Chemical oceanography

564 OLR (1989) 36 (7)

C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

C10. Apparatus and methods

89:3704 Brajter, Krystyna and Krystyna Slonawska, 1988.

Determination of lead in waters by AAS after preeoncentration. Wat. Res., 22(11): 1413-1416. Dept. of Chem., Univ. of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.

89:3705 Cassidy, R.M. and C. Chauvel, 1989. Modern liquid

chromatographic techniques for the separation of Nd and Sr for isotopic analyses. Chem. Geol., 74(3-4):189-200. Dept. of Chem., Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Can- ada.

89:3706 Frei, R.W. (guest editor), 1988. Special issue. Fourth

symposium on handling of environmental and biological samples in chromatography. J. Chromatog., 456(1):249pp; 22 papers.

The symposium papers cover column switching, system automation, on-line and off-line sample processing, phase combinations, and clean-up procedures; some describe specific applications while others are more general. The majority deal with HPLC related procedures, but other methods are also included (e.g. gel permeation, headspace gas chromatography, and liquid scintillation counting). (gsb)

89:3707 Fukushi, Keiichi and Kazuo Hiiro, 1988. Deter-

mination of potassium in seawater by capillary isotachophoresis. Z. analyt. Chem., 332(2): 125- 129. Kobe Univ. of Mercantile Mar., Fukae, Higashinada, Kobe 658, Japan.

89:3708 Miller, W.L. and D.R. Kester, 1988. Hydrogen

peroxide measurement in seawater by (p-hydroxy- phenyl)acetic acid dimerization. Analyt. Chem., 60(24):2711-2715. Grad. Sch. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.

89:3709 Pacey, G.E. et al., 1988. Special issue on flow

analysis. Proceedings, 4th International Confer- ence, Las Vegas, April 17-20, 1988. Analytica chim. Acta, 214:466pp; 44 papers.

Flow analysis, particularly flow injection analysis, has been adapted for use in a variety of fields. These papers cover theoretical considerations and general method optimization, as well as specific applications. Biochemical, clinical, industrial, and environmental applications are described. Of particular interest are techniques for determining NH4 ÷ and a variety of metals, organics, and trace compounds. (gsb)

89:3710 Shemesh, A. et al., 1988. Determination of Ge/Si in

marine siliceous mierofossils: separation, cleaning and dissolution of diatoms and Radiolaria. Mar. Chem., 25(4):305-323.

A procedure is presented to separate diatoms and Radiolaria from marine sediments and from each other, to purify them of elements associated with other phases, and to dissolve them to determine their elemental composition. The concentration of trace elements found in alkaline dissolutions of clean diatoms are at least an order of magnitude lower than previously reported. Ge/Si measured in diatoms and Radiolaria from core tops indicates that high-latitude Holocene diatoms accurately record present-day oceanic Ge/Si, while radiolarian ratios are systematically lower and display more scatter. Weizmann Inst. of Sci., Rehovot 76100, Israel.

89:3711 Sperling, K.-R., 1988. Determination of heavy metals

in seawater and in marine organisms by graphite furnace AAS. XXII. Fish muscle instead of liver and algae as reference material for lead and cadmium determinations. Z. analyt. Chem., 332(6):565-567.

This paper is a plea for a reference material containing extremely low concentrations of Pb and Cd. A reasoning is given by an historical overview on pollution research in relation to those metals. Emphasis has changed from toxicological tests over 'hot spots' in the environment to mechanisms of transport and modelling. That development has been accompanied and promoted by methodological improvement. A proper standard material for such purpose could be fish muscle which, over and above, could be spiked, if necessary, for measurements in a higher concentration range. Biol. Anstalt Helgoland, Labor Sulldorf, Wustland 2, D-2000 Hamburg 55, FRG.

O LR (1989) 36 (7) C. Chemical Oceanography 565

89:3712 Ubom, G.A. and Yoshiteru Tsuchiya, 1988. Deter-

mination of iodide in natural water by ion chromatography. War. Res., 22(11): 1455-1458. Dept. of Biochem., Faculty of Med. Sci., Univ. of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

89:3713 Wang, Wei et al., 1988. Chemistry of marine

resources. X. Solubilities of potassium ion ex- cbanger-Ti(HPO4)z × 0.5H20 in aqueous solutions of various acids and in seawater. J. Shan- dong Coil. Oceanol., 18(2):31-39. (In Chinese, English abstract.) Dept. of Mar. Chem., Shan- dong Coll. of Oceanol., Qingdao, People's Republic of China.

89:3714 Wells, D.E., 1988. The need for organic reference

materials in marine science. Z. analyt. Chem., 332(6):583-590.

The reference materials (RMs) available for organic trace analysis and the development programmes of the RM producers are reviewed. The need for a wider range of determinants, matrices and classes of RMs, particularly the more widespread use of laboratory RMs is discussed. Additional certified RMs should include phenolic surfactant degradation products, chlorophenolics from the wood and paper industries, and organobromines from fire retardants. RMs as molecular markers of geogenic, pyrogenic and biogenic sources, chlorophylls and xanthophylls as a measure of marine productivity, and natural shellfish toxins are proposed. DAFS Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 101, Aberdeen AB9 8DB, Scotland.

