+

Class 20 EWRT 1A

+Agenda

Review:

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

Presentation:

The Motivational Appeals: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos

Discussion: "I have a Dream.”

Ethos, Pathos, and Logos

Rhetorical Strategies

In Class Writing

Rhetorical Strategies

+ Have you reorganized your essay into

the five steps of Monroe’s Motivated

Sequence ?I. In the attention step, speakers call attention to the

situation. (The Problem)

II. For the need step, speakers describe the difficulty,

trouble, distress, crisis, emergency, or urgency. (Its

Seriousness)

III. In the satisfaction step, speakers tell listeners how to

satisfy the need they establish. (The Solution)

IV. For visualization, speakers offer listeners a vision of

what life can be once their solution (offered in the

satisfaction step) is adopted. (The Promise)

V. The final stage is the action step when speakers offer

listeners a specific course of action to follow. (Call to

Action: Conclusion)

+ Motivational Appeals

Aristotle

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAsxyffBqm0

+Introduction to Speech Writing: The

Art of (Ethical)Persuasion

Three Crucial Motivational Appeals:

Ethos: Establishing credibility; convincing

through your character, credentials, or

knowledge.

Pathos: Appealing to emotions, values, and

beliefs.

Logos: Appealing to reason or logic.

+Ethos (Greek for 'character') refers to the

trustworthiness or credibility of the writer or speaker.

Ethos is often conveyed through tone and style of the

message and through the way the writer or speaker

refers to differing views. It can also be affected by the

writer's reputation as it exists independently from the

message--his or her expertise in the field, his or her

previous record or integrity, and so forth.

+Ethos

King was born into a well-educated, successful

family, graduated from Morehouse College, and, as

the outstanding member of his senior class, from

Crozer Theological Seminary. He received his Ph.D.

in philosophy in 1955, and served as minister of the

Dexter Avenue Baptist Church from 1955 to 1968.

His Nobel Peace Prize was received one year after

this speech was given. He is dressed well and is

well-spoken. His demeanor produces trust.

+Pathos (Greek for 'suffering' or 'experience') is often

associated with emotional appeal. But a better

equivalent might be 'appeal to the audience's

sympathies and imagination.' An appeal to pathos

causes an audience not just to respond emotionally

but to identify with the writer's point of view--to feel

what the writer feels.

+ Pathos: King depends on his use of

language to draw emotion from his

listeners. Figures of speech predominate.

Antithesis, or the setting of one clause or other member of a

sentence against another to which it is opposed, is heavily

used. “It came as a joyous daybreak to end their long night

of captivity,” is the first of many examples of antithesis used

in the speech.

Simile is the comparison of two unlike things, connected with

the words “like” or “as” such as “justice rolls down like waters

and righteousness like a mighty stream.”

Metaphor is a compressed simile (the “like” or “as” is

eliminated) and they are abundant: “manacles of

segregation,” “symphony of brotherhood.”

Allusions, or references to literary, historical, and biblical

events, occur often. One obvious example is “Five score

years ago,” which refers to the Gettysburg Address.

Personification: the attribution of a personal nature or

character to inanimate objects or abstract notions: “It is

obvious today that America has defaulted on this

promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are

concerned.”

Hyperbole: obvious and intentional exaggeration: "I have a

dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and

every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough

places will be made plain, and the crooked places will

be made straight.”

Colloquialisms: a word, phrase, or expression characteristic of ordinary

or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing: For

example, King uses both "cooling off” and "blow off steam.”

Repetition: repeated word aimed at stimulating thought on a recurring

theme; used to create an 'auditory' stimulus: “freedom” and “dream”

are oft repeated by King.

Anaphora: a poetic device and a repetition device where the same

expression is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses,

or sentences: “One hundred years later”

Parallelism: occurs when a writer or speaker expresses ideas of equal

worth with the same grammatical form: “With this faith we will be

able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go

to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we

will be free one day.”

+Logos (Greek for 'word') refers to the internal

consistency of the message--the clarity of the

claim, the logic of its reasons, and the

effectiveness of its supporting evidence. The

impact of logos on an audience is sometimes

called the argument's logical appeal.

+Logos

In his “I Have a Dream” speech, King often uses his own

personal experience and observations of racism and injustice

to support his major arguments.

