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Elements and
Compounds and
Mixtures
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Categorise these
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Solid, liquid, gas
Has mass and occupyspace
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Classify Matter
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Matter is a substance thatMatter is a substance that
occupies space and has mass.occupies space and has mass.
The basic building block of matter The basic building block of matteris atoms.is atoms.
Elements are made up of atomsElements are made up of atoms
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hat is an element!
"n"n elementelement is theis the simplestsimplest formform of aof a
substance #hichsubstance #hich cannotcannot bebe brokenbroken do#ndo#n further byfurther by chemical meanschemical means..
Sulfur Mercury
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$eriodic table
The periodic table sho#s the The periodic table sho#s the
elementselements arrangedarranged according toaccording to
theirtheir
protonproton
numbersnumbers
.
.
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$eriodic table
Hori%ontal ro#sHori%ontal ro#s of elements areof elements are
calledcalled periodsperiods..
&ertical columns&ertical columns of elements areof elements arecalledcalled groupsgroups..
Elements in theElements in the same periodsame period ha'eha'e
the same number ofthe same number of
electronelectron
shellsshells..
Elements in theElements in the same columnsame column ha'eha'e
similar chemical propertiessimilar chemical properties..
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Changes in a periodfrom left to right
The The protonproton numbernumber increasesincreases..
The The elementselements change fromchange from
metallicmetallic toto non(metallicnon(metallic.. The The statestate of the element changesof the element changes
fromfrom solidsolid toto liquidliquid toto gasgas..
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Test yourself
)ocate element at)ocate element at
$eriod *, group &+++ - He$eriod *, group &+++ - He
$eriod /, group +& Si$eriod /, group +& Si$eriod 0, group ++ Ca$eriod 0, group ++ Ca
here is the elementhere is the element
oxygen period1 , group &+oxygen period1 , group &+sodium period /, 2roupsodium period /, 2roup
+3333333333333333 +3333333333333333
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Elements
There are There are **4 elements**4 elements,,51 #hich are found51 #hich are found naturallynaturally
and the restand the rest man(mademan(made..
There are There are more metallic elementsmore metallic elements than non(than non(metallic elementsmetallic elements
Metalloids are elements #hich possessMetalloids are elements #hich possess
properties of 67TH metals and non(metals.properties of 67TH metals and non(metals.
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Elements
The The most abundantmost abundant element in theelement in the
uni'erse isuni'erse is hydrogenhydrogen, follo#ed by, follo#ed by
heliumhelium andand oxygenoxygen..
Hydrogen
Oxygen
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Chemical Symbols
EachEach elementelement is represented by ais represented by a
chemical symbolchemical symbol..
The The 8rst letter8rst letter of a chemicalof a chemicalsymbol is al#ayssymbol is al#ays capitalisedcapitalised andand
thethe secondsecond is inis in lo#er caselo#er case..
9a9a
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Chemical symbols
ElementElement +ron+ron
MagnesiumMagnesium MercuryMercury 9itrogen9itrogen 7xygen7xygen
$otassium$otassium Sil'erSil'er SodiumSodium Tungsten Tungsten
SymbolsSymbols :e:e MgMg HgHg 99 77
; ; "g"g 9a9a
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Ho# do #e classifyelements!
ShinyShiny HighHigh densitydensity HighHigh meltingmelting andand boilingboiling
pointpoint 2ood2ood conductorconductor ofof heatheat
andand electricityelectricity MalleableMalleable andand ductileductile Sonorous<tinkles #henSonorous<tinkles #hen
being hit=being hit=
>ull>ull )o#)o# densitydensity )o#)o# meltingmelting andand
boiling pointboiling point
$oor$oor conductorconductor ofof heatheat andand electricityelectricity
9on(malleable<brittle=9on(malleable<brittle= andand
non(ductilenon(ductile
Elements
Metals Non-metals
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FIND OUT MOREE-LEARNING HW
>isco'er more about the elements. :ind out their properties and uses.>isco'er more about the elements. :ind out their properties and uses.
$roperties refer to its appearance, meltingboiling points etc.$roperties refer to its appearance, meltingboiling points etc.
?ou should research on the element #ith ?ou should research on the element #ith proton numberproton number that match yourthat match your registerregisterno.no.
E.g.E.g.
@egister no. 5 should research on beryllium or Auorine!@egister no. 5 should research on beryllium or Auorine!