89:3715 Wolf, W.R. and Markus Stoeppler (eds.), 1988.

Proceedings of the Third International Sympo- sium on Biological Reference Materials. Bay- reuth, FRG, May 4-7, 1988. Z. analyt. Chem., 332(6):517-743; 50 papers.

The papers included here address the generation, analysis, and application of standard reference materials--both certified and non-certified--for use in environmental and health-related fields of research. They are grouped under seven broad categories; the first is a general category including updates on the activities of official standards agencies, new reference preparation methods, data- base descriptions, and a report on fish muscle instead of liver and algae as reference materials for Pb and Cd. The other categories are environment (PAHs, marine organic reference materials, atmospheric organic trace compounds); trace elements; analysis (heavy metals in sedimentary reference

material, isotope ratio determination with NMR); food and diet; clinical-occupational health; and quality assurance and interlaboratory comparisons. (gsb)

89:3716 Zeisler, Roll, S.F. Stone and R.W. Sanders, 1988.

Sequential determination of biological and pol- lutant elements in marine bivalves. Analyt. Chem., 60(24):2760-2765.

A unique sequence of instrumental methods has been employed to obtain concentrations for 44 elements in marine bivalve tissue: (1) x-ray fluorescence, (2) prompt gamma activation analysis, and (3) neutron activation analysis. A final radiochem- ical procedure for tin was also applied after com- pleting the instrumental analyses. Comparison of results for elements determined by more than one technique in sequence showed good agreement, as did results from certified reference material samples analyzed along with samples. The concentrations found in the bivalve samples ranged from carbon at more than 50% dry weight down to gold at several micrograms per kilogram. Center for Analyt. Chem., Natl. Inst. of Standards and Tech., Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.

C40. Area studies, surveys

89:3717 Chen, C.-T.A., 1988. Summer-winter comparisons of

oxygen, nutrients and carbonates in the polar seas. Mer, Tokyo, 26(1): 1-11.

Winter chemical data, including oxygen, nutrients, alkalinity, total CO2, pH and pCO 2 have been collected in the Weddell Sea, South Indian Ocean, and Bering Sea. The concentrations of certain chemicals, such as oxygen, were found to differ drastically from summer values. Some properties, such as alkalinity, on the other hand, do not show significant seasonal variations when compared at the same salinity and temperature. Inst. of Mar. Geol., Natl. Sun Yat-Sen Univ., Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

C50. Seawater composition

89:3718 Conrad, Ralf and Wolfgang Seiler, 1988. Methane

and hydrogen in seawater (Atlantic Ocean). Deep-Sea Res., 35(12A):1903-1917.

Measurements between 50°N and 35°S showed the surface water to be supersaturated, while deep water

566 c. Chemical Oceanography OLR (1989) 36 (7)

was in equilibrium or slightly undersaturated with respect to atmospheric CH 4 and H 2. Dissolved H 2 was highest in surface water and decreased within the upper 100 m of the water column, whereas dissolved CH 4 remained high within the entire euphotic layer. There is evidence for a diurnal variation of dissolved H 2, with higher amplitudes at the water surface compared to 20 m depth. Dissolved C H 4 showed no diurnal variations and was independent of wind speed. Highest CH 4 concentrations were observed in areas with high nutrient input, e.g., in the upwelling areas off West Africa, and corre- lated well with the observed chlorophyll a concentrations. Fakultat fur Biol., Univ. Konstanz, P.O. Box 5560, D-7750 Konstanz, FRG.

89:3719 Kadoya, Nobuyuki, Fukashi Fukui and Shiro

Okabe, 1988. Surface distribution of vanadium in the Pacific, Southern and Indian oceans. J. Fac. mar. Sci. Technol., Tokai Univ., 26:39-52. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

Transect studies revealed a clear latitudinal pattern in both vanadium concentration and V/Sal ratio. Both values were highest in the northern North Pacific (31.4_+0.3nmol/L and 0.94+_0.01, respectively), and lowest in the South Atlantic along 30-20°W (26.0 + 0.2nmol/L and 0.76 +- 0.01, respectively). Regional differences were also observed. (gsb)

89:3720 van Beusekom, J.E.E., 1988. Distribution of dissolved

aluminium in the North Sea: influence of suspended matter. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:117-136. Inst. fur Allgemeine Botanik und Botan. Garten, Univ. Hamburg, Ohnhorstr. 18, D-2000 Hamburg 52, FRG.

89:3721 van Beusekom, J.E.E., 1988. Distribution of dissolved

aluminium in surface waters of the North Sea: influence of biological processes. Mitt. geol.- palftont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:137-151. Inst. fur Allgemeine Botanik und Botan. Garten, Univ. Hamburg, Ohnhorstr. 18, D-2000 Hamburg 52, FRG.

89:3722 Yeats, P.A., 1988. Manganese, nickel, zinc and

cadmium distributions at the Fram 3 and Cesar ice camps in the Arctic Ocean. Oceanologica Acta, 11(4):383-388.

