- Page 1

- Page 2

-

- Page 3

- - - - " (Man is by nature a social and political animal and a man who is not a member of a society is either a God or a beast.)

- - - - I I

—

(Key

Words) , , , ,

(City State),

(Nation State), ,

, (Good

Governance), ,

, , , (Accountability),

, , ,

, ।

- Page 4

১.১ Concept and Definition of Civics

ivi s ivis ivit s ity t t

- - -

ity st t N tion st t -

(F. I. Gloud)- " ("Civics is the study of institutions, habits, activities and spirit by means of which a man or woman may fulfil the duties and receive benefits of m mb rship in politi l ommunity”.

(E. M. white)- , " ("Civics is the subject that deals with everything appertaining to itiz nship.”

h philosophy o itiz nship” " ("Civics is that branch of human knowledge which deals with everything relating to a citizen—past, present and future; local, national and human.")

- Page 5

Webster’s International Dictionary- , ” ivi s is th t department of political science dealing with rights and duties of citizen.)

Encyclopaedia Britanica-

. . W bst r s Int rn tion l Di tion ry ond Edition July P g . . s. En y lop di Brit ni ol P g

Fr dri k J m s Gould - (Civis is the study of institutions, habits and spirits by means of which a man or woman may fulfil the duties and receive the benefits of memberships in political community.)

- Page 6

. Scope and Subject-matter of Civics

—

১

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-

১

১১

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১

১ Necessity of Study of Civics

১

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—

-

—

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১১ -

১ - -

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১

১

১

১ Significance of the Study of Civics and Good Governance in Bangladesh

১

-

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-

১

১১

১ Concept and Definition of Good Governance

(The State exists to Promote good life) |

- W l r st t oll o o (Friend, Philosopher and Guid

Good Gov rn n Gov rn n

L nd ll Mills nd s r g dino

h Ox ord English Di tion ry-Go to o FI

H l ni

- Page 11

. D. K u m nn oth rs

Good Gov rn n - - .

Good Gov rn n - . (G. Bilney)- Good Gov rn n is th tiv m n g m nt o ountry s o i l nd economic resources in a manner that is open, transparent, accountable and equitable) |

"

h o i l En y lop di - ” It is bro d r on pt th n Gov rnm nt which is specially concerned with the role of Political authorities in maintaining social order within a defined territory and the exercise of executive power)

M orn y " (Good governance is the relationship between civil society and the state, between government and governed, the ruler and ruled)

ount bility L gitim y ool r nsp r n y ১ Elements & Characteristics of Good Governance

. (G. Bilney), O ED NDP J –

- Page 12

১ articipatory rocess

thics or moral values

ransparency -

(Legitimacy -

esponsibility -

ule of aw -

ccountibility

fficiency

(Service oriented attitude of Public administration)

- Page 13

—

১ Independent udiciary

১১ onesty

১ bsence of ender disparity -

১ (Decentralisation -

১

১ ivil society

১ ublic cceptability -

১૧ (Professionalism

১ -

১ ree edia

ree and lural society -

- Page 14

১.

- - - -

—

N tion t t

w l r st t - ১ Relation of Civics and Good Governance with other branches of knowledge

- —

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১ Civics, Good Governance and Political Science

১ ivis ivit s ivi s ivis ivit s Politi s Polit s Polis Polit s - Polis -

১

ivi s- ivis ivit s Politi l i n Politi s Politi s polis

- Page 16

১.১ Civics, Good Governance and History

১ -

- - -

- ”

১

.

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১.১১ Civics, Good Governance and Sociology

১

— ”

- - ”

১

”

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১.১

Civics, Good Governance and Economics

১

”

১

- Page 19

১ ১ Civics, Good Governance and Ethics

- -

১

-

” Wh t is mor lly wrong n n v r b politically right.)

১ - Ext rn l tions - Int rn l tions or -

— -

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১-১ -

Civics, Good Governance and Geography

১

-

-

- G opoliti s

-

১

- -

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১ ১ Civics. Good Governance and Population, Development Studies

-

১ - -

১

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১ ১

Civics, Good Governance and Human Rights, Gender Studies

-

- -

G nd r s x —

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১ - - - - -

১

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- ১ ১

Civics, Good Governance & Information and Communication Technology

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১

১

- -

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. (MCQ)

(√

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. —

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] ivi s ivis ivit s ? . . - . . - webster's International Dictionary Encyclopaedia Britanica -

- Page 44

– . . G. Biln y M orn y - . . -

- Page 45

? - - - - — – – —

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— . . — — - — - — — ”— - – -

- Page 47

Gov rn n Good Gov rn n (concept) (Good Governance)

M orn y ount bility L gilim y r nsp r n y (rule o l w (Good Governance)

-

১ Problems of Good Governance

w l r st t

(Key words): , , , , , , , - , (Rule of Law), offs corruption), , , (military intervention) , , ,

- Page 48

–

১ -

Lack of Political tability and violence -

(Lack of ccountability of the ovt

bsence or ule of aw . .