He also uses logos in his analogies. When he states,

“America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check

which has come back marked ‘insufficient funds.’” (King)

His analogy is using logic as a form of reasoning. He reasons

is that everyone understands money and that the listener is

able to relate to being handed a bad check.

+In Groups, look for examples of rhetorical

strategies in King’s Speech

Antithesis: the setting of one

clause against another to which it

is opposed.

Simile is the comparison of two

unlike things, connected with the

words “like” or “as.”

Metaphor is a compressed simile

(the “like” or “as” is eliminated).

Examples: Both general and

specific references that people will

understand.

Anaphora: a repetition devicewhere the same expression isrepeated at the beginning oftwo or more lines, clauses, orsentences.

Repetition: repeated wordaimed at stimulating thought ona recurring theme.

Parallelism: a writer orspeaker expresses ideas ofequal worth with the samegrammatical form

Allusions: references toliterary, historical, and biblicalevents

+

Rhetorical StrategiesAntithesis

+Antithesis

“joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity”

[paragraph 2]

“the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a

vast ocean of material prosperity” [3]

“rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the

sunlit path of racial justice” [6]

“This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent

will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom

and equality.” [7]

“sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into

an oasis of freedom and justice.” [19]

Metaphor and simile

+

“battered by the storms of

persecution”

“staggered by the winds of

police brutality."

"The whirlwinds of revolt”

“beautiful symphony of

brotherhood.”

“signing a promissory note”

“bad check”

"No, no, we are not satisfied, and

we will not be satisfied until 'justice

rolls down like waters, and

righteousness like a mighty

stream.'"

the Emancipation Proclamation

came “as a joyous daybreak”

Metaphor Simile

Examples

+

Mississippi, New York [paragraph 13]

Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana [14]

Georgia [18]

Mississippi [19]

Alabama [22]

New Hampshire [32], New York [33], Pennsylvania [34], Colorado [35], California [36], Georgia [37], Tennessee [38], Mississippi [39]

“slums and ghettos of

our northern cities”

[paragraph 14]

“the South” [25]

“From every

mountainside” [40]

“from every village and

every hamlet” [41]

Specific Examples General Examples

Anaphora

+ANAPHORA

“One hundred years later…” [paragraph 3]

“Now is the time…” [paragraph 6]

“We must…” [paragraph 8]

“We can never (cannot) be satisfied…” [paragraph 13]

“Go back to…” [paragraph 14]

“I Have a Dream…” [paragraphs 16 through 24]

“With this faith, …” [paragraph 26]

“Let freedom ring (from) …” [paragraphs 27 through 41]

Repetition

+Repetition

freedom (20 times)

we (30 times), our (17 times), you (8 times)

nation (10 times), America (5 times), American (4

times)

justice (8 times) and injustice (3 times)

dream (11 times)

Parallelism

+

“Go back to Mississippi, go back to

Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go

back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana.”

“from every village and every hamlet, from

every state and every city”

“all of God’s children,” no matter if they are

“black men and white men, Jews and

Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics”

Parallelism

Allusion

+ALLUSION

“Five score years ago…” [paragraph 2] refers to Lincoln’s famous Gettysburg Address speech which began “Four score and seven years ago…” This allusion is particularly poignant given that King was speaking in front of the Lincoln Memorial.

“Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness” [and the rest of paragraph 4] is a reference to the United States Declaration of Independence.

Numerous Biblical allusions provide the moral basis for King’s arguments: “It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.” [paragraph 2] alludes to Psalms 30:5 “For his anger is but for a moment; his favor is for a lifetime. Weeping may linger for the night, but joy comes with the morning.“

“Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred.” [paragraph 8] evokes Jeremiah 2:13 “for my people have committed two evils: they have forsaken me, the fountain of living water, and dug out cisterns for themselves, cracked cisterns that can hold no water.“

+In-Class Writing

Work to integrate these multiple rhetorical

strategies into your speech.

Antithesis

Metaphor/Simile

Examples

Anaphora

Repetition

Parallelism

Allusion

+Speeches

Speeches begin tomorrow.

Everyone should be

prepared to go first.

Everyone must show up on

Tuesday, Wednesday. and

Thursday to get full credit for

a speech. Failing to show up

on one day will result in a ten

point penalty.

+Homework

Write, revise, or refine your speech.

Use the list of strategies to generate several ideas for your own speech.

Read: SMG "Oral Presentations” 835-39

Bring your final draft of your speech to turn in. It should be formatted in MLA style and have a works cited page.