Chiet Xuat Pectin Tu Phe Lieu Buoi

7/31/2019 Chiet Xuat Pectin Tu Phe Lieu Buoi

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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than

2.1. c tnh thc vt ca cy bi.........................................................222.2. Cc loi bi thng gp..................................................................232.3. Thnh phn ho hc ca bi..........................................................262.4. Cc dng bi v ph liu bi........................................................262.3.1. Bi ..................................................................................................262.3.2. Ph liu bi .....................................................................................262.5. ng dng ca bi v ph liu bi................................................272.5.1. Bi ..................................................................................................272.5.2 Ph liu bi ......................................................................................29

2.6. Tc dng ca bi v ph liu bi.................................................302.6.1. Bi ..................................................................................................302.6.2. Ph liu bi .....................................................................................31

Chng 3 XY DNG QUY TRNH CHIT XUT PECTIN323.1. S quy trnh cng ngh..................................................................323.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh.........................................................................33

KT LUN V KIN NGH...........................................................43TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................44

SVTH: Phm Th Thanh Ngc Lp: 08C32


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LI M U1. L do chn ti

Ngy nay, t nc ang trn pht trin theo ng li cng nghihin i ho th cc ngnh cng nghip, nng nghip....cng cng ngy phc bit ngnh cng ngh thc phm cng ang rt pht trin nc ta hn gp phn khng nh v cung cp mt lng ln thc phm cho x hi, phm ca n nh bnh ko, nc gii kht, sa, mt ng, mt....p lng ln cho nhu cu x hi ca nc ta hin nay v sau ny.

c c nhng sn phm nh vy, mt thnh phn khng th tng vai tr quan trng trong cc sn phm l pectin, l mt loi ph giav hi c kh nng to gel, to ng trong cng ngh ch bin to ra phm a dng v phong ph, d bo qun khi vn chuyn. Mt khc, nnc c kh hu nhit i nn thun li cho vic trng v sn xut nhiuqu. y l ngun nguyn liu di do sn xut pectin. Lng pectinnhiu trong ph liu rau qu trong cng ngh ch bin nc p tri cy nh

chanh, to, v xoi, v - ci bi, u ...y l ngun nguyn liu r tin, t nguyn liu l ph liu nhng phn ta khng n c hay nhng phn ktr dinh dng m ta c th s dng li chit xut ly pectin c trong nhliu lm cho chng c tc dng v ng dng nhiu, hn na vic thu mliu khng s dng ca cc nh my v x l chng em dng l c tc dtrong vic bo v mi trng v em li gi tr kinh t cao. y l sn phmngi c bit n v nghin cu v n cng cha nhiu, mc d nhu cutng i ln. V vy, vic tm hiu v nguyn liu cc tnh cht bin trnh cng ngh thch hp sn xut v ng dng hp l ang l vn cem li hiu sut thu hi pectin cao hn, ng gp thit thc cho s phchung ca ngnh cng ngh thc phm trong vic a dng ho cc sn phm



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2. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti- ngha v mt kinh t : Nguyn liu l ph liu bi gi c thu mua r

dn n chi ph v mt sn phm thp.- ngha v mt x hi: Khi chi ph cho mt n v sn phm thp ng n

vi gi thnh sn phm khng cao nn chi ph v chi tiu gim dn n chigio dc cao. Trnh con ngi trong x hi ngy cng c nng cao.

- ngha v mt sc khe: C nhiu gi tr dinh dng trong khu phnhng ngy, phng v cha mt s bnh nh: h cholesterol trong mu, chncng ng huyt ngi mc bnh tiu ng, kch thch bi tit dch v

- ngha trong cng ngh thc phm: ng dng trong ch bin hp v rqu, bnh ko, mt, mt ng



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Chng 1 TNG QUAN V PECTIN1.1. Tnh hnh nghin cu v pectin[25], [26], [27]1.1.1. Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc

- C cng trnh nghin cu thu nhn pectin t ph liu qu bi v n sn xut mt xoi ng do hai sinh vin V Th Xun H- Trng Th T.Trng cao ng cng ngh, nm 2010.

- Nghin cu thu nhn pectin t v c ph do tc gi Bi Anh V v Ngc Lng. Trng i hc Tn c Thng v trng i hc Bch khoa HCM, nm 2009.1.1.2. Tnh hnh nghin cu trn th gii

Pectin l polysaccharides hnh ng nh mt cht kt dnh t bo troca nhiu loi hoa qu khc nhau v rau qu. Mt tnh nng quan trng cal este ha ca acid galacturonic vi methanol. Mc methyl ha cngha l s mol ca methanol trn 100 mol ca acid galacturonic.

- Cng trnh nghin cu v ch s pectin do ng Padivalet al. (nm 1,

nghin cu ny c h tr bi ti tr nghin cu t CONICET (Consejo Nde Investigaciones Cientficas y Tecnolgicas) v Universidad Nacional del Argentina.

(Planta Piloto de Ingeniera Qumica (UNS-CONICET) Camino "La CarrindaKm 7. CC 717. (8000) Baha Blanca. Argentina).

- Cc nh khoa hc thuc Vin Nghin cu Thc phm Anh mi yhin mt loi si gi l pectin trong phn ln rau qu ti, c th ngn chc pht trin ung th. Sau khi nghin cu tc dng ca pectin trong phnghim, nhm chuyn gia, do gio s Vic Morris dn u.



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than- Hi tho quc t ln th hai v Pectins v Pectinaza c t chc

hc Wageningen v Trung tm nghin cu v c t chc ti Rotterdam,06- ngy 10 thng 5, nm 2001. Cuc hp ny c hiu qu s tham d ca k130 i biu t hn 20 quc gia, i din cho gn nh tt c cc nhm / ng

nghip lm vic trn ton th gii v pectins v pectinaza. Sau cuc hp v ch ny c t chc vo thng 12 nm 1995, hi ngh chuyn chto thnh mt nn tng cho cc nh nghin cu v cc ngnh cng nghip ltrong lnh vc ny, tt c trong k lut chuyn mn ring ca h.

- Nghin cu cng ngh chit xut pectin t Artocarpus heterophyllus

c nghin cu bi Guo Fei-yan, JI Ming-hui *, SHU Huo-ming, Chen Chen Yi-nan (Khoa Ha, i hc Hi Nam bnh thng, chnh Lab ca HerDc phm nhit i ca tnh Hi Nam, 571.158 Hi Khu, Trung Quc).