(Mismanagement of Govt

- Page 49

ailure to ontrol orruption N -

Lack of olitical ommitment

১ ack of Democratic culture in the olitical arty - -

১১ (Military intervention in olitics -

১ apotism - - -

১ (Absence of Independence of judiciary) :

১ (Lack of People's articipation

১ Disrunctional arliament

- Page 50

- – - - - -

১ (Poverty

১ (weakness of local overnment

১ bsence of eoples awareness

১ (Absence of Balance of Power

(Absence of Free eutral lection commission

১ bsence of reedom or ress

ack of ommunal armony

- Page 51

Measures to remove the problems of good governance

১

-

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Role of Citigens in order to establish good Governance

১ -

(Unconditional allegiance to the tate

bedience to aw

selection of honest and qualified leadership

egular ayment of axes

ublic service -

o ducate the children

articipation in Development ctivities -

- Page 56

rotect ublic roperty Publi Prop rty

১ (to help law and order and Dicipline - -

১১ ecome conscious and lert

১ o abide by constitution

১ agerness of ood governance -

১ selection of iberal rogressive olitical arty -

Importance of Good Governance in Social, Political and Economic Sphere

১ -

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(McQ)

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Values, Law, Liberty and Equality

on pt

-

- - - -

-

(key words) (values), (social values), (Democratic values), , , , (Rule of Law), , (Good Governance) , , (Criminal Law), , (Liberty), ,

- Page 61

-১ Values

on ption nd D inition - - . tu rt . Dodd

H.D. st in -

M . . willi m - - - -

-

lyd Kluokhon -

Ni hol s s h r - ”

- (Social value embraces arrange of qualities for a place such as spiritual, traditional, economic, political or national qualities which are valued by the majority or minority group of the place.)

F.E. M ri (A social value may be defined as a pattern of belief whose maintenance is considered important to group welfare.)

- Characteristics of Values

. - - - -

- Page 62

-

-

-

Bases or Elements of Values

১

- - -

- -

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. . . . Di y -

-

১ - Classification of Values

-

১ social values - . . - - -

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olitical values - kk kBBB BB B

Democratic values - - - -

(Religious values) - - -

(Cultural values) : - - - -

oral values -

conomic values - - - -

- Page 65

spiritual values spiritu l Pow r

odern values - Values and good Government

১ - -

-

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Democratic Values

concept - - - -

- - -

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-

ঝ - - Importance of Democratic Values

১ --

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Good Governance and Democratic value

১

- l

-

-

-

Conception and Definition of Law

- - L w w L g L w - - - - - -

” (Law is the passionl ss r son

- Page 69

” ”

hom s Hobb s - ”

Pro . Hol nd - " (A Law is a general rule of external action orced by the sovereign political authority.)

John ustin (Law - the command of the political superior i.e. sovereign to the political inferior.)

vigny ” Histori l hool

Pro . lmond -

Pro . G tt - " (Only those rules which the state creates or which as recognises, enforces become law.)

(Woodrow Wilson) - ” (Law is that portion of the established thought and habit which has gained distinct and formal recognition in the shape of uniform rules backed by the authority and power of the government.)

১ Sources of Law

- Page 70

১ ustom - - -

eligion - -

favors udicial Dicision or djudication Judg -M d l w

cientific Discussion - -

quity

egislature

ublic opinion

dministrative declaration

- Page 71

onstitution ১১ Classification of Law

Muni ip l L w Int rn tion l L w

Publi L w Priv t L w onstitution l L w dministr tiv L w ) (Criminal Law) |

unicipal aw

International aw

- Page 72

onstitutional aw -

dministrative aw

riminal aw -

. Reasons for Obeying Law

- ” ”

. .

Lord Bry –

”

-১ Morality

Mor lity” Mor lity Mor lit s virtu is knowl dg - knowl dg ignor n m s m s Mor ls Mor lity

(Jonathan Haidt) –

- Page 73

Cambridge International Dictionary of English- -

Collins English Dictionary- Mor lity is concerned with on negating to human behaviour, esp. the distinction between good and bad and right and wrong b h viour.”

- - - -

L w do s not nd n not ov r ll grounds o mor lity

- - -

-

-১ Law and Morality

-

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- - - -

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১ Definition of Liberty

Lib rty Lib rty Lib r r

-

John tu rt Mill Ess y on Lib rty ” ”

H rb rt p n r " (Every man is free to do whatever he wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man.)

