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Chemistry of Organic Molecules
Chapter 3 Mader Biology
Organic Molecules
Four Classes• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Proteins • Nucleic Acids
Organic Molecules
Organic molecules contain a carbon backbone with various functional groups attached
The functional groups have various properties
that make the molecule behave a
certain way in solution
Pop Quiz… (Just for Fun!)
• How well do you know your functional groups?
Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules
• Macromolecules are made from linking monomers into polymers through dehydration synthesis
Enzymes make it Happen
What is that!
Carbohydrates
• Universally used as immediate energy, to make ATP during cellular respiration, but also play a structural role
Broken Down for Energy Cellulose, structure in plants and the most abundant molecule on Earth
Dehydration synthesis/Hydrolysis
Simple sugar
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates• Alpha linkage can easily be broken down by humans and
other animals but Beta linkage can only be broken down by certain bacteria
Alpha linkage
Beta linkage
Lipids
• A variety of organic molecules are classified as lipids
• Insoluble in water• Fats, a type of lipid in animals, and oils, a type
of lipid in plants, are used for energy storage• Phospholipids make up the bi-layers of
membranes
Fats and Oils
• Made from the subunit molecules Glycerol and fatty acids
• Known as a triglyceride
Phospholipids
• Made from the subunit molecules phosphate, glycerol, and fatty acids
• Compose the bulk of a cell membrane
Steroids• Composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups giving it
different properties• Cholesterol freely floats around in the blood as a waxy substance• It is a precursor to the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen• It is integrated into all cell membranes as a lubricant• Cholesterol can be classified as LDL, “Bad Cholesterol”, and HDL “Good Cholesterol”
He must have good genes
Waxes• Fatty acid bound to a long chain alcohol• Protect plants and animals
Proteins
• Approximately 50% of the dry weight of a cell consists of protein
• What are some of their functions in a cell? Functions:•Support•Enzymes•Transport•Defense•Hormones•Motion
Proteins… How are they made?
• Through transcription and translation which links the correct amino acids together in the correct sequence
Amino Acids… Building Blocks of Proteins
Protein Shape
Proteins can have up to four levels of structure1. Primary-Order of A.A.2. Secondary-Hydrogen
bonding between A.A.3. Tertiary-Covalent
bonding between R Groups
4. Quaternary-Two or more polypeptides join