- Pectin, mt loi cht x c tm thy trong tri cy v rau qu, thenghin cu trong phng th nghim mi t M, c vit trn tGlycobiology, th pectin c th gy cht t bo lp trnh trong cc t bo u

tuyn tin lit. Nhng g bo co ny cho thy l nu bn ly t bo ung thtin lit ca con ngi v thm pectin, bn c th to ra t bo cht c lng Debra Mohnen nh nghin cu t bo. "Nu bn lm nh vy khng phth bng t bo cht khng xy ra . "

1.2. Ngun gc, cu to v tnh cht ca pectin1.2.1. Ngun gc

- Pectin l cht ph gia thc phm ngy nay thng c dng tto ng.

- Pectin c mt trong c qu, thn cy. ng vai tr vn chuyn nc cht cho cc tri cy ang trng thnh. Duy tr hnh dng v s vng chc ccy. Tin thn ca pectin l protopectin khng tan trong nc v c nhium tri cy cn xanh, qu trnh chn s km theo s thy phn protopectin SVTH: Phm Th Thanh Ngc Lp: 08C36


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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than pectin. Sau kt hp vi s demetyl ha di tc dng ca enzyme depolymer ha ca pectin thnh pectate v cui cng l cc loi ng ha acid.

- T thi tin s cht pectin l thnh phn trong khu phn n cngi. Nhng ch mi na th k trc ngnh cng ngh thc phm mi nc vai tr quan trng ca ph gia pectin trong vic a dng ha cc snthc phm.

- Trong cng nghip pectin c thu nhn t dch chit ca cc nguy

thc vt thng l to hay cc qu c mi nh: cam, qut, biPhn lquc gia xem pectin l ph gia qu v v hi c s dng vi liu lthuc vo tng quy trnh cng ngh.1.2.2. Cu to[4], [5], [12], [14]

- Pectin l mt polymer ca cc acid polygalacturonicv cc este methyl cachng. Pectin c nhiu qu, c hoc thn cy. Trong thc vt, pectin tn t

hai dng:+ Dng protopectin khng tan, tn ti ch yu thnh t bo di dhp vi polysaccharide araban.

+ Dng ha tan ca pectin, tn ti ch yu dch t bo.



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Hnh 1: Pectin trong cu to ca thnh t bo thc vt.

- Cc cht pectin l cc polysaccharide, mch thng, cu to t s lin kgia cc mch ca phn t acid D- galacturonic C6 H10O7, lin kt vi nhau bnglin kt 1,4- glucoside. Trong mt s gc acid c cha nhm methoxyl (-O3).Chiu di ca chui acid polygalacturonic c th bin i t vi n v ttrm n v acid polygalacturonic.

- Cu to 1 n v ca chui pectin:

Hnh 2: Cu to mt n v chui pectin.- Phn t lng : ca cc loi pectin tch t cc ngun qu khc nhau t

i trong gii hn rng ty theo s phn t acid galaturonic v thng thtrong phm vi t 10.000 100.000. Trong cc hp cht dng glucid so v ch phn t th pectin cao hn tinh bt nhng thp hn cellulose. V d t ngumn thu c pectin c phn t lng t 25.000 35.000, trong khi pect cam li c phn t lng t ti 50.000.

- Trong thc tin th tn pectin dng ch c acid pectinic v pectin.1.2.3. Tnh cht



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than- Pectin thuc nhm cc cht lm ng t. Pectin c xem l mt

nhng cht ph gia thc phm an ton v c chp nhn nhiu nht, v c chng minh bi hm lng ADI cho php l khng xc nh c ba

bi cc t chc JECFA (Joint Food Expert Committee), SCF (Scientific Commfor Food) lin minh chu u v GRAS (Generally Regarded).

- M hiu quc t ca pectin l E440.- Pectin tinh ch c dng cht bt trng, mu xm nht.- L mt cht keo ht nc v rt d tan trong nc, khng tan trong et- Kh nng to gel v to ng, khi c mt ca acid v ng.

- Pectin t do, n mt kh nng to ng khi c ng. V vy duynng to gel ca pectin ha tan cn ch trnh mi trng kim hoc tc d phn ca enzyme pectinase.

- Dung dch pectin c nht cao. Nu mun thu dch qu p th dungny bt li, ngi ta phi dng enzyme pectinase thy phn pectin, ginht.

- Cn i vi pectin tan th di tc dng ca pectinase s bin thn pectinic (thng di dng mui Ca v Mg) v cc cht n gin khc nhmethylic, acid acetic, arabinose, galactose.

- Pectin ha tan khi b tc dng ca cht kim long hoc enzyme pecs gii phng nhm methyl di dng ru methylic, polysaccharide cn lgi l acid pectin t do, ngha l cha acid polygalacturonic. Acid pectin c thnn dng mui canxi pectat, cht ny chuyn thnh dng kt ta d dngc dng nh lng cc cht pectin.1.3. Phn loi v cc ch s c trng1.3.1. Phn loi a. Theo % nhm methoxyl c trong phn t



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than- HMP (High Methoxyl Pectin):Nhm c ch s methoxyl cao (HMP): MI

7%, trong phn t pectin c trn 50% cc nhm acid b ester ha (DE > 50%).

Hnh 3: Cng thc HM pectin.

- LMP (Low Methoxyl Pectin):Nhm c ch s methoxyl thp: MI < 7%khong t 3 5%, trong phn t pectin c di 50% cc nhm acid b este(DE 50%).

Hnh 4: Cng thc LM pectin.+ Trong mt vi pectin phn ng vi amoniac to ra pectin

amid ha ng dng trong mt s lnh vc khc.

Hnh 5: Cng thc pectin c amid ha. b. Theo kh nng ha tan trong nc



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than- Pectin ha tan (methoxyl polygalacturonic): Pectin ha tan l

polysaccharide cu to bi cc gc acid galacturonic trong mt s gc acha nhm th methoxyl.

- Pectin khng ha tan (protopectin): l dng kt hp ca pectin vi araban(polysaccharide thnh t bo).

1.3.2. Ch s c trng Pectin c c trng bi cc ch s sau:- Ch s methoxyl (MI): biu hin methyl ha, l phn trm khi lng nh

methoxyl (-OCH3) trn tng khi lng phn t.+ S methyl ha hon ton tng ng vi ch s methoxyl bng 16,3%

cc pectin tch ra t thc vt thng c ch s methoxyl t 10% n 12%.- Ch s ester ha (DE):th hin mc ester ha ca pectin, l t l p

trm v s lng ca cc gc acid galactoronic c ester ha trn tng sgc acid galacturonic c trong phn t.