H. Gr n ” Fr dom onsistsin positive power or capacity of doing or enjoying something worth-doing or worth enjoying)

h lly (Liberty is the opposite of over government.)

Pro . H. J. L ski - - " (By liberty I mean the absence of restraints upon the existence of those social conditions which in modern civilization are the necessary guarantees of individual happiness.)

- ” By lib rty I m n th g r m int n n o th t tmosph r in whi h m n h v opportunity to b th ir b st s lv s. -১ Forms of Liberty

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১ Individual or ivil iberty - - -

(Natural iberty - oo M n is born r but v rywh r h is in h in.

(Legal liberty

social iberty - -

olitical iberty . so o o oo o tos o Politi l lib rty m ns th pow r to b bl in th irs o st t .

conomic iberty ” ” -

ational liberty

- Page 77

১ Safeguards of Liberty

”

১ aw

(Fundamental rights in the Constitution) ;

esponsible overnment

(Direct Democratic method) -

ule of aw - - . .

separation of ower .

- Page 78

Independence of udiciary

(Decentralisation of ower ”

(social ustice

১ quality

১১ (Organised party System) :

১ onstitutional overnment

১ roper understanding between the ovt and the eople —

১ (Exploitation free Social structure) -

১ vigilant ublic opinion - ” Et rn l vigilance is the price of liberty and the secret of liberty is courage.)

- Page 79

” -১ Relation between Law and Liberty

(Liberty and law do not quarrel.)

. . ” h mor th r is o th on th l ss th r is o th oth r. ”

১

”

-

- ”

- Page 80

-১ Definition and Meaning of Equality

- qu lity o opportuniti s - - - -

Pro . L ski - - ” Equ lity ...... m ns irst o ll the absence of special privilege ...... Equality means, an the second place, that adequate opportuniti s r l id op n to ll - - - - -

B rk r - - ”

- - - - Different Forms or Classification of Equality

১ (Natural Equality)

- Page 81

social quality - - -

olitical quality - - - -

conomic quality - - - - ”

egal quality —

Individual quality - ১ Importance of Equality in Liberty

ol ” Politi l lib rty in th bs n o onomi qu lity is held to be a mere myth.)

. H. wn y - Pro . Poll rd

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” h r is only on solution of problem of liberty. It lies in equality.)

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. (MCQ)

(√

L w. — . . . . √ L w . Low . Lego . Lag √ . Log — ? . √ . - . . . √ . . . . √ - - . √ . √ . . . -

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. . √ - . . . √ - . . . . √ . - - . . . . √ - √ . — √ . . . . . — √ . . — . . . √ .

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- . . √ . . – √ . . Lib rty √ . . . √ — . √ . . . . √ . . √ - – √ .

- Page 86

— . √ . . . - - . . √ . . . √ . . . √ . √ . √ . √ . . . √ .

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. √ . . ? . . √ . . . √ . . . . √ . √ . ? . √ ? . . . √ — . √ .

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— i ii. iii . i iii . ii iii . i ii √ . Iii — i. ii. iii. . i . i ii . ii iii . i ii iii √ — i ii. iii. ? . i . ii . iii √ . ii iii - — i ii. iii. . i . i ii . ii iii . i ii iii √ — i ii. iii.

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. iii . i iii . ii iii *I. iii . i, ii √ - i ii. iii, . i . ii √ . iii . i, ii iii i ii. iii. . i √ . ii . iii . i, ii iii – i ii. iii. . i ii √ . i iii . ii iii . i, ii iii

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- E-Governance & Good Governance

- - - - - - - > - - - - - ১ - - Concept of E-Governance

- - El troni Gov rn n - - - - -

int r tion - -

- - - - - - -

(Key Words) , - , , - ,

, . . . , , (transparency), ।

- Page 96

world B nk - " (e-Governance refers to the use by Governmentagencies of information technologies (such as networking internet, mobile etc.) that have the ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses and other arms of government.)

N - ” (e-Governance is defined as the employment of the internet and the worldwide web for delivering government information and service to the citizens.)

- - ’- - - " (The use by the government of web-based internet application and other information technologies.)

- " (Governance refers to the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority in the management of a country's affairs, including citizens articulation of their interests and energies of their legal rights and obligations. e-Governnace may be understood as the performance of this governance via the electronic medium in order to facititate an efficient, speedy and transparent process of disseminating information to the public and other agencies and for performing government administration activities.)