Mn, Ni, Zn, and Cd concentrations were measured in water samples collected at the two ice stations and metal distributions were compared to other Arctic

Ocean metal concentrations. The surface waters at Fram 3 have lower trace metal concentrations than those at Cesar but Atlantic layer and deep water concentrations at the two locations are similar. At Cesar, there is a distinct Cd and Ni maximum coincident with the nutrient maximum. Comparison of metal levels in this maximum with metal levels in surface waters of the Bering Sea suggest that surface waters from the Bering Sea are the source of the elevated metal concentrations. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.

C80. Physical chemistry in seawater 89:3723

Goldberg, E.D. et al., 1988. Marine geochemistry. 2. Scavenging redux. Appl. Geochem., 3(6):561-571.

Inorganic surfaces sorb dissolved and particulate phases from seawater onto organic films from a variety of sources. Heavy metals such as Au, Pt, Mn and Cd come to the coatings primarily from particulate phases. With depth in the open ocean there are greater contributions from the dissolved phases. Copper and Mn enrichments in the films are attributed to the photo-reductions of Cu(II) to CU(I) and manganese oxides to Mn(II), respectively, while Mo uptake is a consequence of the reduction, mediated by organisms, of molybdate to Mo(V) or Mo(IV). Cadmium, however, appears to be bio- accumulated in the films. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

89:3724 Hawke, David, P.D. Carpenter and K.A. Hunter,

1989. Competitive adsorption of phosphate on goethite in marine electrolytes. Environ. Sci. Technol., 23(2):187-191. Dept. of Chem., Univ. of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.

C90. Salinity, chlorinity, conductivity

89:3725 Nagata, Yoshinori and Osamu Watarai, 1988. A

study on a new method for salinity sensing. J. Fac. mar. Sci. Technol., Tokai Univ., 26:65-76. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

A salinometer circuit is described which, by virtue of its dual electrical conductivity cell design, corrects for the effect of temperature on conductivity meas- ures. A test of the system yielded salinity values independent of temperature in the 15-25°C range. (gsb)

OLR (1989) 36 (7) C. Chemical Oceanography 567

89:3726 Sarma, K.D.K.M., Basil Mathew and R.R. Rao,

1988. Observed salinity field in the upper layers of the central Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon experiments. Mahasagar, 21(2):75-83.

During both MONSOON-77 and MONEX-79, a strong halocline was present in the depth range of 40-60 m. The influence of freshwater discharges from adjoining rivers was more evident toward the east for the same latitude. In 1979, the isohalines near 14°N were deeper compared to northern and southern stations due to convergence caused by a clockwise eddy. The influence of Arabian Sea high salinity watermass was evident near 8°N. A pre- liminary examination suggests this water mass is probably absent in the Bay of Bengal during a northeast monsoon. Naval Phys. and Oceanogr. Lab., Cochin 682 004, India.

CI00. Alkalinity, acidity, pH 89:3727

Pegler, Kay and Stephan Kempe, 1988. The carbonate system of the North Sea: determination of alkalinity and TCO 2 and calculation of pCO2 and SI~l (spring 1986). Mitt. geol.-pal~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:35-87.

Alkalinity does not behave conservatively with respect to salinity throughout the North Sea as expected. High alkalinity and TCO 2 is seen in coastal areas as a result of the effects of river discharge and weathering. The carbonate system is affected by nutrient input and photosynthesis, and the domi- nance of photosynthesis or respiration determines whether the North Sea acts as an atmospheric CO 2 source or sink on a regional basis. Geol. Palaontol. Inst., Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Ham- burg 13, FRG. (gsb)

89:3728 Wong, G.T.F., 1988. Alkalinity in the southeastern

United States continental shelf waters. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 27(5):567-579.

The distributions of salinity, alkalinity, and specific alkalinity, and the relationship between alkalinity and salinity in the South Atlantic Bight in April, 1985 indicate that the primary mixing process is between Gulf Stream water and shelf water. How- ever, in the inner shelf the influence of the Cape Fear/Pee Dee rivers and the Savannah River was also detectable. The distributions of specific alkalinity and salinity in the middle and outer shelves were consistent with the intrusion of offshore water over the shelf break onto the outer and middle

shelves as a result of Gulf Stream meandering. Dept. of Oceanogr., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23529-0276, USA.

Cll0. Radioactivity, radioisotopes 89:3729

Butts, Jolynn et al., 1988. A simplified method for 2~6Ra determinations in natural waters. Mar. Chem., 25(4):349-357.

A simple method developed for 226Ra determinations in natural waters employs the preconcentration of water samples onto Mn-fiber and alpha scintillation counting techniques. Directly transferring a known fraction of ingrown 222Rn from a sample equilibrator to a scintillation cell eliminates the use of 222Rn extraction and transfer boards, and reduces the sample processing time from 35 to 5 min per analysis. The new transfer technique is described and results are compared with the standard ocean- ographic method. Mar. Sci. Prog., Belle W. Baruch Inst. for Mar. Biol. and Coastal Res., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

89:3730 Suzuki, Eisuke, Kazushige Kusunoki and Katsuwo

Okubo, 1987. Artificial radionudides in Sagami Trough sediments. Bull. Tokai reg. Fish. Res. Lab., 122:31-38. (In Japanese, English abstract.)