" :luorine" :luorine
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At the end of the lesson, are you able to:
• Define Elements, Compounds and Mixtures• To differentiate between metals and non-metals
based on their physical properties • To know how compounds are formed from
elements
• To distinguish among elements, compounds andmixture
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DISCOVERED IN 1811
+odine
H!SICAL ROERTIES
Black solid at room conditionsMelting point: 386.6 K (113.5 oC)
Boiling point: 45 K (184 oC)
!ndergo s"#limation
$ocated at %ro"p &'' eriod 5 on t*e eriodic +a#le
USES
*ttp:,,---.glo#al*ealingcenter.com,nat"ral*ealt*,"ses/oriodine,
0terilising agent /or e.g. in -o"nds
ig*ting #acteria in e.g. con2"ctiits
antioidant
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Bses of elements
Silicon chipsSilicon chips
Copper pipesCopper pipes
MercuryMercury
thermometerthermometer
2raphite in pencils2raphite in pencils
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Class #ork
orkbk $g /5(01orkbk $g /5(01
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*ttp:,,---.o"t"#e.com,-atc*79e&;tp<=/eat"re7related
0tate o/ Magnesi"m: solid
Colo"r:siler gre0tate o/ ogen: gaseo"s
Colo"r: colo"rless
0odi"m c*loridesodi"m and c*lorine
>itrogen dioide: nitrogen and ogen
Copper c*loride: copper and c*lorine
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Compounds and theirelements
CompoundsCompounds
Sodium chlorideSodium chloride,,
9aCl9aCl
Silicon dioxideSilicon dioxide,, Si7Si711
aterater,, HH1177
Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide,, C7C711
ElementsElements
SodiumSodium andand chlorinechlorine
SiliconSilicon andand oxygenoxygen
HydrogenHydrogen andand oxygenoxygen
CarbonCarbon andand oxygenoxygen
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Ho# do #e obtain elementsfrom compounds!
"" compoundcompound cancan
bebe broken do#nbroken do#n
into its elementsinto its elementsby chemicalby chemical
meansmeans
e.g.e.g. electrolysiselectrolysis..
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$roperties of compounds
Compounds areCompounds are formedformed inin chemicalchemical reactionsreactions..
" compound can only be" compound can only be broken do#nbroken do#n
into simpler substances byinto simpler substances by chemicalchemicalmeansmeans..
" compounds has" compounds has propertiesproperties diDerentdiDerent
from its components.from its components. The The compositioncomposition of a compoundof a compound
consists ofconsists of elements in 8xedelements in 8xed
proportionsproportions.. H2O
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Electrolysis
+n the+n the electrolysiselectrolysis of #ater,of #ater, #ater#ater isis broken do#nbroken do#n into its elements,into its elements,
hydrogenhydrogen andand oxygenoxygen..
iD b
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>iDerences bet#eenelements and compounds
ElementsElements
Simplest form of aSimplest form of a
substance #hichsubstance #hichcannot be brokencannot be brokendo#n further bydo#n further bychemical means.chemical means.
Made of one type ofMade of one type ofatom.atom.
CompoundsCompounds
Made of t#o or moreMade of t#o or more
elements chemicallyelements chemicallycombined together.combined together.
Made of t#o or moreMade of t#o or morediDerent types ofdiDerent types of
atoms.atoms.
l
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elements
MetalsMetals Non-metalsNon-metals
NameName SymbolSymbol PhysicalPhysical
StateState NameName SymbolSymbol
PhysicalPhysical
StateState
aluminium Al solid argon Ar gas
calcium Ca solid bromine Br liquid
copper Cu solid carbon C solid
iron Fe Solid chlorine Cl gas
magnesium Mg Solid hydrogen H gas
mercury Hg Liquid iodine I solid
potassium K Solid nitrogen N gas
sodium Na Solid oxygen gas
!inc "n Solid sul#ur S solid
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Can you differnetiate the diagram
particle of#ater
particle ofoxygen
particle ofhyrdogen
element
element
combustion
Compound( #atermixtur
e
?@ A@?@
A@
?@A
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Test yourself
)ocate element at)ocate element at
$eriod *, group &+++ - He$eriod *, group &+++ - He
$eriod /, group +& Si$eriod /, group +& Si$eriod 0, group ++ Ca$eriod 0, group ++ Ca
here is the elementhere is the element
oxygen $eriod 1 2roup &+oxygen $eriod 1 2roup &+
sodium $eriod / 2roup +sodium $eriod / 2roup +
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Mixtures
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Classifying matter
Matter
Pure substances Mixtures
Elements Comounds
ied melting =
#oiling pta
Melt = #oil oer
a range o/temperat"re
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hat is a mixture!
" mixture is a substance made up" mixture is a substance made up
of t#o or more substancesof t#o or more substances
<consisting of elements,<consisting of elements,
compounds or both= #hich are notcompounds or both= #hich are not
chemically combined.chemically combined.