1.4. C ch to gel[1], [5], [16]Ty loi pectin c mc methoxyl ho khc nhau m c ch to gekhc nhau.

- HMP : To gel bng lin kt hydro:



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Hnh 6: C ch to gel bng lin kt hydro. iu kin to gel: [ng] > 50%, pH = 3 3,5; [Pectin] = 0,5 1%

+ ng c kh nng ht m, v vy n lm gim mc hydrat h phn t pectin trong dung dch.

+ Ion H+ c thm vo hoc i khi chnh nh acid ca qu trnh bin trung ha bt cc gc COO-, lm gim tch in ca cc phn t. V vcc phn t c th tin li gn nhau to thnh lin kt ni phn t v to

+ Trong trng hp ny lin kt gia cc phn t pectin vi nhau chnh cc cu hydro gia cc nhm hydroxyl. Kiu lin kt ny khng bn do gel to thnh s mm do do tnh di ng ca cc phn t trong khi gel,

ny khc bit vi gel thch hoc gelatin.Cu trc ca gel:ph thuc vo hm lng ng, hm lng acid, lng pectin, loi pectin v nhit .

+ 30 50% ng thm vo pectin l saccharose. Do cn duy tracid khi un nu s gy ra qu trnh nghch o ng saccharose, ngn kt tinh ca ng saccharose. Tuy nhin cng khng nn dng qu nhiu a pH qu thp s gy ra nghch o mt lng ln saccharose gy kt tinh gluha gel nhanh to nn cc vn cc.

+ Khi dng lng pectin vt qu lng thch hp s gy ra gel qu c khi dng mt nguyn liu c cha nhiu pectin cn tin hnh phn gchng bng cch un lu hn.



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than+ Khi s dng mt lng c nh bt c mt loi pectin no pH, nh

cng gim v hm lng ng cng cao th gel to thnh cng nhanh.

- LMP : To gel bng lin kt vi ion Ca2+:

Hnh 7: C ch to gel bng lin kt vi ion Ca2+. iu kin to gel:khi c mt Ca2+, ngay c nng < 0,1% min l chiu phn t pectin phi t mc nht nh. Khi gel c to thnh ngaykhng thm ng v acid.

+ Khi ch s methoxyl ca pectin thp, cng c ngha l t l cc nhm -

cao th cc lin kt gia nhng phn t pectin s l lin kt ion qua cc ion hai c bit l Ca2+.



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than Cu trc ca gel:ph thuc vo nng Ca2+ v ch s methoxyl. Gel pectinc ch s methoxyl thp thng c tnh cht n hi ging nh gel agar aga1.5. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng to gel[4], [5]1.5.1. Pectin

- Mch phn t ca pectin l c cu chnh ca hin tng to gel. lng pectin c trong dch ng phi t mt hm lng ti thiu no c s keo t. Nng pectin trong dung dch cng ln th s lin hp gia

phn t xy ra cng nhanh, h keo ng t cng bn. Thng lng pectin s

khong t 0,5 1%. Khi dng cao qu lng thch hp s thu c gel quv vy i vi cc loi qu cha d pectin ngi ta cn tin hnh phn chng bng cch un lu hn.

- Ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht ca pectin. Hai yu t quan trng hl chiu di mch phn t pectin v mc methoxyl ha trong phn t ca

+ Chiu di ca phn t quyt nh cng ca gel:

Nu phn t pectin qu ngn th n s khng to gel mc d s dliu lng cao.Nu phn t pectin qu di th gel to thnh qu cng.

+ Mc methoxyl ha quy nh c ch to gel:Kh nng keo ha ca pectin ph thuc tng i vo mc hi

ca cc nhm methoxyl. Ty thuc vo ch s methoxyl cao (>7%) hoc th5%) phn t pectin m cc kiu kt hp gia chng s khc nhau trong vgel.

Bng 1.1. Tc dng ca DE ln s to gel.



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1.5.2. Nc Nc l dung mi pectin c th trng n v khuch tn to n

dch ng th. Nc ng vai tr quan trng gip pectin nh hng v sp x

mch phn t ca chng. Thng thng khi m ca dung dch to keo tth qu trnh keo ho din ra cng nhanh.1.5.3. ng

- Trong dung dch nc, pectin trng thi ha tan do c s to thnlin kt hydro gia cc nhm OH- ca mch phn t pectin v H+ ca phn t nc.

- Khi ng xut hin, ng ng vai tr ca cht hydrate ha, ng phn nc ang lin kt vi pectin. Khi pectin tr nn khng ha tan. Ctc ng ca ion H+ t lng acid s dng to ng, H+ lm trung ha in tchca cc gc COO- trn mch phn t pectin, to gc -COOH. V th sikhng cn y nhau m tin li gn nhau v to mng.


DE (%) iu kin to gel pH ng Ion ha tr

II Tc to gel

>70 2,8 3,4 65 Khng Nhanh

50 70 2,8 3,4 65 Khng Chm


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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than- Lng ng trong hn hp pectin ng acid thng phi l

50%th mi c kh nng to gel. Thng thng ngi ta to hn hp cng tin hnh keo ng. Nu dng cao hn, s kt tinh ng c th xtrn b mt ht keo, hoc ngay trong h keo. khc phc c th thay phn ng saccharose bng ng glucose nhm trnh hin tng kt tinh1.5.4. Acid

- Pectin ch c th to gel trong mi trng acid c pH


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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than- Pectin l cht to gel quan trng nht c s dng to ra cu

cho thc phm. Kh nng to gel ca n c s dng trong nhng thc phc s n nh ca nhiu pha. Tc dng to gel ca pectin c s dng ctrong cc sn phm mt tri cy v mt ng.

- Tc dng ca pectin l to ra cu trc mt ng v mt tri cy khthay i trong qu trnh vn chuyn, to ra mi v thm ngon cho sn phgim s ph v cu trc. Trong mt s trng hp, pectin cn c s dcarageenan tng hiu qu to gel.1.6.1. Trong cng ngh thc phma. ng dng ca pectin trong cng ngh ch bin rau qu

- Pectin l cht to ng tt nht c s dng to ra cu trc gel c phm, ch yu l nhng thc phm c ngun gc t rau qu. N c kh nmi t nhin trong ko ng hay cc sn phm khc, khng gy mi v l.

- Tc dng to c ca pectin c s dng ch yu nhng loi thm qui nh khng cho php s dng nhng loi gum c gi thnh r hn nhng loi thc phm cn c mt hnh dng tht t nhin.



