CHEMISTRY

Contents • Atomic models• Properties of electrons • Bonds • Lewis Law• Atomic Mass• Molecular mass• Atomic number• Octet Law• Valence• Ionic bonds• Covalent bonds• Reactions –balance• Mass conservation law• Empirical Formula proportion /molecular reality • IUPAC

ChemistryDuring medieval times, a group of people known as alchemists began

looking for ways to transform common metals, such as lead, copper and iron, into gold (Figure 1.14). Can you imagine how much money you

would make if you could go to the store, buy some iron nails, and turn them into gold? You’d be rich in no time!

Early alchemists were often regarded as wizards. Their main goal was to discover the "philosopher's stone" – a substance that could turn

common metals into gold.Alchemists experimented with many different kinds of chemicals,

searching for what they termed the "philosopher's stone" – a legendary substance that was necessary for the transformation of common metals into gold. We now know that there is no such thing as a "philosopher's

stone", nor is there any chemical reaction that creates gold from another metal. We know this because we now have a much better understanding of the matter in our universe. Nevertheless, it was thanks to those early alchemists that people became interested in chemistry in the first place.

Alchemists

Alchemist’s

Early alchemists were often regarded as wizards. Their main goal was to discover the "philosopher's stone" – a substance that could turn common metals into gold.

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY • What is Chemistry ?

• chemistry• ˈkɛmɪstri/• noun• noun: chemistry• 1. the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is

composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances.

• the chemical composition and properties of a substance or body.plural noun: chemistries"the patient's blood chemistry was monitored regularly”

• 2. the complex emotional or psychological interaction between people."their affair was triggered by intense sexual chemistry"

Some Famous Chemists1661

Robert Boyle1789

Antoine Lavoisier1849

Louis Pasteur1869

Dmitri Mendeleev1911

Ernest Rutherford11953

James D. Watson and Francis Crick1985

Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discover fullerenes

Watch

• TedEd – What is the universe made of ?

• DVD -Periodic Table

Some Big discoveries and Inventions

• Oxygen • Atomic Theory • Molecules• Periodic Table • Electrons• Radioactivity • Electricity• Plastic• Microscope

The Periodic Table

What does it mean ?????

What’s inside the box ?

Research• Use the web to find out the names of all the

elements in Group 1 – Alkaline metals .• State a use for each metal .• Use the web to find out the names of all the

elements in Group 7 – Halogens • State a use for each one .• Use the web to find out the names of all the

elements in Group 0 –Noble gases • State a use for each one

Uses of these Elements

Summary

• Group 1 Group7 Group 0• Name Symbol Use Name symbol Use Name symbol Use

Nobel Peace Prize • The Nobel Peace Prize

• The Nobel Peace Prize is an international prize which is awarded annually by the Norwegian Nobel Committee according to guidelines laid down in Alfred Nobel's will. The Peace Prize is one of five prizes that have been awarded annually since 1901 under the auspices of the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm for outstanding contributions in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. Starting in 1969, a Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel has also been awarded.

• Whereas the other prizes are awarded by specialist committees based in Sweden, the Peace Prize is awarded by a

• committee appointed by the Norwegian Storting. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize is to go to whoever "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". The prize includes a medal, a personal diploma, and a large sum of prize money (currently 8 million Swedish crowns).

• The Nobel Peace Prize has been called "the world's most prestigious prize". With the award to The European Union in 2012, a total of 101 individuals and 24 organizations have been awarded the Peace Prize. The Prize is awarded at a ceremony in the Oslo City Hall on December 10, the date on which Alfred Nobel died.

Find out …….• Using the web write a paragraph about what

the Nobel peace prize is awarded for.

• Use the web to research who was awarded the Nobel peace prize in 2013 ,2009, 1999, 1993, 1901, and why ?

• Find out how many nominations are entered for the prize for 2014.

Timeline of Chemists

What are elements made of ?

Nucleus + Electrons

Atomic Models • You tube …..Brightstorm • Democritus 450BC ……..atamos • Robert Boyle 1661 …..corpuscle view…• John Dalton 1803 ….law of multiple proportions• Dimitri Mendelev 1869…..Periodic table • JJ Thomson 1897…..Plum pudding model• Geiger, Marsden, Rutherford 1909…..Nucleus in centre Niels Bohr 1913……Solar system model (Bohr model)• Louis de Broglie 1924…..electron waves • Erwin Schrodinger,Werner Heisenberg 1926……Quantum mechanics

(electron clouds )

• Make brief notes on the name and structure of each atomic model .

You tube • Cern in 3 minutes

• Large Hadron Collider (LHC) • at Cern in Geneva • in Switzerland .• Write a paragraph on the LHA saying where it is

and what it is and does.

Lewis dot Model

Lewis dot model

Draw…..

