Phonetics – Class 11

CD 233

Lavoie

Narrow transcription

More details!

More allophonic variation

More symbols, esp. diacritics

Describing particular pronunciations

Identifying acquisition order and

particular difficulties for kids

Broad vs. narrow transcription

Broad transcription

Basically uses /phonemes/

Pretty much unadorned symbols

Narrow transcription

Uses [allophones]

Symbols with diacritics to show precise

details (of social variation or of disorder)

Why do a narrow transcription?

To record additional details about the

observed articulation, such as…

Details of a speech disorder or issue

Details of casual or accented speech

To locate generalizations (or lack thereof)

To build knowledge of sound and articulation

correspondences

To show off to your friends and neighbors

Comparison of transcriptions

“At the lengthy meeting on the 10th, your

input was appreciated.”

“Put your red car in the garage near the

groceries.”

Do a broad transcription together

Then after we go through lots of possible

variation, we’ll do a narrow transcription

together

Sounds in context

Allophonic variation occurs in different

contexts

So we need to become familiar with the

kinds of environments that induce or

encourage changes

Coarticulation and assimilation

Possible on any sound

Change in syllabicity

Change in voicing

Change in length

Change in nasalization

Epenthesis (sound added)

Elision (sound deleted/elided)

Changes in syllabicity

Words can gain a syllable

Less common, fil.m, D.wight, ath.lete, di.lated,

frust.rated, bed.room

Or lose a syllable

Vowels become glides*

Syllabic resonants not syllabic*

Lose a schwa*

Different dialect of English*

Common in songs/poems to fit pattern

Vowels become glides

/i/

Appreciate

Associate “my associate”

Piano (in song “Ebony and Ivory”)

Nausea

/u/

Eventually, Usually

Your ideas?

Syllabic resonants: r

R

Every, mem(o)ry, mammary

Between resonants

Orn(e)ry, cam(e)ra, cel(e)ry

Yields stop + r cluster

Quand(a)ry, Elab(o)rate

Rest(au)rant, sep(a)rate (adj)

? Comf(or)table

British vs. American syllables

Laboratory

Aluminum vs. aluminium

Military vs. militry

Library vs. libry (vs. US liberry)

Strawberry vs strawbri

Syllabic resonants: l, n, m

L

Choc(o)late, Priv(i)lege, Vi(o)lent, Re(a)lize

N

Maint(e)nance, May(o)nnaise, Ru(i)ned

M

Dec(i)mal, Car(a)mel

Losing vowel in “the”

You may hear this before vowel-initial

nouns

Controversial, perhaps regional

“the other” as “thother”

“the umbrella” as “thumbrella”

“the ugly one” as “thugly one”

“the Easter Bunny” as “ThEaster Bunny”

Losing other vowels/syllables

How about “of” plus schwa-initial word “all kinds of achievements” very casual

Vs “all kinds of dogs”

American as ‘Merican (USM)

G(a)rage, P(o)tato, D(i)rec(t)ly, T(o)ronto

Terr(i)ble, Va(l)j(u)able

Pro(b(ab))ly

Flor(i)da

Macabr(e)

Voicing changes

Voiced segments may be partially or fully

devoiced — symbol is open circle below

Crimson, newspaper with z or s? vegetable

Voiceless segments may be partially or fully

voiced — symbol is small v below

Spinach, congratulations, sandwich, exit

Vowels can be devoiced/whispered

Potato, peculiar, sukiyaki, carpeting, multiple,

blanketing, identity

Length changes

If two of the same phoneme in a row,

may be one longer allophone rather than

two separate short ones — symbol is a

colon to show length

“Unaimed” vs. “unnamed”

“Holy” vs. “wholly”

“Bee keeper” vs. “beak keeper”

“Top air” vs. “top pair”

*Vowel length due to voicing*

**Vowels are longer before voiced coda consonant**

Bic vs. big

Pat vs. pad

Rich vs. ridge

Mace vs. maze

Helps distinguish substitution vs distortion

Gemination

Across words and across morphemes when

last C of word 1 and first C of word 2 are the

same fricative, nasal, or stop

this saddle

calm man

black coat, crack cocaine

cattail (compare to /t/ in "catfish")

crisp pork or crisp pancake vs. crisp beef (bad)

Gemination Prohibited

With affricates, however, gemination does not

seem to occur.

orange juice (or does it?)

strange junior

latch check

catch chickens

fudge jewels (a special kind of cookie)

Change in nasalization

Vowels before nasal consonants are

usually nasalized in English

If you’re congested, nasal consonants

are probably de-nasalized

Inappropriate nasality is referred to as

nasal emission (as in person with cleft

palate)

Epenthesis, excrescence, intrusion

An inserted sound that seems to come out of

nowhere, but some situations favor epenthesis

Nasal + fricative …. Ampsterdam,

somepthing, lengkth, “raise welts like nobody

elts,” pampphlet

Break up V+V …. Thaw r it out, withdrawral, “a

apple” or “the only” with glottal stop inserted

Just isolated cases?: ekspecially, ekspresso

More epenthesis examples

Hamster

Warmth

Fence

Poinsettia

What’s added in what environment?