. . . - ” tr nsp r nt sm rt -Governance with seamless access, secure and authentic flow of information crossing the interdepeartmental barrier and providing a fair and unbiased service to the citizen)

-

- - - -

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- - - - -

১

- - Aims & Objectives of E. Governance

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- - Characteristics of E-Governance

-

১ - El troni Gov rnm nt

- -

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১১ - - - - Advantage of Good Governance and E-Governance

- - -

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(MCO)

(√

. Governor . Government . Governance √ . Governing . Good Government . Good Governor . Good Gang . Good Governance √ - — . . √ - √ . . - . . - . √ . ? . √ - — i. ii. iii

. i

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RIGHTS AND DUTIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS

- . M n r born nd lw ys ontinu r nd qu l in r sp t to th ir rights

–

১ Definition and Meaning of Right

-

ey Words

ight (Legal rights ivil rights (Political rights), Duti s (Allegiance to the state) (Human Rights) (Fundamental rights)

- Page 108

- ”

L . Hobhous - ”(Genuine rights are conditions of social welfare)

Pro . Holl nd - ights r on m n s p ity o influencing the acts of another by means of the opinion and force of the society).

Pro . E rn st B rk r - - " (Rights are those necessaryconditions of the greatest possible development of the capacities of all individuals, which are secured and guaranteed by the State) |

Pro . L ski " (Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek, in general, to be himself at his best.)

(TH. Green) " (Rights are the outer conditions essential for man's inner development.)

Bos nqu t - I" (A right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by the state.)

- I” Ev ry st t is known by th rightsit maintains) l

Characteristics of Right

univ rs l

-

- Page 109

Classification of Rights

-

১ oral ights - - Di tion ry o so i l s i n " (Moral rights which are dependent on the ethical feelings of man and they are not guaranteed by any legal authority.)

egal ights

- (Civil Rights), E onomi ights ) (Political Rights) (Cultural Rights), (Religions Rights) (Personal Rights).

ivil ights

১ ight to life

ight to liberty

ight to thought and speech

- (Right to association and Meeting): - -

- (Right to movement):

- Page 110

reedom to ress

(Right to contract

(Right to equality before the eye of law) ; - - - -

ight to roperty

১ ight to eligion

১১ ight to organise family

১ . ight to economic and social justice

১ ight to education

১

১ (Right to fame)

conomic ights

১ ight to work

(Right to reasonable wages

ight to est -

(Right to form trade union):

(Right to economic security in old and incapable condition) :

- Page 111

olitical ights

১ ight to residence

(Right to election) ; - - - - -

(Right to Petition -

ight to hold ublic office - - -

(Right to Protection in abroad)

ight to criticise owerment

cultural ights

(Religious ights -

ersonal ights -

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Safeguard of Rights

১ aw

Democracy

(Declaration of Fundamental Rights):

ule of aw

(Independence of fudiciary):

(Eternal vigitance of the People) ”

Rights to Information of Citizen

ight to in orm tin or itiz n

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- - - Ordinance on Freedom of writing and of the Press'

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Glob liz tion - Glob l vill g

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Duties of Citizens : Conception and its Importance

" (Duty is one kind of special work which we should observe.) . . rw l - ” duty is n oblig tion to m mb r o o i ty or State.)

Pro . H rold J. L ski - ” ” Pro . Hobhous

- Page 120

(If I have the right to walk also the street without being Pashed off the Pavement, yeur duty is to give me reasonable room.)

-১ Classification of Duties

- . .

১ social Duties - -

(Political Duties —

conomic Duties

oral Duty - -

egal Duty

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-১১ Duties of Citizens

১ (Allegiance to the state

bedience to aw -

ight to onest ranchise

foston (Selection of honest and qualified leadership):

egular ayment of axes

ublic service

o ducate the hildren

other Duties

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Duty towards amily - - - -

(Duty towards Society)

(Duty towards International Affairs) ;

১ Relation Between Rights and Duties

” –

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(Rights imply duti s

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-১ Human Rights

(Rousseau) M n is born r - - - - - oot t NO - - Pro . pp dori - . . .P. Huntington - ” h human right are inherent, producing equal opportunity makes the humanity a perfect one that never feels dissatisfied at their achievement.) - - - - " (Men are born and always continue free and equal in respect to their rights.)

১ Relation between Fundamental Rights and Human Rights

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POLITICAL PARTY, LEADERSHIP AND GOOD GOVERNANCE

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Political Party : Conception and Definition

(Key Words):

, ,

, ,

- (BiParty system),

(Multi-Party system),

, (Good

Governance), (Leadership),

,

(Charismatic leadership), . . .।

- Page 140

Jos ph . hump t r - ” p rty is group whos m mb rs propos to t in on rt in th omp titiv struggl or politi l pow r”.

Edmund Burk (Party is a body of men, united for the purpose of promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest upon some particular principle on which they are all agreed.)

E rn st B rk r ” p rty is p rti ul r body o opinion which is nonetheless concerned with the general national interest and which forms and presents to the choice of the electorate, a programme of general national scope and width.)