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Hnh 8: Cc sn phm rau qu c s dng pectin. HMP dng trong mt tri cy v mt ng:

- Vai tr ca pectin l nhm to ra mt cu trc cho mt ng v mt tr nhng sn phm ny khi c vn chuyn vn khng thay i cu trc,

mi v thm ngon cho sn phm, v gim ti a s phn r. Qu trnh sn xung v mt tri cy phi m bo to ra s phn b ng u ca cc trong pha lin tc ngay t khi qu trnh khuy trn ngng li. Hm lng pedng trong mt v mt ng thng trong khong 0,2 0,4%.

- Pectin c kh nng to gel nhanh c gi tr c bit trong sn xut myu cu ca sn phm phi to c gel, to c trc khi ng hp.

- Qu trnh to gel ca pectin c th c to ra trong mt qui trnh bng 2 cch:

+ Trn syrup ng pectin c hm lng cht kh ho tan t 60 65% bng 3,8 4,2 vi dch acid tri cy t c pH = 3.



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than+ Trn dung dch pectin c pH = 2,9 v hm lng ho tan l 25% vi s

ng thu c hn hp mi c hm lng cht kh 23%. LMP thng c ng dng trong mt tri cy c hm lng cht kh55% : Loi LMP c chn da trn hm lng cht kh v pH trong snTrong nhng sn phm c hm lng cht kh rt thp, v d nh mt khng ng cho ngi b bnh tiu ng, LMP kh to lin kt vtrong mt s trng hp ngi ta c th s dng c pectin v carragenan.

b. ng dng ca pectin trong cng nghip bnh ko

Hnh 9 : Cc sn phm bnh ko c s dng pectin.- Pectin tng tnh hp dn, to cu trc n hi, tng mi v tri cy t

v to b mt bng lng cho sn phm. Pectin l cht to gel tt, tan nh



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Thannh. V vy, pectin c ng dng nhiu trong cng nghip bnh ko nhqu, ko do, lp mt bnh kem, bnh ngt nhn hoa qu....

c. ng dng ca pectin trong cng nghip ch bin sa

Hnh 10: Cc sn phm t sa c s dng pectin.Pectin b sung hng v tri cy cho cc sn phm sa chua. Cho pect

sa ln men vi liu lng va , trn u c dung dch ng nhyaourt tri cy, pectin to cu trc mn, gip phn b u cc mu tri ctrong sa v n cn lm cho sn phm c b mt nhn bng. Trong cc sn p

nhiu lp, pectin cn c tc dng n nh v gi cho tri cy khng b tchyaourt. Trong yaourt ung, pectin t bi bo v protein khng b bin tnhqu trnh tit trng, ngn chn protein kt ta v s kt ng, gip sn phnh v t tnh cht cm quan tt nht, khng gim cht lng ngay c

qun mt thi gian di, nhm ci thin cu trc yaourt, to kt ta dng mtng gi tr cm quan thc phm trong sa chua.

d. ng dng ca pectin trong cng nghip ch bin nc gii kht



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Hnh 11: Cc sn phm ung c s dng pectin.Vic s dng pectin trong cc sn phm ung rt ph hp v ch

cacbonhydrate t nhin nng lng thp v n nh tnh c ca sn phm. e. Cc ng dng khc ca pectin trong cng ngh thc phm

- Dng pectin hay pectat ch to bao b (mng) n c: mng thu

bng cch em nhng sn phm vo dung dch pectin methoxyl thp hay pectat v sau nhng vo dung dch canxi clorua. i khi ngi ta thm glyvo dung dch pectin lm do ho. Mng ph ln phi em sy.

- Pectin cn c s dng nhiu trong sn xut thc n king cho nngi mc bnh tiu ng. Loi thc n ny thng c hm lng ng1.6.2. Trong cng ngh dc phm[7], [8], [9], [10], [13], [17], [18]

Pectin c dng ch bin thuc ung, thuc tim cm mu tsau phu thut rng hm mt, tai mi hng, ph khoa. cha chy mu ng

ho, tit niu. Dung dch pectin 5% cn c s dng nh thuc st trn2O2(nc oxy gi) trong phu thut rng hm mt, tai mi hng (khng gy xt lmu tt). Thm bng nht vo ch rng cm mu. Trn th trng hin c phm Hacmophobin (c) v Arhemapctin (Php).1.7. Tc dng dc l ca pectin

- Pectin l mt loi cht x ho tan trong nc. N khng cung cplng nhng c nhiu gi tr phng, cha bnh nh:



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than+ Ko di thi gian tiu ho thc n trong rut, c tc dng tng h

dng cht trong thc n. Gim bo (do to cm gic no bng ko di, gilng n vo, do gip gim cn ngi bo ph).

+ Gim hp thu lipid.+ Gim cholesterol ton phn trong mu.+ Khng ch tng ng huyt trc v sau ba n ngi c b

ng.+ Chng to bn.+ Cm mu.+ St trng.

+ Hoa qu c nhiu pectin gip c th hp thu tt cc acid hu c v trung gian thc y s chuyn ho, tng kh nng s dng cc cht dinh trong thc n.

Ngoi ra, qu trnh ln men cc cht pectin c ng dng rng ri trongh lm si ay, gai, dt vi, lm bao ti.

Chng 2 TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU

Bi c mt lch s kh gn y, c pht hin Barbados trong th k 18. Nhiu nh thc vt hc chorng bi thc s l kt qu ca mt ging lai t nhinxy ra gia cam v bi, mt tri cy c mi c at Indonesia n Barbados trong th k 17.



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th ThanCc kt qu tri cy c t tn l "bi" nm 1814 Jamaica, m

phn nh cch b tr ca n khi n ln ln, treo trong cc cm ging nh nh bi c trng Florida vo u th k 19, mc d h khng tr thnhthng mi cy trng cho n th k sau . Florida vn cn l mt nh schnh ca bi, nh California, Arizona v Texas. Cc nc khc sn xuthng mi bao gm Israel, Nam Phi v Brazil.2.1. c tnh thc vt ca cy bi[19]

Bi (c tn khoa hc l Citrus grandis Linn hay Citrus grandis Osbthuc h Cam_ Rutaceae)

- C thn gai cao t 1,5 4m hoc hn, nhiu nhnh, sng lu nm.

- L ln, dai nguyn. Trong l c du, ch yu Dipenten, Linalola v Xi- Hoa bi trng, mc n hay thnh tng chm t 2 10 hoa vi 4

i, 4 5 cnh hoa, nhiu nh v 5 10 tm b.- Qu bi hnh cu, ng knh t 10 13 cm, mu xanh, khi chn h

vng, c v dy 1 2 cm. V ngoi cha ester v khong 26% Xitrala. Vc Nigin, ng Ramnoza, vitamin A , C , Hesperidin.