C120. Dissolved gases

89:3731 Garcon, V.C. et al., 1989. Kinematics of CO 2 fluxes in

the tropical Atlantic Ocean during the 1983 northern sommer. J. geophys. Res., 94(C1):855- 870.

Time (zonal) evolution of nitrate, total CO2, total alkalinity and mass and pCO 2 are simulated in a kinematic box model taking into account advection, meridional divergence, diffusion, biological activity, and gas exchange. Initial and boundary conditions are taken from the FOCAL 4 (July-August, 1983) data set. Advection fluxes dominate the CO 2 balance. Sinks due to biological consumption approximately balance Equatorial Undercurrent inflow via diapycnal mixing. Isopycnal mixing is negligible, and degassing plays a minor role in the CO 2 budget. Estimating biological nutrient uptake shou ld be a very useful constraint for estimating equatorial divergence. Centre Natl. d 'Etudes Spatiales/GRGS, 18 ave. Edouard Belin, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France.


C130. Organic compounds 89:3732

Beckmann, Marion and Gerd Liebezeit, 1988. Organic carbon in the North Sea in May/June 1986: distribution and controlling factors. Mitt. geol.-palaont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:99-116. Geol.-Palaontol. Inst., Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 2000 Hamburg 13, FRG.

89:3733 Currie, B.R. and R.B. Johns, 1988. Lipids as

indicators of the origin of organic matter in fine marine particulate matter. A ust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 39(4):371-383. Dept. of Org. Chem., Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia.

89:3734 Faganeli, Jadran et al., 1988. C:N:P ratios and stable

C isotopic ratios as indicators of sources of organic matter in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic). Oceanologica Acta, 11(4):377-382. Mar. Res. Centre, JLA65, 66330 Piran, Yugo- slavia.

89:3735 Gomez-Belinchon, J.I. et al., 1988. The decoupling of

hydrocarbons and fatty acids in the dissolved and particulate water phases of a deltaic environment. Mar. Chem, 25(4):325-348.

Several qualitative and quantitative differences have regularly been observed between the particulate and dissolved fractions of Ebro Delta water, such as higher concentrations and spatial variability of lipids in the particulates, which are also enriched in unsaturated components. Furthermore, an apparent source-related decoupling between both phases was detected. The dissolved fraction has been classified into three groups, reflecting anthropogenic, biogenic, and terrigenous sources. Dept. of Environ. Chem., CID-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.

89:3736 Hayase, Kohji et al., 1988. Vertical distribution of

fluorescent organic matter in the North Pacific. Mar. Chem., 25(4):373-381.

Vertical distributions were investigated at three stations in the North Pacific; fluorescence intensity was low in the upper layer, and increased rapidly to a maximum at ~1000-m depth, a profile similar to that of phosphate and nitrate; in the water column above the maximum, fluorescence varies linearly with phosphate, nitrate and silicate, the same trend reported for the coastal seas of Japan. It is suggested that fluorescent organic matter is degraded in the

euphotic zone and regenerated in the water column by degradation of organic matter on the settling particles. When deeper water was irradiated with UV light, the intensity of fluorescence decreased rapidly with time, implying that photodegradation may be primarily responsible for degradation of fluorescent substances in the upper layers. Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sci., Hiroshima Univ., Hiroshima 730, Japan.

89:3737 Liebezeit, Gerd, 1988. Distribution of dissolved humic

compounds in the southern North Sea. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:153-162. Geol.-Palaontol. Inst., Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG.

89:3738 Montani, Shigeru, Kuninao Tada and Tomotoshi

Okaichi, 1988. Purine and pyrimidine bases in marine particles in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Mar. Chem., 25(4):359-371.

A good correlation was found between chl a and purine+pyrimidine bases in suspended matter, indicating that these bases originated from phytoplankton. A compositional comparison demonstrat- ed that the sinking particles were different from suspended matter. The decomposition rate of the purine and pyrimidine bases seemed more rapid than decomposition rates of amino acids (from an earlier study). Faculty of Agric., Kagawa Univ., Miki, Kagawa 761-07, Japan.

89:3739 Saliot, A. et al., 1988. The application of isotopic and

biogeochemical markers to the study of the biochemistry of organic matter in a macrotidal estuary, the Loire, France. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 27(6):645-669. Lab. de Phys. et Chemic Mar., Univ. P. et M. Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.

C140. Nutrients 89:3740

Anderson, L.G. et al., 1988. Nutrient regeneration in cold, high salinity bottom water of the Arctic shelves. Continent. Shelf Res., 8(12):1345-1355.

The concentrations of nutrients, oxygen and total carbonate in bottom water from Storfjorden, southern Svalbard are used to estimate the decay rates of organic matter at the sediment-water interface in a cold water environment. The regeneration rates are used to estimate the time required for the production


of the organic decay components contributing to the nutrient maximum in the upper halocline of the Canada Basin in the Arctic Ocean, in order to estimate the residence time of this water. The estimated residence times given by the different components are ~ 1 0 years. Dept. of Anal. and Mar. Chem., Chalmers Univ. of Tech., S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden.