(Gette)- ”

(Disraeli)- (A party is a group o m n b nd d tog th r to pursu rt in prin ipl s. - - ” p rty is ommunity with a particular structure.)

- " (Political Party is an association organisad in support of some Principle of Policy which by constitutional means it endeavous to make the determinant of government.)

Characteristics of Political Parties –

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Political Party and Faction

F tion (Clique)

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Role and Importance of Political Parties in Democracy

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Int r st group ssioso (Interest articulation)

Functions of Political Parties in Democracy.

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Different Forms of Political Party -

On -P rty yst m so oso Bi-P rty yst m or o osot Multi-P rty syst m

১ (one-Party system

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- (Merits & Demerits of One Party) erits

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:

- Page 145

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(Demerits):

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- (Bi-Party System or Two-Party System): (Conservative Party) L bour P rty

- - (Merits and Demerits of Bi-Party System)

erits - –

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-

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- Pro . H. J. L ski -

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Demerits - –

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bin t di t torship

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ulti- arty system o lition Gov rnm nt

- (Merits & Demerits of Multi-party System)

erits

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:

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Demerits

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- Page 148

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l r d Gr zi r - ” ll n B li " (A Pressure group can be defined as a group whose members hold share attitude.)

Features or Characteristics of Pressure Group

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:

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ivil o i ty

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-১১ Leadership & Conception and Definition

l d rship l d r. L d rship l d L d l d r

H. O. Dun - ”

. W. Gouldn r - ”

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Kimb l oung - ” L d rship is but on orm o dominance, in which the followers more or less willingly accept direction and control by another.)

. I B rn rd - - ” (Leadership refers to the quality of the behaviour of the individuals whereby they guide people or their activities in organized effort.)

-১ Classification of Leadership

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ot lit ri n - - -

-১ Essential Qualities of Leadership

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G.O. N.G.O.

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STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT

—

১ Government

- - . Gov rnm nt is a spokesman to the st t o o rgo ssioso

Classification of Government

-

(Key Words):

Gov rnm nt D mo r y publi onstitution l Mon r hy P rli m nt ry Govt. (Presid nti l Govt. (Faderation), (Unitary Govt.) (Legislature) (Executive), (Judiciary), (Theory of

Separation of Povers and checks and Balances) |

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onstitution l Mon r hy publi

- P rli m nt ry or bin t Gov rnm nt Pr sid nti l Gov rnm nt

(Federal Gov rnm nt nit ry Gov rnm nt o

- Page 175

Democracy

Definition and eaning D mo r y oil Demos Kr tos Kr ti D mos Kr tos Kr ti

H rodotus ”

ir John ly " (Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.) - " (Democracy is a system of government by discussion.)

Pro . Di y " (Democracy is a form of government in which the governing body is a comparatively large fraction of the entire population.)

. F. trong " (Democracy implies that government which shall reston active consent of the governed.)

- Page 176

br h m Lin oln ” (Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.)

Pro . M lv r - ” D mo r y is not w y o gov rning wh th r by w y o m jority or otherwise, but primarily a way of determining who shall govern and broadly, to what ends.) - -

Characteristics of Democracy

১

- - -

Types of Democracy

- Dir t D mo r y (Indirector Representative Democracy)

- Page 177

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Methods of Direct Democracy in Indirect Democracy

–

১ eferendum -

Initiative

ecali

lebiscite -

Merits of Democracy

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Demerits of Democracy

১ - - -

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”

h ult o In omp t n ”

- Page 180

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Conditions for the Success of Democracy

১ , "universal education must precede universal suffrage" ”

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John tu rt Mill

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The Republic

১১

Dictatorship

- Page 183

N wm n (By dictatorship we understand the rule of a person or group of persons who arrogate to themselves and monopolise power in the state, exercising it without restraint). A Dictionary of Politi l hought og r s ruton ' (Dictatorship is a system of government in which one person, office, faction or party is mpow r d to di t t ll politi l tion nd omp l ob di n rom ll oth r itiz ns- ”–

১

Characteristics of Dictatorship

–

১ -

" (All within th st t non outsid th st t non g inst th st t .

- Page 184

” W r is to m n wh t m t rnity is to wom n. ” Et rn l nd immut bl l w o li .

