act' i%$le and eay -ay of -ritin* do-n very%all and very lar*e nu%.er uin* $o-er of ten, T+e e"ponent tell t+e nu%.er of ti%et+e deci%al $oint i %oved fro% it ori*inal $lace to t+e ri*+t or fro% t+e ori*inal $lace to t+eleft, T+e e&$onent i ,';(I4' if t+e deci%al $oint i %oved fro% left to right and*%!I(I4' if it i %oved fro% right to left ,

7 4 7


22/35

E&a%$le1, 6 FFF FFF 6,F & F:

4, 954 FFF FFF 9,54 & F

5, F,FFFFFFF69 6,9 & F7

6, F,FF54 5,4 & F75

NTo add and u.tract nu%.er e&$reed in $o-er of ten' i%$ly co$y t+e co%%one&$onent and $roceed a in addition or u.traction, ("f the exponents are not the same#make them the same first before adding or subtracting$

Add1 (,5 & F4) (4,6 & F4) #-F 6 12

(6,F & F5) (4,5 & F4) 1-F 6 12

(9,4 & F9) (,5 & F6)

(%irst make the exponent the same# then add the numbers and copy the commonexponent.)

(9,4 & F9) (F,5 &F9)


23/35

*aralla6 7 i t+e a$$arent +ift in $oition of an o.2ect a it i vie-ed or o.erved at differentan*le,

ccuracy and *recision

Accuracy i a de*ree of a*ree%ent .et-een a %eaured value and t+e true value,reciion i t+e de*ree of t+e intru%ent8 e&actne,

!ignificant figures t+e nu%.er of di*it or fi*ure t+at .et re$reent t+e value of a%eaure%ent,

Rule in Deter%inin* t+e #u%.er of Si*nificant "i*ure1

All non7?ero di*it are i*nificant, (' 4' 5' 6' 9' :' ;' ' )

All ?ero in .et-een t-o non7?ero di*it are i*nificant, 4F6 +a four (6)

i*nificant fi*ure, All ?ero to t+e ri*+t of a deci%al $oint .ut to t+e left of a non7?ero di*it are #OT

i*nificant, "or e&a%$le' F,FFF5F: +a four (6) i*nificant fi*ure All ?ero to t+e ri*+t of non7?ero di*it -it+out an e&$reed deci%al $oint

follo-in* it are #OT i*nificant, "or e&a%$le' 6F:'FFF +a t+ree (5) i*nificantfi*ure' .ut 6F:'FFF, +a i& (:) i*nificant fi*ure .ecaue of t+e indicateddeci%al $oint,

;raph 7 i a tool or %ec+ani% to +o- t+e relation+i$ .et-een t-o varia.le, T+e t-o

/ind of varia.le are t+e dependent .ariables $lotted on t+e 5a6is or t+e ordinate andt+e independent .ariables $lotted on t+e )a6is or t+e abscissa-

What you will do!elf(est #-1

Direction1 Do t+e indicated o$eration,

A .loc/ of iron i 9,F c% lon*' 5,F c% +i*+ and 6,F c% -ide -ei*+ 6;6 *,

6,T+e denity of alco+ol i F, *c%5, Calculate t+e volu%e of ,: /* of alco+ol,

64,Convert t+e follo-in* unit1a ,4 L to *allon to 0uart?. 6,; /* to *ra% to deci*ra%

7 45 7


24/35


c 6F°C to °"

65,Indicate t+e nu%.er of i*nificant fi*ure1a 4 96: FFF FFF. F,FFFFFFFF9Fc F,FFFF5FF;

66, a, (5,: & F6) (6 & F7:)

., (4,5 & F79) • (5,F & F)