89:3741 Boto, K.G. and J.T. Wellington, 1988. Seasonal

variations in concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic and inorganic materials in a tropical, tidally-dominated, mangrove waterway. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 50(1-2):151-160.

Concentrations of DOC, DON, DOP, and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus species were consistently much lower in a tropical mangrove system at Hinchinbrook Island (northern Australia), than those reported for many temperate salt marsh or estuarine mangrove waters. There was no apparent seasonal variation in the direction or magnitude of net fluxes, and, integrating over a year, all components showed very small and negligible net transport to or from the system, except for total dissolved P which showed a net annual import amounting to 24% of net forest primary production requirements. Australian Inst. of Mar. Sci., P.M.B. No. 3, Townsville MC, Qld., 4810, Australia.

89:3742 Childers, D.L. and J.W. Day Jr., 1988. A flow-

through flume technique for quantifying nutrient and materials fluxes in microtidal estuaries. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 27(5):483-494.

Marsh flume methodology was modified for use in northern Gulf Coast estuaries, where tidal ranges are small and irregular and wetlands are flat and expansive. Two key changes were made: flumes are open to water exchange at both ends, and samples are taken simultaneously at both ends throughout a tidal cycle. Data from plumes in fresh, brackish, and saline marshes of the Barataria Basin Estuary, in Louisiana, show that significant concentration differences (hence significant fluxes) are detectable. Coastal Ecol. Inst., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7503, USA.

89:3743 Lammers, Stephan and Gerd Liebezeit, 1988. Dis-

solved inorganic nutrients in the southern North Sea in December 1984, January 1985 and May 1985. Mitt. geol.-palfzont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:89-98. Geol.-Palaontol. Inst., Univ. Ham- burg, Bundesstr. 55, 2000 Hamburg 13, FRG.

89:3744 Meybeck, M. et al., 1988. Nutrients (organic C, P, N,

Si) in the eutrophic fiver Loire (France) and its estuary. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 27(6):595-624. Inst. de Biogeochim. Mar., Ecole Normale Sup., rue Maurice Annoux, 92120 Montrouge, France.

89:3745 Pregnall, A.M. and S.L. Miller, 1988. Flux of

ammonium from surf-zone and nearshore sediments in Nahant Bay, Massachusetts, USA in relation to free-living Pilayella littorMis. Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 50(1-2):161-167. Biol. Dept., Vassar Coll., Poughkeepsie, NY 12601, USA.

C150. Particulate matter

89:3746 Barit, I.Ya. et al., 1987. Determination of chemical

composition of ocean suspended matter by nuclear physical microanalysis. Oceanology (a translation of Okeanologiia), 27(6)'773-778.

Nuclear physical methods of analyzing ocean suspended matter, involving the use of low-energy light ion accelerators, can be used to determine the concentrations of 18 elements in small samples collected on nuclear filters without chemical preparation of the samples or destruction of the spec- imen. The detection ranges are between 10 ̀8 and 10` t° g and the error is 10-20%. Inst. of Nuclear Res., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.

89:3747 Beckett, Ronald et al., 1988. Separation and size

characterization of colloidal particles in fiver water by sedimentation field-flow fractionation [FFF]. Wat. Res., 22(12):1535-1545.

Methodologies for using sedimentation F F F to produce fractograms of suspended river colloidal matter have been developed; these are plots rep- resenting the particulate content at different elution volumes following the separation. The volume scale can be converted to effective particle mass using equations derived from first principles and to the more usual particle diameter scale if a particle density is assumed. Sample preconcentration is generally necessary and various techniques have been tested. The effect of programming conditions on resolution, speed, and accuracy are discussed. Water Studies Centre, Chisholm Inst. of Tech., 900 Dandenong Rd., Caulfield East, Vic. 3145, Australia.

89:3748 HOlemann, J. and H. Wirth, 1988. Concentration,

major element ratios and scanning electron

570 c. Chemical Oceanography OLR (1989)36 (7)

microscopy of suspended particulate matter from the North Sea, spring 1986. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:183-206.

The distribution of suspended particulate matter in May/June 1986 samples from 129 locations 2 m below sea level and 5 m above ground was similar to previously published distributions. SEM investigations support the significance of the biogenic component for suspended matter. Nearly all filtered samples contained plankton and fecal pellets. Ele- ment/aluminum ratios illustrate the relative abun- dance of biogenic to nonbiogenic suspended matter. Data for K, Fe, Ti, and Mn indicate a homogeneous composition of the alumosilicate matrix. High ratios of Si/A1 and Ca/A1 indicate a high contribution of planktonic material. Fly-ash spheres (recognized on all filters) indicate a significant eolian input of pollutants. Geol. Palaontol. Inst. und Mus. der Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG.

