Early Expansion of the nation of Islam

Chris SchroederAnd Courtney Schroeder

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Muslim Conquests Expansion of Islamic Nation/Leaders Conquests under Rashidun Conquests under Umayyads

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Expansion of Islamic Nation

Founding of New Islamic Power Prophet Muhammed Islamic Beliefs Area of Control

Founding of New Islamic Power

Prophet Muhammad Handing of the Qur’an in 7th century Caliphs take control Plans for Massive Expansion Much Like the Christians

• Allah wills it• Chosen people

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Prophet Muhammad Born 570 Family deaths

• Father the year he was born• Mother when he was six• Grandfather when he was eight

In 583 Muhammad goes to Syria 595 Marries Khadija

• Fathers Fatimah 610 Wrote the Qur’an in Hira Spread the word that he was Allah

(God’s) holy messenger

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Islamic Beliefs Walayah – “Guardianship” TawhĪd – “Oneness” Salah – “Prayer” Zakah – “Charity” Sawm – “Fasting” Hajj – “Pilgrimage” Jihad – “Struggle” Islam is the original religion

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Area of Control

Age of the Caliphs      Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632/A.H. 1-11      Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661/A.H. 11-40      Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750/A.H. 40-129

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Rashidun Conquest of Persia

Leading the Conquest Conquest of Persia End of Conflict

Conquest of Persia 633 – 644 AD Attack on Sassanid Empire Umar sent army over Zargos Mountains

that stood between the borders of Persia and Arabic Peninsula

Ziggurat (Tower palace) inside the Isfanhan province • First substantial victory for Muslims • To strategically divide Persian providences

Ziggurat of Choqa Zanbil

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Leading the Conquest

Led by Caliph Umar• Appointed Abdullah Idn Uthman • One of the greatest strategists and political leaders in

history Abdullah: Servant of God Led invasion from thousands of miles away Instated Khalid as field commander

• Already had faced Persian armies as leader• Led lightning offensive in present day Iraq 633 AD

Persian Empire controlled by Yazdgerd III To respond to attacks from Persian army on

Muslim cities conquest war became a personal battle between the leaders

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End of Conflict Led to the end of Sassanid Empire Further destruction of Persian Nation

• Northern Persia (Azerbaijan) in 642• South Eastern Persia (Kerman) in 644

Caliph Umar promised to follow Yazdgerd III to the ends of his empire to either capture or kill him

Siege of Persian capital city Persepolis ended in 644

Conquest of Armenia• 638 – 639 AD Persian Armenia was already under Islamic

control• 643 Umar sent final expedition to stamp Sassanid empire

out of Byzantine controlled Armenia

Sassanian fortress in Derbent

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Conquests of Umayyads Conquest of North Africa Siege of Constantinople

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Conquest of North Africa Seat of Control Damascus 641 Egypt First Arab account of conquest 9th century Invasion – 40,000 Arabs Vs. Byzantine Empire

• Sent for recruits from Constantinople 698 N. Africa divided into 3 providences

• Egypt• Ifrikquiya• Maghreb (Morocco)

By 709 N. Africa was under Arab control

Siege of Constantinople 717 - 718 Combined land and sea effort by the Byzantine

Empire 80,000 Muslims led by – Maslama ibn Abdal

Malik (brother of Caliph) Arab war galleys estimated at 1,800 ships Byzantine ask the mercenary Bulgarian empire

for assistance Siege Warfare Arabs lost to the onslaught from the Bulgarian

army and retreated Siege ended in fall of 718

Credits Edward Gibbon,

History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 51

Fred Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests Chapter 6

Mark Graham, "How Islam Created the Modern World" (2006)

Hugh Kennedy, The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live in (2007)