7 46 7


25/35

*et’s +ummari,e

*ure science involve *at+erin* infor%ation or t+e dicovery of a $attern,


26/35

b- ;athering Information on the *roblem – 2ottin* do-n i%$ortant data or infor%ation *at+ered t+rou*+ o.ervation

c- "orming Hypothesis hypothesis is an educated guess, "or%in* t+i -ould+el$ you find out -+at t+e an-er to your $ro.le% might be,

d- *erforming '6periments to (est Hypothesis – dei*nin* and carryin* out ane&$eri%ent to tet your +y$ot+ei, O.erve everyt+in* you can, T+e %allet

detail can o%eti%e .e t+e %ot i*nificant, An e&$eri%ent i an or*ani?ed$rocedure for tetin* a +y$ot+ei,e- &ecording and nalyGing Data – inter$retin* and evaluatin* t+e infor%ation

*at+ered, Do calculation if needed to co%e u$ -it+ your concluionf- !tating a Conclusion – t+i an-er t+e $ro.le% tated, If t+e $ro.le% i till

unolved' try a ne- a$$roac+ or $erfor% anot+er e&$eri%ent, Re$eat t+e te$fro% t+e .e*innin* until a olution %ay .eco%e clear,


27/35

Centi c F,F F74 centi%eter' c%

Milli % F,FF F75 %illi*ra%' %*

Micro µ F,FFFFF F7: %icro*ra%' µ*

#ano n F,FFFFFFFF F7 nano%eter' n%

De/a da F F de/a*ra%' da*

Hecto + F4 FF +ecto%eter' +%

ilo / F5 FFF /ilo*ra%' /*Me*a M F: FFF FFF Me*a*ra%' M*

Ji*a J F FFF FFF FFF Ji*a%eter' J%

9:,!cientific ,otation i a co%$act' i%$le and eay -ay of -ritin* do-n very %all andvery lar*e nu%.er uin* $o-er of ten,


28/35

. 44 d, 54

:F,T+e ide of a rectan*le are c% and 6 c%, It area ia : c%4 c, :6 c%4

. 54 c%4 d, 4 c%4

:,T+e .aic unit of %a in t+e %etric yte% i t+ea /ilo*ra% c, *ra%. /ilo%eter d, %eter

:4,A %eanin*ful %eaure%ent %ut +avea a nu%.er only c, a nu%.er and a unit. a unit only d, a $refi& and a unit

:5,Jra%%illiliter a unit ued to e&$rea area c, denity. %a d, te%$erature

:6,T+e $roduct of (6 & F5) and ( & F5) ia, : & F c, 4,: & F9., ,: & F6 d, 5,: & F;

:9,a A /! c, / A!. / A! d, ! /A

::,In nature' if one varia.le decreae a anot+er varia.le increae' t+e relation+i$.et-een t+e t-o varia.le i aid to .e

a vector c, direct. invere d, invere 0uare

:;, A /ill develo$ed .y $erfor%in* la.oratory inveti*ation and o.ervation ia uin* and %ani$ulatin* e0ui$%ent c, -or/in* coo$eratively. %a/in* o.ervation d, All of t+ee

:,T+e a%ount of $ace an o.2ect ta/e u$ i ita %a c, -ei*+t. $reure d, volu%e

:,T+e 0uotient of ::,F & F9 and 5 & F i

a 44 & F c, 4,4 & F9

. 44 & F79 d, 4,4 & F74

7 4 7


29/35

;F,a Reco*ni?e a $ro.le%,. erfor% e&$eri%ent to tet $rediction,c Ma/e a *ue a.out t+e an-er and for% your concluion,d Re$eat t+e e&$eri%ent until t+e an-er %atc+ t+e $rediction,

;, a o%et+in* you .elieve i true .ecaue a friend told you a.out it. an educated *ue t+at +a yet to .e $roven .y e&$eri%entc a ynt+ei of collection of data t+at include -ell7teted *ueed a $rediction t+at +a .een teted over and over a*ain and al-ay found to .e true

;4,a t+e lon* ide of a ri*+t trian*le. an educated *ue t+at +a yet to .e $roven .y e&$eri%entc a ynt+ei of collection of data t+at include -ell7teted *ueed a *ue t+at +a .een teted over and over a*ain and al-ay found to .e true