How about “drownded”?

Adding vowels = anaptyxis

In unfamiliar or complicated consonant

clusters

Dwight

Athlete

Realtor

Yogi Bear’s pic-a-nic basket

Nuclear (nukjelar), perhaps patterned on

binocular or particular

Elision 1

Deletion of a sound

Why might it happen?

Library (lose first r sometimes)

Shouldn’t to SUnt, reco(g)nize

Event(ua)lly, Valuable

Elision 2

Eighths, fifths, sixths

Convenience store to convenient store

Contracts, asthma, aptly, picture (to pitcher)

Cup of tea, cracked nuts, secon(d) hurricane,

kept busy

Variation specific to vowels, 1

Raised/lowered tongue position

Fronted/backed tongue position

Vowel centralization (tomorrow, educate)

Rhotacization (not too common, Worshington)

Rounding/unrounding (California “dude”)

Rounding and unrounding

California “dude” or “good”

New Hampshire “popcorn”

Dog for more rounding

Diacritic for rounding is a superscript open o

Diacritic for unrounding is a superscript

reversed open o, so a c

If it becomes a totally different sound through

the change, be brave and use the other

symbol

Variation specific to vowels, 2

Voice quality: breathy or creaky

Monophthongization

Southern “time,” “foil”

Diphthongization

Southern; General American mid vowels;

Mid-Atlantic “coffee”

Low front ae often diphthongal

Variation specific to consonants

Modified place of articulation

Frictionalized

Different releases, Unreleased

Place variation in consonants

Labialized

Dentalized, before interdentals

Lateralized, lateralized /s/

Palatalized, was + she

Velarized, dark l, sea link vs. seal ink

Derhotacized, often to w

Glottalized

Examples of place variation

Input, pancake, unclear, red car

That guy, hat box

Key vs. coo

Sandwich as sang wich

Palatalization of alveolars

Before palatal glide /j/

Miss Universe

I’ll bet you, Bite your tongue, rid yourself

Before palatal fricative

Horse shoes, please share

gas shortage (vs. gash shortage)

Before palatal liquid /r/

trash, driveway, street, Australia, strength, exSercise

Do narrow transcriptions now

“At the lengthy meeting on the 10th, your

input was appreciated.”

“Put your red car in the garage near the

groceries.”

Pronunciations to puzzle over

“Free earrings” or “see eagles” Long vowel?

Glide inserted?

Glottal stop inserted?

“W E R S” and “W E E I”

“Whisper in your ear” vs. “rear”

“New . England” vs. “NewEngland” Patriots

Your suggestions…

PHONETICS + FUN =

FUNETICS

Punny Business Names and Knock Knock Jokes

Phonetic distance is key!

Think of the consonant and vowel charts

In puns and knock knock jokes

We have to be able to figure out the

punchline

If it’s too far off, it’s not funny, like…

Pet shops: “Petness First” or “It’s Raining

Pets”

Punny business examples

Ashwipe Chimney

Sweeps

Avant-card

(stationery shop)

Carl’s Pane in the

Glass

Boo’s Liquor

Cycloanalysts (bikes)

Florist Gump

Julius Cedar (lumber)

Millionhairs (pet groomer)

Napoleon Boiler Parts

More punny businesses

Shoenique

Specs Appeal

Sofa So Good

Wish You Wash

Here

Womb to Grow

Holy Crepe

Hairforce One

Hannah and her

Scissors

Fishcoteque

For Cod’s Sake

Lord of the Fries

Links to top pun store names

http://www.bspcn.com/2008/06/07/the-50-

best-pun-stores/

http://www.smosh.com/smosh-pit/photos/30-

best-pun-business-names-ever

http://www.smosh.com/smosh-pit/photos/17-

broken-neon-signs (you didn’t get this from

me)

Transcribed phrases

Sheet of 14 transcribed phrases

Read them out loud and determine

which are casual English phrases and

which are gobbledy-gook

Some disordered speech

Frictionalized stops; p.198, CD 2, tr 14

/h/ deletions; p. 206, CD 2, tr 17

Lateralized sibs; p. 224, CD 3, tr 7

“th” changes; p. 208, CD 3, tr 1

Length changes

stop peeling vs. stop eeling

rob Bart vs. rob Art

let Ted vs let Ed (not so good)

big grades vs. big raids

Juncture: A + nice man vs. an + ice man

Funny website

American accent

http://www.americanaccent.com/index.php?op

tion=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid

=11

Pronunciation things in layman’s terms and

connections/liaisons ?

http://www.americanaccent.com/index.php?op

tion=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=

10

Where do /tr/ and /dr/ clusters fall?

/tr/ and /dr/ clusters are often quite

affricated in American English

tSræS ‘trash’

dZraIvweI ‘driveway’

So does t] + [tr get to geminate?

Cart track, cat trick

Bad driveway, mud drip