- Mi bi cha 9% acid citric , 14% ng , cc men , cc vitamin nhC, B1.

2.2. Cc loi bi thng gp[20] Vit Nam c rt nhiu loi bi, a dng v phong ph. V ta c

nhiu cch phn bit loi bi: nh bi Thanh (gc Hu), bi Long (gGiang), bi nm roi (gc Cn Th, Vnh Long), bi Xim Vang, bi cam ( l nh l cam ), bi ng hng, bi ng nm, bi da lng, bxanh, bi da cc, bi bung, bi chm, bi i .... Mi nm, bi ra hoa 2 ln, nht l nhng thng ma. D dng ra tri v. Bi thch hp vi t p



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Thannhiu mn v kh hu mt m. Sau y chng ta c th tm hiu mt s losau:a. Ging bi da xanh

Ngi u tin trng ging bi da xanh tiBn Tre l ng Trn Vn Lung (Su Lung), sinhnm 1965, mt nm 1979 p Thanh Sn II, xThanh Tn, huyn M Cy, tnh Bn Tre.

b. Bi lng c cC ngun gc ti huyn Ci B, tnh Tin

Giang. Hin nay ging ny c nhn rng v trngkh ph bin ti cc tnh Tin Giang, Vnh Long,Bn Tre.c.Bi ng l cam

Bi ng l cam c trng ti huyn VnhCu, ng Nai v hin nay ging c nhn rng

v trng kh ph bin ti cc tnh ng Nai, BnhDng

d. Bi ng c sn Hng SnBi ng Hng Sn, cn gi l bi tu,

c trng t lu i, qu to, v ngt m, mimng nc, nhiu vitamin C, khng c hu chua,khng the, khng ng, mi hng d chu v nht t x. Nh nhng c tnh ni tri ny, ngi dn bn a xp bi ng ln v tr cao nht v



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Thanngon ngt so vi cc ging bi hin c Hng Sn c ngi tiu dchung.e. Bi Bin Ha c sn Tn Triu

c trng vng Nam B - Tnh Bin Ha. f. Bi Qu Dng

lng Qu Dng, x Ct Qu, huyn Hoic, H Ni c mt ging bi qu m c vo midp Tt Nguyn n ngi dn quanh vng c tm

mua cho c vi ba qu v t ln bn th.Theo cc c cao tui trong lng k li, ging bing ny do c Tho xm Thp Thng lu gi v nhn ging t mt cht trn 90 nm nay.

g. Bi L Thin Hng Mt ging bi qu ca oan Hng



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c trng oan Hng Tuyn Quang.h. Bi Phc Trch

Bi l cy n qu em li hiu qu kinh t caotrong pht trin kinh t vn h, trang tri. hin nay tiH Tnh ang trng ch yu.

l. Bi chm

Hin ang c trng nhiu Ci B v Tin Giang.

2.3. Thnh phn ha hc ca bi- Nc qu bi cha nhiu cht b dng nh cc loi ng tri c

bo, acid tannic, beta - caroten v cc cht khong nh phospho, magi, st, ckali, cc vitamin B1, B2, C.

- V qu ngoi rt giu narin gosid, do c v ng, trong v c tint l 0,8 0,84%. Tinh du v qu cha d limemen, a pinen, linadol, gecitral, cn c cc ancol, pectin, acid citric.



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than- Qu cha 0,5% tinh du.- Trong l cng c tinh du.- Dch qu chn c nhiu cht b dng: nc 49%, glucid 9%, protid

lipid 0,1%, v cc khong Ca 20mg%, P 20mg%, K 190mg%, Mg 12mg%, S %, v Na, Cl, Fe, Cu, Mn.C cc vitamin (tnh theo mg%) C 40; B 0,070,05; PP 0,3 v tin sinh t A 0,1. 100ml dch qu cung cp cho c th 43 ca2.4. Cc dng bi v ph liu bi[21], [22], [23]2.4.1. Bi

- Dng lng: Nc bi trong, nc bi c, nc bi c tp- Dng c c: Mt v bi, Tarami thch tri cy bi

- Dng nguyn tri: Dng n v ch bin cc mn khc..2.4.2. Ph liu bi

- L bi:c v cay, ng, the, mi thm, tnh m.- Ci bi: v ngt ng, tnh m. V ht c cha nhiu pectin c tc

cm mu.Trong ci bi ti cha t 1 2% pectin (kh), nhng khi phi ckh th ch cn 0,5 1% pectin (kh).

- Ht bi: cha 40 70% du bo, v ng, tnh m.- V qu: V ng, cay, mi thm, tnh bnh.- Trong qu bi ti, ci ti chim 10 40%. Ht ti chim 3

ngoi 10% (c qu ht lp ht ch cn vi ht my).



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Bng 2.1. Phn trm pectin trong cc ph liu ca qu bi.

2.5. ng dng ca bi v ph liu bi [23], [24], [28]2.5. 1. Bi

Bi l loi tri cy ngon ming, giu dinh dng, vitamin c ngi a thch, nn thng c chn lm mn trng ming hay p thnh nkht. V vy, n c s dng nhiu trong lnh vc cng ngh thc phm.

- Chit xut pectin, mt ph gia qu ng dng nhiu trong ngnh thcnh cng ngh ch bin rau qu, bnh ko, sa, mt ng


Cc ph liu Khi lng ( % )

Hm lng Pectin ( % )

Hiu sut thu hi ( % )

V xanh 8 11 - -Ci trng 15 30 3,1 15,6V mi 8 12 5,8 25,2V ht 3 3,5 5,3 12,4B tp 10 16 5,2 -

28


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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than- Chit xut naringin: Cht naringin, mt flavonoid tp trung b

sa cha ADN b h hi trong cc t bo ung th tuyn tin lit ca con(dng t bo LNCaP).

- Lm thc phm n king: Bi gip t chy cc cht bo v calo dcc enzyme trong bi c th gip hp th v lm gim tinh bt v ng trth, trong tri bi c cha hm lng cht x cao v ti glycemic thp, ndng gim cn.

- Nc gii kht nh nc bi c tp, nc bi trong, nc b(bi c tc dng chng vim r rt thng qua c ch ci thin mng lhon ti ch, c ch qu trnh ngng tp tiu cu, chng ph n, nng cao

thnh mch v sc chng ca c th vi cc tc nhn gy bnh. C tc rng, dch p qu bi cn c cha mt cht ging nh insulin c kh nngng mu).

Trong dc phm, bi l mt loi tri cy nhit i rt c a cha cng dng. Ngy nay, khoa hc phm ph ra nhng c tnh tr liu m bi.