89:3749 Kempe, Stephan and T.C. Jennerjahn, 1988. The

vertical particle flux in the northern North Sea, its seasonality and composition. Mitt. geol.- pali~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:229-268.

Two time-series M A R K VI Honjo traps were moored in 1985 and 1986 in the western Skagerrak (water depth 363 m, trap depth 263 m) and in the Norwegian Channel (water depth 310 m, trap depth 210 m). Total flux was 2.7-232.4 mg/m2/d in the Norwegian Channel and 114.2-1039.3 mg/m2/d in the Skagerrak. This variation is governed by seasonality of biological activity in surface waters. In spring the diatom bloom and terrigenous input cause peak sediment fluxes, in summer and in autumn large amounts of calcite are deposited as a result of a coccolithophorid bloom, and in winter fluxes are low in general. Geol. Palaontol. Inst. der Univ. Ham- burg, Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG.

89:3750 Landmann, GOnter, 1988. An in-situ camera system,

developed and tested for the characterization of suspended matter in the ocean. Mitt. geol.- paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:207-228.

An inexpensive underwater camera system is described which allows in-situ photography of suspended particles down to 20 pm in size under 19.2-fold enlargement. Visual inspection of the pictures suggested that mainly organic matter was photographed. The highest concentration of suspended matter was found off Denmark and in the German Bight. Population density of the diatom Coscinodiscus concinnus was analyzed by counting

individual cells. The data indicate a patchy distribution of phytoplankton. Comparison between chemical analyses of particulate matter and pho- tographic results showed that in the German Bight the relative portion of the in-situ grain size fraction ~ 2 0 /zm is higher than offshore. Geol.-Palaontol. Inst. der Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Hamburg 13, FRG.

89:3751 Relexans, J.C. et al., 1988. Algal and microbial

processes involved in particulate organic matter dynamics in the Loire Estuary. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 27(6):625-644. Lab. de Biol. Mar., Univ. de Bordeaux I, 33405, Talence Cedex, France.

89:3752 Spinrad, R.W., Robert Bartz and J.C. Kitchen, 1989.

In-situ measurements of marine particle settling velocity and size distributions using the remote optical settling tube. J. geophys. Res., 94(C1): 931-938.

A remote optical settling tube developed by Bartz e* al. (1985) was deployed in the ocean at a depth ot 5000 m to evaluate for the first time its ability to determine in-situ distributions of particle settling velocity. The results, extrapolated to obtain particle- size distributions, were in good agreement with earlier measurements made on ship in the same region and suggest that the instrument is well suited for in-situ particle-size determinations, especially where fragile aggregates are likely to occur. ONR, 800 N. Quincy St., Arlington, VA 22217, USA. (hbf)

89:3753 Trimonis, E.S., V.L. Stryuk and V.V. Gordeyev,

1987. Distribution of suspended matter in the Amazon and adjoining areas of the Atlantic Ocean. Oceanology (a translation of Okeano- logiia), 27(6):735-740.

Data on suspended matter in the lower Amazon and the ocean near its mouth (March-April 1983) are discussed. Differences in the concentration of suspended matter in the Amazon and its tributaries and the distribution of Amazon River suspended matter in the river-ocean mixing zone are described. Shirshov Inst. of Oceanol., Acad. of Sci., Moscow, USSR.

89:3754 Wirth, Hans and Richard Seifert, 1988. Mineralogy,

geochemistry and SEM-observations of suspended particulate matter from the North Sea, spring 1984. Mitt. geol.-paldont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:163-181. Geol.-Palontol. Inst. und Mus. der


Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, D-2000 Ham- burg 13, FRG.

C180. Geochemistry, biogeochemistry (see also D-SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEO- PHYSICS)

89:3755 Byrd, J.T., 1988. The seasonal cycle of arsenic in

estnarine and nearshore waters of the South Atlantic Bight. Mar. Chem., 25(4):383-394.

During periods of high winds in winter and early spring, inorganic arsenic concentrations are reduced to as little as 20% of typical open ocean concentrations by sorption onto resuspended sediments or incorporation into phytoplankton. In early fall, arsenic sequestered in sediments in the spring is regenerated and returned to the water column, creating elevated arsenic concentrations in the nearshore zone up to 50% greater than open ocean concentrations. Arsenic in adjacent estuaries is nearly conservative over the seasonal cycle, although its distribution in estuaries is greatly affected by the seasonal changes in arsenic concentrations in nearshore waters. Skidaway Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 13687, Savannah, GA 31416, USA.

89:3756 Chen, C.T.A., R.A. Feely and J.F. Gendron, 1988.

Lysocline, calcium carbonate compensation depth, and calcareous sediments in the North Pacific Ocean. Pacif. Sci., 42(3-4):237-252.

Data on carbonate samples from the North Pacific are combined with information on other North Pacific material to provide an overview of the complex carbonate systems in that region. The cumulative data indicate that a large volume of North Pacific water is undersaturated with respect to CaCO 3 and that the saturation horizon shoals from west to east and from south to north. The lysocline is ~2500 m deeper than the calcite saturation horizon and several hundred meters shallower than the calcium carbonate compensation depth, which is an important control for the present distribution of calcareous sediments. Inst. of Mar. Geol., Natl. Sun Yat-Sen Univ., Kaohsiung, Taiwan. (hbf)

89:3757 Mucci, Alfonso, Ren~ Canuel and Shaojun Zhong,

1989. The solubility of calcite and aragonite in suffate-free seawater and the seeded growth kinetics and composition of the precipitates at 25°C. Chem. Geol., 74(3-4):309-320.