১

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১

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Merits of Dictatorship

১ - -

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Demerits of Dictatorship

- Page 185

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- ” Pow r orrupts m n nd bsolut pow r orrupts bsolut ly. Pow r h s th h bit o orrupting v n th nobl st o thos who x r is it. F F ”

১

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Comparative Study between Democracy and Dictatorship

১

- Page 186

” - ১ ১১ - - ” ১ ১ ১ ১ ১

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Parliamentary or Cabinet Form of Government and Presidential Form of Government

১

Parliamentary or Cabinet Form of Government

. . v. Di y - ” Pro . Gr v s - ”(In Parliamentary system, the government is the master of country and Prime Minister is the master of the gov rnm nt. sponsibl Gov rnm nt

- Page 188

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Characteristics of Parliamentary Form of Government

১

.১

Merits of Cabinet Form of Government

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" ১ Demerits of Cabinet Form of Government ১ - ঝ ১ Presidential Form of Government

– . Pro . J.W. G rn r " (Presidential form of government is a government in which the executive is independent of the legislature as regards its tenure and to a large extent as regards its policy and acts)

- Page 190

Pro . F. . l y - ” h Pr sid nti l form of government is basically based on the will of the President elected by the people directly or indirectly in ademocracy.) |

.N. Gil hrist ”

Characteristics of Presidential Form of Government

১ . Merits of Presidential Form of Government

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Demerits of Presidential Form of Government

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Comparative Discussion of the Cabinet and Presidential Form of Government

১

- Page 193

১

১১

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Unitary Form of Government

Pro . Di y - " (Unitarism is the habitual exercise of supreme legislative authority by one central power.)

Pro . G tt - ” nit ry gov rnm nt is system in which the constitution of the state delegates all government powers to the national government.)

- Page 194

Characteristics of Unitary Form of Government

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Merits of Unitary Form of Government

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Demerits of Unitary Form of Government

১

Federal Form of Government

F d r tion Fo dus

- Page 196

Pro . H. Fin r ”

Pro . Di y ” (A federal state is a political contrivance intended to reconcile national unity and power with the maintenance of states rights.)

Pro . K. . Wh r ” By th deral principle, I mean the method of dividing powers so that the general (central) and regional governments are each within a sphere, coordinate and independent.)

- ১

Methods of Formation of Federal Government

. -

.

Characteristics of Federal Form of Government

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- Page 197

- (They must desire union but must not unity)

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Conditions for the Success of Federal Government

- Page 198

১ - ntrip t l t nd n y (Centrifugal tendency)

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Merits of Federal Government

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Demerits of Federal Government

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Comparative study between Unitary and Federal Government

–

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- Page 201

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১১

Monarchy

- Page 202

bsolut or unlimit d Mon r hy

or o o ssi Limit d or onstitution l Mon r hy

Characteristics of Monarchy

- Page 203

Merits of Monarchy - Demerits of Monarchy - Socialist Government

- Page 204

Origin and Development of Socialism

Do trin o L iss z- ir

Features of Socialist Government

১ -

Merits of Socialist Government

১

- Page 205

- -

- -

-

”

Demerits of Socialist Government ১

- Page 206

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Military Government

- hi M rti l L w dministr tor ML

- (Totalitarian Military Government)

Merits of Military Government

১

- Page 207

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Demerits of Military Government

১

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Theocracy

- -

- Page 208

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Characteristics of Theological Government

১ - - - . - - - - ১ - - - - - - - - - ১

- Page 209

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Characteristics of a Best Government

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Hindrances to the Best Government in Bangladesh

১

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Measures to Remove Hindrances for the Best Government in Bangladesh

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- Page 211

- - ১ .

Different Organs of Government : Legislature, Executive and Judiciary

ul m king un tions ul ppli tion Fun tions (Rul djudi tion . . .

- Page 212

The Legislature

-

Organisation of the Legislature

-

- Page 213

Unicameral Legislature

-

Arguments in Favour of Unicameral Legislaturee

১

-

-

” If the second chamber agrees with the first, it is superfluous, if it disagrees, it is pernicious.)

” h singl hamber and magnificient legislative assembly seems best to answer the needs of the modern state.)

Arguments Against Unicameral Legislature

১ ”

- Page 214

-

. - -

Bi-cameral Legislature

- ” Bi-cameral legislature is , that which has two house. The first one is known as the lower house and the second one as the upper house.)

-

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Arguments in Favour of Bi-cameralism

- Page 215

১ ” - - ” ” .

। , ―

|"

. ।

। .

- ,

। . , ,

। ১ . ।

Arguments Against Bi-cameral Legislature

, , , ,

১.

, ― , ‖ (If the second chamber agrees with the first, it is superfluous; if

disagrees, it is pernicious.)

.

, ― ,

‖

- Page 216

. :

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। -

Organisation of Legislature in Unitary and Federal System

। । , । ,

।

। । ,

। । .

Organisation of Legislature in Parliamentary and Presidential of Govt. System

, , ,

,

- Page 217

, , । . ১

Organisation of Legislature in Socialist System

,

, , ,

,

, ।

Nature of Legislature in Dictatorship and Military Government

, ,

| । । ।

।

।

।

। । .