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hat is an alloy!
"n alloy is a mixture of t#o or more"n alloy is a mixture of t#o or more
metals or a metal and a small amountmetals or a metal and a small amount
of non(metal.of non(metal.
"lloys are stronger and harder than"lloys are stronger and harder thanpure metalspure metals
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hat is brass!
6rass is an alloy of copper and6rass is an alloy of copper and
%inc%inc
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hat is bron%e!
6ron%e is an alloy of copper and6ron%e is an alloy of copper and
tintin
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hat is air!
"ir is a mixture of nitrogen,"ir is a mixture of nitrogen,
oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide,oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide,
#ater 'apour and other gases.#ater 'apour and other gases.
Car#on dioide CA@
>itrogen >@
Agen A@
;ater ?@A
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$roperties of Mixtures
9o chemical reaction takes place9o chemical reaction takes place
9o energy is exchanged #ith the9o energy is exchanged #ith the
surroundingssurroundings
" mixture has properties of its" mixture has properties of its
constituentsconstituents
The constituents can combine in The constituents can combine in
any proportionany proportion
" mixture can be separated by" mixture can be separated by
physical methodsphysical methods
>iD b d
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>iDerences bet#een compoundsand mixtures
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ElementElement 6asic building6asic building
block of matterblock of matter
Cannot beCannot bebroken do#nbroken do#ninto simplerinto simplersubstances bysubstances bychemicalchemical
reactionsreactions Made up of oneMade up of one
type of atomtype of atom
CompoundCompound $ure substance$ure substance
containing t#ocontaining t#oor moreor morechemicallychemicallycombinedcombinedelementselements
Can be brokenCan be broken
do#n intodo#n intosimplersimpler
substances bysubstances bychemicalchemicalreactionsreactions
Made of t#o orMade of t#o ormore diDerentmore diDerent
types of atomstypes of atoms
MixtureMixture Made up of t#o orMade up of t#o or
moremoresubstances#hich aresubstances#hich arenot chemicallynot chemically
combinedcombined Can be separatedCan be separated
into its constituentsinto its constituentsby physicalby physical
Made up of t#o orMade up of t#o or
more constituentsmore constituentscombined in anycombined in anyproportionproportion
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Classify the items into Elements,Compounds and Mixture
*.*. 7ilM7ilM
1.1. Copper sulfateCompound<Cu,S,7=Copper sulfateCompound<Cu,S,7=
/./.
Sodium chloride Compound <9a,Sodium chloride Compound <9a,Cl=Cl=
0.0. "luminium foil E"luminium foil E
.. Copper #ireECopper #ireE
4.4. SulfurESulfurE
F.F. SugarC<C,H,7=SugarC<C,H,7=
G.G. +odineE+odineE
A#sera#le trends: onl
elements and compo"nds *ae
c*emical /orm"las. lements aremade "p o/ one tpe o/ elements
-*ile compo"nds *ae @ or
more elements in t*em.
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Separation Techniques
The constituents of a mixture can be The constituents of a mixture can be
separated by physical methodsseparated by physical methods
Each separation technique makes useEach separation technique makes use
of a diDerence in physical propertyof a diDerence in physical propertybet#een the constituents to separatebet#een the constituents to separate
themthem
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Magnetic attraction
+ron is a magnetic+ron is a magnetic
materialmaterial
+t can be separated+t can be separated
from non(magneticfrom non(magnetic
materials likematerials likesulphur usingsulphur using
magnetic attractionmagnetic attraction
7ther magnetic7ther magnetic
materials includematerials includesteel, cobalt andsteel, cobalt and
nickelnickel
+nsert picture of+nsert picture of
separation of ironseparation of iron
and sulphur byand sulphur by
magnet from $gmagnet from $g5/I5/I
+nsert picture of+nsert picture of
separation ofseparation of
magnetic #astemagnetic #astefrom $g5/Ifrom $g5/I
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:iltration
)arge particles can be separated from smaller)arge particles can be separated from smaller
particles by 8ltration.particles by 8ltration.
Strainers and 8lters are used to separate largeStrainers and 8lters are used to separate large
particles from smaller ones as the largeparticles from smaller ones as the large
particles cannot pass through the small holesparticles cannot pass through the small holesof the 8lters and strainers.of the 8lters and strainers.
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:iltration
:iltration is one of:iltration is one of
the stages tothe stages to
purify #ater in apurify #ater in a
#ater treatment#ater treatmentplant.plant.
The hair in our The hair in our
noses trap andnoses trap and
8lter dust and dirt8lter dust and dirtfrom the air thatfrom the air that
#e breathe in.#e breathe in.