;5,


30/35


;,Ri??a i 9 feet and 4 inc+e tall, a c, ,9;. ,9 d, ,9

;,T+e BBBBBBBBBB decri.e() t+e te$ follo-ed in conductin* an e&$eri%ent,a concluion c, $ro.le%

. data d, $rocedure

F,T+e SI $refi& t+at %ean FFF ia centi7 c, %illi7. /ilo7 d, nano7

,T+e y%.ol µ* i read a

a /ilo*ra% c, %illi*ra%. %icro*ra% d, nano*ra%

4,

a %eter c, 0uare %eter . cu.ic centi%eter d, *ra% $er %illiliter

Key to nswers

*retest

, c :, . , d :, c 4, d4, . ;, . 4, d ;, d 44, d5, c , c 5, a , c 45, .6, c , a 6, c , c 46, d9, d F, c 9, . 4F, c 49, .

Lesson 1

!elf(est 1-1

, . :, + , /4, * ;, e 4, l5, d , f 5, %

7 5F 7


31/35

6, * , i 6, o9, f F, 2 9, n

7 5 7


32/35

Lesson 2

cti.ity 2-1

oi.le An-er

ro.le%1

4 "ollo- t+e te$ in cientific %et+od,5 T+ere are factor t+at affect t+e reaction li/e li*+t and %oiture

cti.ity 2-2

icture A +o- t+at +e feel +ot (Loo/ at t+e .aro%eter readin* inicture ! +o- t+at +e feel cold .ot+ $icture)

4 icture A o.ervationicture ! inference or for%ation of +y$ot+eiicture C $rediction

icture D e&$eri%entation or tetin* t+e +y$ot+ei

!elf(est 2-1

4 T+at t+ere -ere %ore %old *ro-t+ in 2ar 4,5 S+e co%$ared +er reult -it+ 2ar ,6 S+e concluded t+at li*+t' -ar% te%$erature and no %oiture -ere ideal

condition for %old *ro-t+,9 Ye' .ecaue it -a tated in +er o.ervation

Lesson #

!elf(est #-1

Jiven1 % 6;6 * l 9,F c% - 6,F c% + 5,F c% Co%$ute for t+e olu%e' l & - & + :F c%5

"ind1 Denity of t+e -ood

"or%ula1

55 c%

*;,E

c%:F

*6;6 D

O% D

==

=

7 54 7


33/35

;,Jiven1 D F, *c%5 % ,: /* :FF * "ind1 olu%e

"or%ula1

"17

dg71F

Bt1-2F2

gal-#1==

°=+=+°=+°=°

°°

=×=×=

=×

=×

54 ;4 54 C)(6F9

E 54 C)(

9

E "

"toC6F c,

or deci*ra%6; *

d*F *6;F *F 6,; /*6,; .,

L

0t,F: L,40uart?toL,4

L5,;E

*al L,4*allontoL,4 a,

75

5

5

c%4FFF O

c%

* F,C

*:FF O

D

% Oor

O

% D

=

=

==

,

,a, 6., 5c, 6

4F,a, ;,9 & F7

., :, & F5

*osttest

, d :, c , d :, d 4, c4, . ;, d 4, d ;, d 44, d5, . , . 5, c , d 45, c

7 55 7


34/35

6, a , . 6, d , d 46, .9, c F, d 9, . 4F, . 49, a

7 56 7


35/35

!eferences

Ha*ad' R,H, (4FF5), -hemistry. Pue?on City' +ili$$ine1 ALCO rinter,

Le%ay' E,H Q !eall' H, (4FF4), -hemistry in the changing orld. Jlenvie-' USA1 rentice

Hall,

Mendo?a' E, Q Reli*ioo' T' (4FF), -hemistry , Pue?on City' +ili$$ine1 SI!S u.li+in*,

#ueva E$aa' R,C, Q A$otol' =' (4FF6)' -hemistry. Pue?on City' +ili$$ine1 A.iva

u.li+in*,

O&to.y' D,

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