Powers and Functions of the Legislature

- Page 218

১. ।

,

.

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.

‘

, । . ।

।

। , , । . । । , । . । । , ,

। . ।

।

। .

। ১ . ,

। । । ১১.

।

- Page 219

.

The Executive

।

; ( ) (Political

Executive)

( ) - (Non-Political Executive)।

, - ।

।

. ,

,

(reigns but does not govern)।

। .

, , ,

।

- Page 220

.

-

,

। .

।

,

।

। .

, । ,

‘ (Plural executive) ,

. ,

,

― ”

।

, । .

Powers and Functions of the Executive

- Page 221

১. -

, , , , ;

, । .

। ,

। । (Department

of External Affairs)

.

।

(Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces)

, - ।

। .

। ,

। . । ।

। ,

।

(ordinace) ।

।

. । , । . , , , ,

, , । .

The Judiciary

। (Sidgwick) , "

।

- Page 222

,

―

‖

, , ,

। ।

।

। , ― ।‖

-

। , "

" (In

determining a nation's rank in political civilisation, no test is more decisive than the degree in which justice, as defined by law, is actually realised in its judicial administration.) .

Organisation of the Judiciary

,

-

১. ; ( ) ( )

,

‘

― - ‖ , ― ― "

। .

― ‖-

।

- Page 223

" ‖

” ” । ।

।

। .

Methods of Appointment of Judges

; ( ) , ( ) ( )

১.

,

, ―

" (of all methods of appointment, that of election by the people at large,

is without exception the worst.)

.

। .

,

। .

Functions of the Judiciary

১.

- Page 224

. । -

। . ,

,

।

। '

(Judge-made laws) |

.

,

― , " (we are under a

constitution, but the constitution is what the judges say it is.)

.

.

.

। .

। . , ,

। . ১

Separation of Judiciary from the Executive

-

। , , ,

,

- Page 225

. । .

। . ।

. ।

. ।

। ।

। .

Independence of the Judiciary

(Kent) , ―

।‖ (A. Hamilton) , ―

‖

(Sidgwick) , ―

‖

, , , ―

!" (There is no better test of the

excellence of a government than the efficiency of its judicial system.)

, - ,

; ,

-

।

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Safeguards of the Independence of Judiciary

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Separation of Power : Theoritical Explanation

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executive power are united in the same person or the governing body there can be no freedom; nor is there freedom where the power to adjudicate is not separated from the legislative and executive power.)

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। । । । – । । । । ?— । । / । । / । । । । । ‘—

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। — । । , —

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PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL CULTURE

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Coception and Definition of Public Opinion

'

, , '

। . . (L, W. Doob)- , ―

" (Public opinion refers to peoples attitudes onan issue when

they are members of the same social groups.)

(Key Words):

(Public opinion), (Good

Governance), (Political culture), (Political idea), (Political attitude), (Inherent expression), (Cognitive

Orientations)।

- Page 261

(Kimbal Young) , ― , " (Public opinion consists of the opinions held by a public at a certain time.)

(Lord Bryce)- , ― -

।‖ (The aggregate of the views men hold regarding matters that affect the interest of the

Community.)

. . (E.M. Sait)- , ― , ,

‖

, ― ,

" (In order that an opinion may be public a majority is not

enough and unanimity is not required.)

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opinion is a social product due to the interaction of many minds.)

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Features of Public Opinion

,

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Methods or Media of Forming Public Opinion

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- Page 263

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Public Opinion and Democracy

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Political Culture : Conception and Definition

। ।

। . . (G.A. Almond) , ―

- Page 265

।‖ (Political culture is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientations toward

polities among the members of a political system.)

. (Allan R. Bal)- , ― , ,

, ।‖ (Apolitical

culture is composed of the attitudes, beliefs, emotions and values of society that relate to the political system and to political issues.)

(Sidney verba) , ― ,

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।" (Dennis Kavangh)- , ―

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Characteristics of Political Culture

১. (Political idea and attitude)

— । . (Political Mirror)

। . (Inherent and Psychological expression)

।

8. (Affective Orientations or Collection of Political Thinking) ।

। -

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. (Cognitive Orientations) :

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Public Opinion & Political Culture : Comparison, Relation and Distinction

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PUBLIC SERVICE AND BUREAUCRACY

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Bureaucracy : Conception, Definition and Nature

।

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Bureaucracy. ' (Bureau) '

(Kratein) (Bureaucracy) ' (Desk)

‘ ―Desk Government‖ ” ” , ,

(Legal and

rational model) (Ideal Bureaucracy) । (Prof. Priffner and Presthus)- , ―

(Key words): (Bureaucrat), (Bureaucracy),

(Hierarchy),

(Appointment and Promotion),

(Training), (Formality), (Skill), (Neutrality),

(Legal & rational model), (Red Tapism), (Public Isolation),

(Public Service), (Accountability), (Responsibility)

- Page 276

R3 I‖ (Bureaucracy is the systematic organization of tasks and individuals into a pattern

which can effectively attain the end of group effort.)