Sulfate ions inhibit both calcite and aragonite precipitation, but not selectively, therefore, whether in the presence or absence of SO4 v, aragonite precipitates more rapidly on aragonite seeds than calcite does on calcite seeds from supersaturated solutions. SrCO 3 incorporation in aragonite is independent of the precipitation rate and unaffected by SO42 ions. In contrast, MgCO 3 incorporation in calcite overgrowths is influenced significantly by SO42 , increasing in sulfate-free seawater relative to SO42~-containing seawater. Dept. of Geol. Sci., McGill Univ., Montreal, PQ H3A 2A7, Canada.

89:3758 Toyota, Yoshimasa, 1988. Behavior of Mn in the

western North Pacific. I. Manganese concentration off the straits of Kii and in the Mariana Trough. J. oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 44(4): 157-162. Faculty of Mar. Sci. and Tech., Tokai Univ., Shimizu 424, Japan.

89:3759 Zingde, M.D. and A.V. Mandalia, 1988. Study of

fluoride in polluted and unpolluted estuarine environments. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 27(6): 707-712. Reg. Centre, Natl. Inst. of Oceanogr., Versova, Bombay 400 061, India.

C210. Pollution (see also B350-Atmospher ic pollution, C l I 0 - R a d i o a c t i v i t y , radioisotopes, E300--Effects of pollution, F 2 5 0 - Waste disposal)

89:3760 Ashby, J.R. and P.J. Craig, 1989. New method for the

production of volatile organometailic species for analysis from the environment: some butyltin levels in U.K. sediments. Sci. total Environment, 78:219-232. Sch. of Chem., Leicester Polytech., P.O. Box 143, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.

89:3761 Carter, J.A. and C.D.R. MacGregor, 1988. An

evaluation of the methodology used for shipboard monitoring of oil spills. Oil chem. Pollut., 5(I): 47-63.

The purpose of this study was to review the strategies and technology used by scientists worldwide for shipboard monitoring of open water oil spills. Both experimental and accidental oil spills were included in the data base to give as broad a perspective as possible in assessing the necessity of a fully integrated oil monitoring system. Martec Ltd., 5670 Spring Garden Rd., Halifax, NS B3J IH6, Canada.


89:3762 Evers, E.H.G., K.C.M. Ree and Kees Oiie, 1988.

Spatial variations and correlations in the distribution of PCDD's, PCDF's and related compounds in sediments from the river Rhine-- western Europe. Chemosphere, 17(12):2271-2288. Lab. of Environ. and Toxicol. Chem., Univ. of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Acht. 166, 1018 WV Am- sterdam, Netherlands.

89:3763 Fern~mdez, P. et al., 1988. Selective enrichment

procedures for the determination of polychlori- nated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples by gel permeation chromatography. J. Chromatog., 456(1): 155-164. Environ. Chem. Dept., C/Jorge Girona Salgado 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.

89:3764 Grmez-Belinchrn, J.I., J.O. Grimalt and J. Albaigrs,

1988. Analysis and persistence of tributyl phos- phates in riverine and marine coastal waters. Chemosphere, 17(11):2189-2197. Dept. of Envi- ron. Chem., Jordi Girona, 18-26. 08034 Bar- celona, Spain.

89:3765 Ishibashi, Masahiro and Manabu Suzuki, 1988.

Simultaneous XAD-2 resin extraction and high- resolution electron-capture gas chromatography of chlorine-containing herbicides in water sam- pies. J. Chromatog., 456(2):382-391. Kitakyushu Municipal Inst. of Environ. Health Sci., Shinike 1-2-1, Tobata-Ku, Kitakyushu City, 804, Japan.

89:3766 Lohse, Joachim, 1988. Distribution of organochlorine

pollutants in North Sea sediments. Mitt. geol.- pal~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:345-365. Geol. Palaontol. Inst. der Univ. Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 2000 Hamburg 13, FRG.

89:3767 Mackay, Donald and C.D. McAuliffe, 1988. Fate of

hydrocarbons discharged at sea. Oil chem. Pollut., 5(1):1-20.

Oil discharged into seawater is subject to spreading, drifting, evaporation, dissolution, photolysis, bio- degradation and formation of both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions. Our present understanding of these processes and our ability to express their rates quantitatively are reviewed, and suggestions are made for future research. Emphasis is placed on developing a deeper understanding of oil/water partitioning in dilute oil-in-water emulsions with a

view to improving estimations of oil toxicity to marine biota. Dept. of Chem. Engng & Applied Chem., Univ. of Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada.

89:3768 Mangani, F. et al., 1988. Pedormance of graphitized

carbon black cartridges in the extraction of some organic priority pollutants from water. J. Chromatog., 452:527-534. Ist. di Sci. Chimiche, Univ. di Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.