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E'aporation
Salt can beSalt can be
separated fromseparated from
salt #ater bysalt #ater by
e'aporating a#aye'aporating a#ayall the #ater fromall the #ater from
the salt solution.the salt solution.
The salt that is The salt that is
left behind isleft behind iscalled thecalled the
residue.residue.
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E'aporation
Sea #ater is leftSea #ater is left
to e'aporateto e'aporate
under the sun inunder the sun in
salt pans.salt pans. hen the #aterhen the #ater
has e'aporated,has e'aporated,
salt #ill be leftsalt #ill be left
behind in thebehind in thepans.pans.
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Solute aSolute a
substance thatsubstance that
dissol'es in adissol'es in a
sol'ent.sol'ent.
Sol'ent is aSol'ent is a
substance thatsubstance that
dissol'es adissol'es a
solute. E.g. #ater,solute. E.g. #ater,alcoholalcohol
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>istillation
>istillation is used to>istillation is used to
separate a liquid fromseparate a liquid froma solution or toa solution or to
separate a liquid fromseparate a liquid from
a mixture of liquids.a mixture of liquids. The mixture is 8rst The mixture is 8rst
heated to formheated to form
'apours, then'apours, thencondensed to formcondensed to form
liquids.liquids.
The liquid that is The liquid that iscollected is called thecollected is called the
distillate.distillate.
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>istillation
>istillation can be>istillation can be
used inused in
desalination todesalination to
obtained pureobtained pure#ater from sea#ater from sea
#ater.#ater.
)arge amounts of)arge amounts of
energy areenergy arerequired to heatrequired to heat
and 'apourise theand 'apourise the
#ater.#ater.
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>istillation
+n the perfume+n the perfume
industry,industry,
distillation is useddistillation is used
to extractto extractfragrances fromfragrances from
plants.plants.
The fragrant oil is The fragrant oil is
the distillatethe distillate
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:ractional distillation
:ractional distillation:ractional distillationis a form of distillationis a form of distillationused to separate t#oused to separate t#oore more liquids #ithore more liquids #ith
diDerent boilingdiDerent boilingpointspoints into diDerentinto diDerentfractions usingfractions usingfractionating to#ersfractionating to#ersor columns.or columns.
hen crude oil ishen crude oil isheated, theheated, theconstituents boil andconstituents boil andare collectedare collectedseparately.separately.
:ractional distillation
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:ractional distillationof crude oil
:ractional distillation
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:ractional distillationof liquid air
The diDerent The diDerent
gases that makegases that make
up air areup air are
separated byseparated byfractionalfractional
distillationdistillation
)iquid air is boiled)iquid air is boiled
condensed andcondensed andcollectedcollected
separately.separately.
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@e'erse osmosis
@e'erse osmosis is a method used to obtain@e'erse osmosis is a method used to obtain
pure #ater by pushing #aste #ater through apure #ater by pushing #aste #ater through a
partially permeable membrane.partially permeable membrane.
)arger particles like salt, micro(organisms and)arger particles like salt, micro(organisms and
other impurities cannot pass through the smallother impurities cannot pass through the smallholes of the membrane.holes of the membrane.
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9Eater
To be self To be self
suJcient in itssuJcient in its
#ater supply,#ater supply,
Singapore hasSingapore hasde'elopedde'eloped
technology usingtechnology using
re'erse osmosisre'erse osmosis
to reclaim #asteto reclaim #aste#ater and#ater and
desalinate seadesalinate sea
#ater.#ater.
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Chromatography
$aper$aperchromatography canchromatography canbe used to separatebe used to separateand identify theand identify thediDerent componentsdiDerent components
in mixtures such asin mixtures such asfood colourings orfood colourings orinks.inks.
The components are The components areseparated as theyseparated as theymo'e along the 8ltermo'e along the 8lterpaper at diDerentpaper at diDerentrates.rates.
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= Heat up the 8ltrate to e'aporate oD the= Heat up the 8ltrate to e'aporate oD the
#ater#ater
4= >ry the copper<++= sulfate bet#een 8lter4= >ry the copper<++= sulfate bet#een 8lter
paperpaper >ry the sand bet#een 8lter paper>ry the sand bet#een 8lter paper
h h
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Chromatography
Ch h
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Chromatography
The unkno#n constituents of a mixture can be The unkno#n constituents of a mixture can be
identi8ed by comparing the chromatogram ofidenti8ed by comparing the chromatogram of
the mixture #ith those of kno#n substances.the mixture #ith those of kno#n substances.
$i f
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$icture references
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