- Cha c nhiu bnh: Theo y hc hin i, nc bi c thnh pnh insulin, gip h ng huyt, chng cao huyt p gim tai bin tim phng chng ung th, lm gim cholesterol trong mu, bnh tiu ng

- Bi cung cp mt lng ln cht x, c tc dng chng li bnh tv c xem nh mt loithc phm chc nng. Bi n c th ngn nga bnl, tiu chy, vim rut non..

Trong cc lnh vc khc: dng n, lm nc x phng, du gi d bi, mt n dng da



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than2.5.2. Ph liu bi

- Chit xut pectin v naringin. c ng dng trong cng ngh thc(nh phn ng dng ca bi trn), ngoi ra cn c ng dng tronngh dc phm nh sau:

+ Pectin c dng iu ch ra thuc ung, thuc tim (bp, dcm mu trc v sau khi phu thut rng hm mt, tai mi hng, ph khdung dch pectin 5% cn c s dng nh thuc st trng H2O2 (nc oxy gi)trong phu thut khng gy xt li cm mu tt. Trn th trng hin c biHacmophobin (c) v Arhemapectin (Php).

+ Naringin gip phc hi sc khe cho DNA b h hi bng cch g

enzyme sa cha DNA trong giai on nhn rng. Cc men ny, 8-oxoguaninDNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1), v beta polymerase DNA (DNA nhiu beta), cu tham gia vo con ng DNA ct b c s (BER) sa cha.

- Nu ch v bi: Ly 300 g v bi , gt b lp xanh, ch ly phntrng bn trong, 600 g ng ct, 100 g bt nng (hoc bt sn dy), 250xanh, ngm qua m cho mm, ri hp chn, 800 g da no, vt vi nc

mt chn nc ct v mt t nc do, mt b l da, ra sch, ro, 1 m ph tinh du bi, 30 g bt go, 100 g u phng rang, bc v, gi nt.- Nc ct hoa bi l nguyn liu lm thm thc n, bnh ko,v n

kht nh bnh tri, bnh chay, bnh trung thu, bnh kho, ch..- Chit xut tinh du hoa bi: Cht gii th duy nht cht bo

s dng ch nhiu nht trong vic lm gim cellulite.- Nc gi u l bi, nc hoa bi, nc ht bi l nhng m

khng th thiu ca cc cung tn, m n thu trc. Nc l bi gi tc sun mt m, t rng v sch gu.

- Mt v bi.



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ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th ThanTrong ng y, cho rng mi b phn ca qu bi u c tc dng

Cm bi v ngt, chua, tnh mt, khng c, c tc dng kin t, tr ho, giV ngoi cha tinh du (v trong thng dng lm mt), v cay, ng, ngm, c tc dng tr ho, gim au. Ht bi v ng, tnh m, cha cht bodng tr au thot v bn, sa . L bi v ng, the, mi thm, tnh m, dng tn hn, tn kh, thng kinh lc, gii cm, tr m, tiu thc, hot huysng, tiu vim.2.6. Tc dng ca bi v ph liu bi2.6.1. Bi

- Cha ho nhiu, m nghch kh: Bi mt qu, b thnh ming hp

n.- Ri lon tiu ha, thai ph ming nht, nc di tro ngc: Dn

bi v n mi ngy 3 ln.

- Cha au d dy cn: Ly 1 vc ht bi c v cng bn ngoi, racho vo ca hay cc, cho nc si vo, y np kn ngm sau 2 3 gi th g

nc ung, s au ngay, c th thm ng cho d ung. Cn dnngy.- Hi ming, gii ru: Ly cm bi 100 g v nhai nut dn dn.- Say tu xe hay ri lon tiu ha, ming nht bun nn do cm: Mt bi

30-60 g, nhai nut dn.- au khp hay t ng sng au: V bi ti 250 g, gng ti 30 g, c

bm nhuyn, p ti ch, mi ngy thay 1 ln.- D ng da hay mn nga khng r nguyn nhn: Bi da xanh 1 qu, ct b

nguyn qu, nu nc thoa ra ti ch, mi ngy lm 3 ln, ng thi c bi 60 g, mi ngy 3 ln.



32/47

ti: Chit xut pectin t ph liu bi GVHD: Nguyn Th Than- Thot v bn, sa : Ht bi 15 g, bm nhuyn nu nc ung, ngy u

1 ln vo sng v chiu.- Bong gn, sng khp do lnh, chn thng: L bi khng k liu lng

nng chn nn, xoa bp hay nu nc xng v ngm ti ch.- Cha ph thng, trng bng: V bi o, mc thng, b hn mi

30 g; dim tiu 12 g, c bc 8 g. Sc ung ngy 1 thang, chia 2 ln vo khi n mt khu ma trc v sau khi ung thuc ny, king cht mn.2.6.2. Ph liu bi

- L bi:c dng cha vim khp dng thp, th hn thp, audo trc tr, cm mo, tn kh, thng kinh lc, gii cm st, tr m, ti

hot huyt, tiu sng, nhc u, ht hi, km n, cn cha vim v, vim am- V qu:tr phong, ha m, tiu bng (lch to), tiu ph thng, hot hu

gim au.- Ci bi:ha m, ho, tiu thc, h kh v lm khoan khoi lng ngc,

bng do lnh, ph n mang thai nn nhiu, vim lot ngoi da- Hoa bi:c tc dng hnh kh, tiu m, gim au, cha au d dy,

tc ngc.- Ht bi:c tc dng tr sn kh, b hc xng c, b gai m khng nhc, t chy thnh than nghin nh v rc ln vng tn thng.



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Chng 3 XY DNG QUY TRNH CHIT XUT PECTIN TPH LIU BI

3.1. S quy trnh cng ngh


Nguyn liu

X l nguyn liu

Xay nh

Trch ly pectin

Trung ha

p

Lc

C c chn khng

Bp

Blc

Thanh trng

Ch phm pectin c c

Bao b

Kt ta

Ra b

Lc ly b

Sy chn khng

Nghin nh

Bt pectin

Rt bao b

Bo qun

Dchlc

Dd HCl long

Dd Na2CO3


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3.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh3.2.1. Nguyn liu, X l nguyn liu3.2.1.1. Nguyn liu

L ph phm ca nh my trong qu trnh p nc qu.3.2.1.2. X l nguyn liu

Ra, x ti nguyn liu..- Mc ch:+ Loi b mt phn tp cht

+ Loi b phn ln vi sinh vt bm trn nguyn liu.+ Thun li cho cng on xay nh.