. (Poul. H. Apperby) , ― ” (Bureaucracy is inseparable from the

phenomenon of systematic interaction of many persons associated in common and complex terms.)

(Prof Finer) , ― , ।‖ (The civil service is a body of officials—permanent, paid and skilled.)

(ogg) , ― , , ,

।‖ (The body of the civil servants is an expert, professional, non-

political, permanent and subordinate staff.)

, , ।

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Characteristics or Features of Bureaucracy

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Appointment, Training and Conditions of service of the Bureaucrats

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(Appointment)

(Public Service Commission)

(Training)

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(Conditions of service)

(Parliament)

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Functions of Bureaucracy

১.

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। । - . , -

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। . Public Isolation and Red Tapism in Bureaucracy

, , ,

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Red Tapism'

, , -

(Formal)। -

- -

(Through Proper channel)

,

- Page 279

, , , — ‘

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Public Service

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Accountability of Bureaucracy and good governance

( )

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- Page 280

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। , , । (Red Tapism) । ।

। । (Bad governance)

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Civil Service in Britain and France ,

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- Page 282

. (MCQ)

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. Mobocracy

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PATRIOTISM & NATIONALITY

।

' (People) ‘

(Nationality)

' (Nation) , ,

(Nation State) ‘ ,

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,

– । ।

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Nation and Nationality

‗ ' ' "Nation‘ ‗Nationality'. Nation'

Nationality‘ Natio‘ "Natus , born"

।

(Key Words):

(Nation), (Nationality),

(Nation State), (Racial unity), (Spritual

unity), (Patriotism), (Language movement) ।

- Page 291

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‗ ‘ । ।

। - (one

nation-one state) । । ১ .

Conception and Definition of Nation

Nation

, , , , ,

। (zimmern) , ― ,

‖ (A nation is a body of people united by a corporate sentiment of peculiar intimacy,

intensity and dignity, related to a difinite home country.)

(Lord Bryce) , ―

।‖ (A nation is a nationality which has organised itself into a political body

either independent or desiring to be independent.)

, ―

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(Anation is a body of people who feel themselves to be naturally linked together by certain affinities which are so strong and real for them that they can live happily together, are dissatisfied when disunited and can not tolerate subjection to peoples who do not share these ties.)

(Melver)- , ― , , , , ‖

. . (J. H. Hayes)- , ―

" (A Nationality by acquiring unity and

sovereign independence becomes a nation‖.)

(Gilchrist)- , ―

" (Nation is a state plus something else; the

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state looked at from a certain point of view, viz., that of the unity of the people organised in one state.)

(Stalin)- , ―

, ,

" (A nation is a historically evolved, stable

community of language, territory, economic life and psychological make-up manifested in a community of culture.")

। ১ . Conception and Definition of Nationality

, , ― ‖ (Apolitically conscious people)।

(John Stuart Mill)- , ― ,

" (A portion of mankind may be said to constitute a nationality if

they are united among themselves by common sympathis which do not exist between them and any others which make them cooperate with each other more willingly than with other pepole desire to be under the same government and desire that it should be government by themselves, or a portion of themselves exclusively.)

(Renan) , ―

‖

. (H. J. Laski)- , " ‖

(The idea of nationality is spiritual in character.)

(Hans Kohn)- , ―

‖ (Nationalism is first and foremost a state of mind, an act of consciousness.)

(Prof. Zimmern) , ― " (If a people feels itself to be nationality, it is a nationality.)

, , , , , ,

। ১ . Relation between Nation & Nationality

‘ Natio' Natus

।

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।

, (People) ।

। . . (J. H. Hayes) , ―

‖ , । = + । = + ।

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Growth of Nationalism

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,

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Nation State

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Elements of Nationality

১. (Common Race or Racial Unity)

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(Fichte) ,

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, ,

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- Page 296

. (Unity of Common Political and

Economic Aspirations)

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। (Renan) , ― ।" , ,

।‖ (The elment of nationalism is neither biological nor linguistic unity, but a spiritual unity.)

(Prof Zimmern) , ― " (If a people feels itself to be nationality, it is a

nationality) (Prof. Laski) , ― " (The idea of nationality is spiritual in character)

, । ১ .

Determining Policy of Nationality : Cultural and Geographical

,

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- Page 297

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Patriotism

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Relation between Patriotism and Nationality

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- Page 298

(Nation State)

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- Page 299

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- Page 300

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- Page 305

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