89:3769 Murphy, P.P. et al., 1988. The transport and fate of

particulate hydrocarbons in an urban fjord-like estuary [Puget Sound, Washington]. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 27(5):461-482.

Hydrocarbon concentrations were measured on suspended particulates and surficial sediments in the estuary of Puget Sound. These data were combined with sediment deposition rates, suspended particulate concentrations and circulation data to assess hydrocarbon distributions and fates. Approximately 63% of the PAHs and 100% of the petroleum hydrocarbons associated with particles in the main basin settle directly to the sediments. The remainder is carried to main basin sediments via horizontal transport from other areas. Trends in PAH ratios are used to identify major sources. Estimated sources are balanced by estimated sinks. PMEL, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way, N.E., Seattle, WA 98115-0070, USA.

89:3770 Pavoni, B. et al., 1988. Multivariate analysis of heavy

metal concentrations in sediments of the Lagoon of Venice. Sci. total Environment, 77(2-3):189- 202. Dipart. di Sci. Ambientali, Fac. di Chim. Indust., Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, 30123 Venezia, Italy.

89:3771 Recke, Mechthild and Ulrich FOrstner, 1988. Geo-

chemical investigations on heavy metals in anoxie and oxic sediments from the North Sea and the East Frisian Wadden Sea. Mitt. geol.-pal~ont. Inst. Univ. Hamb., 65:3t3-344. Div. of Environ. Engng, Univ. of Tech. Hamburg-Harburg, Eissendorfer Str. 40, D-2100 Hamburg 90, FRG.

89:3772 Stiver, Warren, W.Y. Shiu and Donald Mackay,

1989. Evaporation times and rates of specific hydrocarbons in oil spills. Environ. Sci. Technol., 23(1):101-106.

OLR (1989) 36 (7) 573

A theoretical treatment is presented for the evaporation rate of specific hydrocarbons from crude oil spills. The fraction remaining of a specific hydrocarbon at any given evaporative exposure (directly related to time) can be calculated from the hydrocarbon's vapor pressure. Experimental data from four crude oils support the theory and define the one unknown parameter. In addition, a technique is developed to predict fresh oil composition based on a weathered oil's composition and the weathered oil's initial boiling point. Dept. of Chem. Engng and Applied Chem., Univ. of Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada.

89:3773 Svenson, Anders and H~ikan BjOrndal, 1988. A

convenient test method for photochemical trans- formation of pollutants in the aquatic environment. Chemosphere, 17(12):2397-2405.

A method (based on a modified Xenotest 1200) which has proved convenient for determination of photolytical degradation rates is described. The method was applied to testing of photochemical degradation of organic chemicals in aquatic media. Solutions of six chlorinated phenolic substances, 8-quinolinol and 9,10-anthraquinone were illumi- nated with filtered light, simulating daylight at

controlled conditions. Quantum yields of photochemical degradation and half lifetimes (of conver- sion) were calculated using a sun spectrum at 60°N. Swedish Environ. Res. Inst., P.O. Box 210 60, S-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden.

89:3774 Walker, W.W. et al., 1988. Biological and abiotic

degradation of xenobiotic compounds in in-vitro estuarine water and sediment/water systems. Chemosphere, 17(12):2255-2270. Gulf Coast Res. Lab., Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA.

C240. Corrosion

89:3775 Kumar, Ashok and M.D. Armstrong, 1988. Cathodic

protection designs using ceramic-coated anodes. Mater. Perform., 27(10): 19-23. U.S. Army Con- struction Engng Res. Lab., 2902 Newmark Dr., Champaign, IL 61820-1305, USA.

89:3776 Lye, R.E., 1988. Current drain to cathodically

protected stainless steels in seawater. Mater. Perform., 27(10):24-28. Norsk Hydro, Res. Cen- tre, N-3900 Porsgrunn, Norway.

D. SUBMARINE GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS

DIO. Apparatus and methods

89:3777 Duijndam, A.J.W., 1988. Bayesian estimation in

seismic inversion. Part I. Principles. Geophys. Prospect., 36(8):878-898.

The specification and use of a priori distribution have long been disputed by statisticians--the fully 'objective" frequentists pitted against the Bayesian school that advocates the interpretation of proba- bility through the weighing of subjective factors. In this first of two papers Bayesian theory and estimation fundamentals are outlined. The subsequent paper will examine detailed inversion of post-stack seismic data, and also discuss uncertainty and

resolution analysis. However much rigorous statisticians may spurn Bayesian arguments, the author finds them 'more convincing' and the results 'more encouraging.' Using 'a priori information can strong- ly improve estimation results. It solves the problems of non-uniqueness and instability.' Delft Geophys. B.V., P.O. Box 148, 2600 AC Delft, Netherlands. (fcs)

89:3778 Duijndam, A.J.W., 1988. Bayesian estimation in

seismic inversion. Part ll. Uncertainty analysis. Geophys. Prospect., 36(8):899-918.

Bayesian estimation combines information from the output of an information system (data), which is

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