- Thc hin:Ci v b ca qu bi c ra sch, tch ht, ct nh rnc m (50 600C) loi b cc glucoside cn st li. Sau a nhit ti 95 980C lm mt hot tnh ca enzyme phn gii pectin.3.2.2. Xay nh

- Mc ch:+ Tng din tch tip xc gia nguyn liu v dung mi.+ Ph v cu trc t bo, to s tip xc trit gia dun

v nguyn liu gip qu trnh trch ly nhanh chng.- Thc hin:Qu trnh xay nh c thc hin qua thit b nghin bathit b c s dng con ln va p.

+ Thit b nghin ba:

Nguyn tc hot ng: Thit b np liu theo phng tip tuyn cquay ca ba. Li sng c th thay i, va dng nghin th, va trung bnh, ty theo c l li sng. a treo ba c bn cht treo ba v cnghin c treo gn nhau sut chiu rng my nghin. Vt liu trong my ba c nghin nh do s va p ca ba vo vt liu v s ch xt vt l ba v thnh my. Cc ht vt liu sau khi nghin c kch thc nh hn loi s i ra ngoi. Cc ht c kch thc ln hn l li s c tip tc n



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+ Thit b nghin c s dng con ln va p:

3.2.3. Trch ly pectin- Mc ch:Chuyn protopectin khng tan thnh pectin ho tan.- Thc hin: + Dng acid HCl, (thng ngi ta dng lng nc gp 3 ln l

kh), pH = 1,3 1,4, nhit 90 1000C v thi gian un l khong 1 gi. Kthc khi kh dung dch t 2% (pectin 0,7 1,0%; ng 1 1,3%).Trong



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trch ly cn khuy trn u tng tc khuch tn tng tc trch dng thit b trch ly v thit b thy phn nh sau.

+ Thit b trch ly:

Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng: Trch ly cht rn nhiu bc.Thit b l mt h thng nhiu ni lp ni tip nhau. Cc ni

nguyn liu chit cn dung mi ln lt i qua tt c cc ni ly lngcn thit trong nguyn liu. Qua h thng, dung dch s t nng cht cu. Dung mi mi c np vo. Qu trnh lin tc n khi rt ht cht ctho b v cho vt liu mi vo.

+ Thit b thu phn: Nguyn tc hot ng: y ta thc hin phng php thy ph

tip: sau khi dn nguyn liu vo thit b, ta b sung HCl vo thit b. Saunc s c sc trc tip vo tng p lc thy phn.



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3.2.4. Trung ho- Mc ch:Loi b mt t tp cht nh: tinh bt, protein... ln vi pecti- Thc hin:+ Dng enzyme phn gii protein. c thc hin pH = 4,5 5

chnh bng dung dch natri cacbonate) v nhit 40 500C.Khi loi b ht tinh bt (kim tra bng iod), iu chnh dung dch p

bng cch thm acid citric ri a nhit ln 800C lm mt hot tnh cenzyme v cng on ny s dng thit b trung ho.

3.2.5. p v lc3.2.5.1. p

- Mc ch:Tch dch bo ra khi nguyn liu.- Thc hin: + Qu trnh p: Ta c th s dng thit b p l my p thu lc.Th tch lm vic mi mm p: 18kg.

p sut: 400 800 kg/cm2. Nng sut: 200 700 kg/h.

3.2.5.2. Lc- Mc ch:+ Loi b phn b khng tan trong dung dch.

+ Lm sch v lng gn thu c dung dch pectin trong



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- Thc hin:+ Qu trnh lc: Ta c th s dng thit b lc l my lc k

bn hoc my ly tm lc.Thit b lc khung bn:

Nguyn tc hot ng: Huyn ph theo ng dn i vo thit b, ptheo s lng khung trn vo khoang ng. Di p sut nc lc i qua vclc theo cc rnh chy xung v nh van tho ra ngoi. Pha rn b gi li tmt vch ngn lc v cha trong khung 1. Khi khung y b th dng qulc v tin hnh ra b lc. Vic ra b c th thc hin xui chiu hay

chiu.

Thit b ly tm lc:+ Cu to:Bung lcng cp dch: cung cp dch cn lc vo thit b.ng tho dch v mng lc: tho sn phm ca qu trnh lcng tho b: tho b ra khi thit b.Trc vt xon: tch b ra khi dch cn lc.ng c: quay trc vt xon.



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Cu to ca thit b ly tm lc.

1. Nhp huyn ph nguyn liu.2. Tho pha lng.3. Tho pha rn (bng trng lc).4. Khoang cha b v a.5. Bung.6. Vt ti

+ Nguyn tc hot ng:Dch lc qua b phn cp dch vo bung lc. Trc vt xon quay toly tm lm cho cc ht rn chuyn ng ra khi tm bung lc v va vo thn b. Nhng ht rn ny s c trc vt y v ng tho b. Phn lng cntc qua mng lc theo ng tho sn phm ra ngoi.3.2.6. C c

- Mc ch:+ Lm bc hi nc ca sn phm.+ Tng nng cht kh trong sn phm.+ Ko di thi gian bo qun (v hn ch vi sinh vt pht

do t nc, p sut thm thu cao.+ Gim c khi lng khi vn chuyn.



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- Thc hin:+ C c n kh 10% thu c ch phm pectin vi

lng 4 5% em bo qun nu mt.+ C c trong chn khng nhit 55 600C v chn

khng t 600 mmHg tr ln.+ Thit b c c chn khng: Thit b c c bc hi d

mng ri:Nguyn l chung: Dch c c c

gia nhit s b ri i vo trong thit b t pha

trn v s chy xung to mt lp mng mng bao ly b mt truyn nhit. B mt truynnhit l thn cc ng hnh tr ng c trongthit b bc hi hoc l nhng tm bn mngc t st li vi nhau. tit kim nnglng, hi sau khi gia nhit s i vo bung ngng t gia nhit s b c

Dung dch sau khi c c thot ra ngoi theo ca y thit b.3.2.7. Rt bao b- Mc ch:+ m bo khi lng tnh.

+ m bo h s truyn nhit v to iu kin thun li chon thanh trng v bo qun.

+ Khng ln cc tp cht.- Thc hin:+ Nng nhit n 75 790C, rt vo bao b.

+ Bao b s dng y c th l bao PE, PP, l thy tinh..+ Cng on rt vo bao b c th s dng thit b sau.



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3.2.8. Thanh trng v bo qun3.2.8.1. Thanh trng

- Mc ch:Tiu dit hon ton vi sinh vt v bo t ca chng trong phm.