• Draw the Lewis dot model forRubidium , Phosphorus ,Nitrogen and Neon

Octet Rule

Atoms and Ions• ATOMS AND IONS• Atoms• Atoms are the basic unit of chemistry. They consist of 3 smaller things:• Protons - these are positively charged (+)• Electrons - these are negatively charged (-)• Neutrons - these have no charge• These 3 smaller particles are arranged in a particular way. In the center

is the Nucleus where you find the positive Protons and neutral Neutrons.

• In orbit around the nucleus are the Electrons. These are found in a series of orbits (depending on the atom) with differing numbers of electrons as seen below.

Atom and Ion

Atoms of the Human body• Interaction of Atoms• It's the electrons in orbit around the nucleus that allow one atom

to interact with other atoms so they can be linked together.• For example, H2O consists of an Oxygen atom linked to 2

Hydrogen atoms. The linkage or interaction between the electrons of the Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms is called a Chemical Bond. More on these later.

• Atoms in the Human Body• The human body is made up of a couple dollars worth of

chemicals.• The 12 most useful atoms for you to know about are listed

below:

Elements of the Human body

Ions• Ions• Sometimes atoms gain or lose electrons. The atom then loses

or gains a "negative" charge. These atoms are then called ions.• Positive Ion - Occurs when an atom loses an electron (negative

charge) it has more protons than electrons.• Negative Ion - Occurs when an atom gains an electron

(negative charge) it will have more electrons than protons.• The following image shows Na losing an electron and Cl

gaining an electron• Thus the Na becomes Na+• The Cl becomes Cl-

+ve and –ve Ions

Ions

• Here are some examples of common ions:

• Na+ Sodium• K+ Potassium• Cl- Chloride• Ca+ Calcium• Fe+ Iron• P- Phosphorous

Covalent bonds • A covalent bond is formed between non metal atoms, which combine

together by sharing electrons. Covalent compounds have no free electrons and no ions so they don't conduct electricity.

• The Periodic Table is an arrangement of the elements in order of atomic number. Elements in the same vertical column are in the same group or family and have similar chemical properties.

• Covalent bonding• Non metals combine together by sharing electrons. The shared pair of

electrons holds the two atoms together. It's called a covalent bond. The group of atoms bonded together in this way is called a molecule.

• The types and numbers of atoms in a molecule are shown in its formula.•

Covalent bonds

• Examples of covalent molecules• Name Structure Model• Hydrogen (H2)• Water (H2O)• Ammonia (NH3)• Methane (CH4)• Covalent compounds are usually gases or liquids with

low melting points or boiling points and they don't conduct electricity.

• Example:• Carbon dioxide is a gas with a boiling point of -

44°C. It doesn't conduct electricity.• Water is a liquid with a melting point of 0°C. It

doesn't conduct electricity.

• Dot and cross models - higher tier only• Dot and cross models show how a pair of electrons forms a

covalent bond. Notice that in the diagrams in the table below only the electrons in the outer shell of each atom are shown.

• Examples of dot and cross models• Molecule Dot and cross model• Hydrogen (H2)• Chlorine (Cl2)• Methane (CH4)

• Go on to BITESIZE basic chemistry and try the tests .

Chemistry

• Different Types of Chemistry• Fundamentally, chemistry is the study of matter and

change. The way that chemists study matter and change and the types of systems that are studied varies dramatically. Traditionally, chemistry has been broken into five main subdisciplines: Organic, Analytical, Physical, Inorganic, and Biochemistry. Over the last several years, additional concentrations have begun to emerge, including Nuclear chemistry, Polymer chemistry, Biophysical chemistry, Bioinorganic chemistry, Environmental chemistry, etceteras.

IUPAC

• IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

• The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended[1] by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Ideally, every possible organic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous structural formula can be created.

Carbon and Oxygen

Metal Reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid

Reaction when heated in air (reaction with oxygen) Reaction with cold water

Iron

Calcium

Sodium

Copper

Gold

Zinc

Magnesium

The Reactivity Series

Now arrange the metals in their correct order of reactivity and include the metals potassium, silver and lead.

Incr

easin

g re

activ

ity

Alkali metals

Look at the objects that are pointed out on the picture. Your job is to work out if they are elements, compounds or mixtures.

Slate on roof

Aluminium car body

Iron garden gate

Glass window

The air

Red paint on door

Wooden tree trunk

Copper door knob

Soil in garden

Remember:• Elements are made up of one type of atom and are found on the Periodic Table.• Compounds are two or more elements chemically joined which cannot easily be

separated.• Mixtures can easily be separated.

Smoke

Word EquationsFill in the gaps in these word equations to make them complete. If there is no reaction write this in the gap.

Sodium + water Sodium hydroxide +

Magnesium + oxygen

Iron + water (steam) oxide + hydrogen

Silver + water (steam) +

+ Hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride + hydrogen

Sodium + Sulphuric acid + hydrogen

Copper chloride + Magnesium + copper

Calcium + oxygen

Silver nitrate + Iron +

Gold + oxygen

Iron sulphate + Copper

+ Nitric acid Zinc nitrate +

+ Potassium hydroxide + hydrogen

+ Magnesium carbonate + Iron

Magnesium Chloride + Zinc +