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Chapter 1

Introduction:Matter and Measurement

John . !oo"sta#er

$t. Charles Communit% Colle&eCottle#ille, M'

Chemistry, The Central Science, 11th edition

(heodore ). !ro*n+ H. u&ene )eMa%, Jr.+

and !ruce . !ursten

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Chemistr%

In this science *e

stud% matterand the

chan&esitunder&oes.

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$cientiic Method

(he scientiic method is simpl% a s%stematic

approach to sol#in& prolems.

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Matter

/e deine matter as an%thin& that has mass

and ta"es up space.

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Matter

tomsare the uildin& loc"s o matter.

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Matter

tomsare the uildin& loc"s o matter. ach elementis made o the same "ind o atom.

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Matter

tomsare the uildin& loc"s o matter. ach elementis made o the same "ind o atom.

compoundis made o t*o or more dierent "inds oelements.

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$tates o Matter

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Classiication o Matter

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Classiication o Matter

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Classiication o Matter

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Classiication o Matter

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Classiication o Matter

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Classiication o Matter

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Classiication o Matter

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Classiication o Matter

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Classiication o Matter

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Classiication o Matter

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Properties and

Chan&es o

Matter

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(%pes o Properties

Ph%sical Properties3 Can e oser#ed *ithout chan&in& a

sustance into another sustance.

!oilin& point, densit%, mass, #olume, etc.

Chemical Properties

3 Can onlye oser#ed *hen a sustance is

chan&ed into another sustance. 4lammailit%, corrosi#eness, reacti#it% *ith

acid, etc.

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(%pes o Properties

Intensi#e Properties

3re independent o the amount o the

sustance that is present.

ensit%, oilin& point, color, etc.

5tensi#e Properties

3 epend upon the amount o the sustance

present. Mass, #olume, ener&%, etc.

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(%pes o Chan&es

Ph%sical Chan&es

3 (hese are chan&es in matter that do not

chan&e the composition o a sustance.

Chan&es o state, temperature, #olume, etc.

Chemical Chan&es

3 Chemical chan&es result in ne* sustances.

Comustion, o5idation, decomposition, etc.

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Chemical 6eactions

In the course o a chemical reaction, the

reactin& sustances are con#erted to ne*

sustances.

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Compounds

Compounds can e

ro"en do*n into

more elementalparticles.

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$eparation o

Mi5tures

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istillation

istillation uses

dierences in the

oilin& points osustances to

separate a

homo&eneous

mi5ture into itscomponents.

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4iltration

In iltration solid

sustances are

separated rom li7uids

and solutions.

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Chromato&raph%

(his techni7ue separates sustances on the

asis o dierences in soluilit% in a sol#ent.

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8nits o

Measurement

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$I 8nits

Systme International dUnits

dierent ase unit is used or each 7uantit%.

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Metric $%stem

Prei5es con#ert the ase units into units that

are appropriate or the item ein& measured.

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olume

(he most commonl%

used metric units or

#olume are the liter );and the milliliter m);.

3 liter is a cue 1 dm

lon& on each side.

3 milliliter is a cue 1 cmlon& on each side.

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8ncertaint% in Measurements

ierent measurin& de#ices ha#e dierent

uses and dierent de&rees o accurac%.

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(emperature

!% deinition

temperature is a

measure o thea#era&e "inetic

ener&% o the

particles in a

sample.

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(emperature

In scientiicmeasurements, theCelsius and

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(emperature

(he

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(emperature

(he 4ahrenheit

scale is not used in

scientiic

measurements.

4 > 9BC; ? A2

C > B94 D A2;

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ensit%

ensit% is a ph%sical propert% o a

sustance.

d >m

V

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8ncertaint% in

Measurement

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$i&niicant 4i&ures

(he term si&niicant i&uresreers to

di&its that *ere measured.

/hen roundin& calculated numers, *epa% attention to si&niicant i&ures so *e

do not o#erstate the accurac% o our

ans*ers.

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$i&niicant 4i&ures

1. ll non=ero di&its are si&niicant.

2. Eeroes et*een t*o si&niicant i&ures

are themsel#es si&niicant.

A. Eeroes at the e&innin& o a numer

are ne#er si&niicant.

F. Eeroes at the end o a numer are

si&niicant i a decimal point is *ritten

in the numer.

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$i&niicant 4i&ures

/hen addition or sutraction isperormed, ans*ers are rounded to theleast si&niicant decimalplace.

/hen multiplication or di#ision isperormed, ans*ers are rounded to thenumer o di&its that corresponds to theleastnumer o si&niicant i&uresinan% o the numers used in thecalculation.

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ccurac% #ersus Precision

ccurac%reers to the pro5imit% o a

measurement to the true #alue o a

7uantit%.

Precisionreers to the pro5imit% o

se#eral measurements to each other

"urasi men&acu pada "ede"atan

pen&u"uran den&an nilai seenarn%a

dari "uantitas.

Presisi men&acu pada "ede"atan

eerapa pen&u"uran satu sama lain.

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imensional nal%sis

/e use dimensional anal%sis

to con#ert one 7uantit% to

another. Most commonl% dimensional

anal%sis utili=es con#ersion

actorse.&., 1 in. > 2.BF cm;

1 in.

2.BF cm

2.BF cm

1 in.or

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imensional nal%sis

8se the orm o the con#ersion actor

that puts the sou&ht-or unit in the

numerator.

Gi#en unit = desired unitdesired unit

&i#en unit

Con#ersion actor

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imensional nal%sis

4or e5ample, to con#ert .00 m to inches,

3 con#ert m to cm

3 con#ert cm to in.

.00 m100 cm

1 m

1 in.

2.BF cm= A1B in.