- Thc hin:Thanh trng bng nhit hay hi, cng on ny c th s thit b sau.



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3.2.8.2 Bo qun- Mc ch:Thi gian bo qun lu hn v n nh cc thnh phn tron

phm.- Thc hin:+ Bo qun bng bao PE, PP, l thu tinh khng ht m.

+ Bo qun bng SO2 th khng qua thanh trng.- Ch bo qun:+ Nhit khng qu 300C.

+ m khng kh: 85%.+ Thi gian bo qun 6 7 thng.

3.2.9. Kt ta v lc, ra kt ta

- Mc ch:+ Loi b nhng phn khng c gi tr.+ Thu nhn pectin.

- Thc hin:+ Thu pectin dng bt th ngi ta ng t pectin lng bcn ethylic 950C ri lc tch pectin khi hn hp ru - nc.

+ Kt ta pectin c ra li bng cn 900C.3.2.10. Sy chn khng

- Mc ch:+ Tch bt nc trong sn phm.+ Thi gian bo qun lu hn.- Thc hin:em sy my chn khng trc rng 60 700C n khi m

cn 3 4%.



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3.2.11. Nghin nh v ng bao- Sau khi sy chn khng th ta em i xay nh v cho vo bao PP bo q- Thit b nghin mn:



44/47


KT LUN V KIN NGH

Qua ti ny gip ta hiu r hn v tc dng ca ph gia pectin c th con ngi v ng dng n trong cng ngh thc phm cng nh qsn xut ph gia pectin trong cng nghip v ch bin ti nh.

a s ph gia m ta c bit n khi b sung vo qu trnh ch binhiu mc ch khc nhau u c tc dng khng tt i vi c th con ntnh cht c hi rt nh. Nhng ph gia pectin th ngc li d c b sungtrnh ch bin vi hm lng bao nhiu cng khng nh hng xu n sca con ngi.

Bn cnh pectin cn c tc dng dc l i vi c th con ngi mgia khc khng c tc dng . Nhng bn cnh n cng c s hn chhng khng tt trong qu trnh ch bin nc qu v ru vang.

Hn na vic sn xut pectin t ngun nguyn liu rau qu v phmang li cho ta hiu qu kinh t cao, hiu sut ln, c ngha thc tin v

x hi v c bit l ta gp phn bo v mi trng tt hn nh tn dn ph phm ny.

Qua n em trnh by c cc thng tin v i tng nghin cunhin v trnh hiu bit cn hn ch, bi n ca em khng th trnnhng thiu st, em rt mong c s gp ca cc thy c bn nhon thin hn.

Em xin chn thnh cm n khoa Cng ngh lng thc thc phm v bit l c Nguyn Th Thanh Nga tn tnh ch bo v gip em hon thn ny.



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TI LIU THAM KHOTi liu Ting Vit:[1] Bi c Hi, Nguyn Th Thanh (1975), K thut sn xut bnh ko, NXBTrng i hc Cng nghp nh.[2] Nguyn c Lng (2000),C s vi sinh cng nghip, NXB i hc Quc giaThnh ph H Ch Minh.[3] Nguyn Vn Tip, Quch nh, Ng M Vn (2000), K thut sn xut hrau qu, NXB Thanh Nin .[4] L Ngc T (ch bin) (2001), Ha hc thc phm, NXB Khoa hc v k thu

H Ni.[5] L Ngc T (ch bin) (2002), Ha sinh cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v kthut H Ni.[6] Trng Cao ng Lng thc thc phm, Gio trnh thit b thc ph Nng 2007.Ti liu trn internet:

[7] Nguyn Th Lm,http://www.health.vnn.vn/tintuc/chitiet.cfm.[8] onTh Nh,http://www.vietduchospital.edu.vn/display.news.detail.asp[9] Vnh,http://www.vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Suc_khoe/2003/10/3B9CC5B3[10]http://www.baocantho.com.vn/viatnam/suckhoe/15179[11]http://www.cimsi.org.vn[12]http://www.ippa.info/types_of_pectin.htm[13]http://www.myvita.com.vn/myvita2/mainphp?ft[14]http://www.ndsu.nodale.edu[15]http://www.obipectin.com[16]http://www.pectin.org[17]http://www.viettel/net.vn/news.php?news

http://www.health.vnn.vn/tintuc/chitiet.cfmhttp://www.vietduchospital.edu.vn/display.news.detail.asphttp://www.vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Suc_khoe/2003/10/3B9CC5B3http://www.baocantho.com.vn/viatnam/suckhoe/15179http://www.cimsi.org.vn/http://www.ippa.info/types_of_pectin.htmhttp://www.myvita.com.vn/myvita2/mainphp?fthttp://www.ndsu.nodale.edu/http://www.obipectin.com/http://www.pectin.org/http://www.viettel/net.vn/news.php?newshttp://www.health.vnn.vn/tintuc/chitiet.cfmhttp://www.vietduchospital.edu.vn/display.news.detail.asphttp://www.vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Suc_khoe/2003/10/3B9CC5B3http://www.baocantho.com.vn/viatnam/suckhoe/15179http://www.cimsi.org.vn/http://www.ippa.info/types_of_pectin.htmhttp://www.myvita.com.vn/myvita2/mainphp?fthttp://www.ndsu.nodale.edu/http://www.obipectin.com/http://www.pectin.org/http://www.viettel/net.vn/news.php?news


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[18]http://www.vnexpress.net/Viettnam/Doi_song/Kheo_tay_hay_lam/2011/11/9B61B9[19]http://www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=news&newsid=926[20]http://www.yeutraicay.com/vi/2009/08/cac-gi%E1%BB%91ng-b%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fi-%E1%BB%9F-vi%E1%BB%87t-nam/[21]http://www.tuhai.com.vn/news/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=140&Itemid=57[22]http://vietbao.vn/Suc-khoe/Qua-buoi-Bo-duong-va-chua-benh/45130318/2[23]http://vietbao.vn/Suc-khoe/Qua-buoi-chua-benh/10836828/248/

[24]http://vietbao.vn/Khoa-hoc/Buoi-Nhung-bai-thuoc-quy-it-nguoi- biet/20736626/192/[25]http://vietbao.vn/Suc-khoe/Soi-pectin-trong-rau-qua-tuoi-co-the-ngan-chanung-thu/65148076/248/[26]http://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&u=http://www.amazon.com/Advances-Pectin-Pectinase-Research-

Voragen/dp/140201144X[27]http://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&u=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SPKJ200805066.ht[28]http://www.diendan.eva.vn/nau-che-buoi-ngon-t86344.html

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